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Cicero Imperator: Estrategias De Autofiguración Epistolar En El Viaje a Cilicia (Cic., Att

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Cicero Imperator: Estrategias De Autofiguración Epistolar En El Viaje a Cilicia (Cic., Att Revista de Estudios Sociales No. 44 rev.estud.soc. • ISSN 0123-885X • Pp. 236. Bogotá, diciembre de 2012 • Pp. 48-61. Cicero imperator: estrategias de autofiguración epistolar en el viaje a Cilicia (Cic., Att. 5. 1-15)* por Soledad Correa** Fecha de recepción: 27 de marzo de 2012 Fecha de aceptación: 8 de agosto de 2012 Fecha de modificación: 19 de agosto de 2012 DOI-Digital Objects of Information: http://dx.doi.org/10.7440/res44.2012.06 RESUMEN Este trabajo se propone hacer un rastreo del retrato discursivo que Cicerón construye de sí mismo en el grupo de cartas diri- gidas a Ático durante su viaje a la provincia de Cilicia (Cic., Att. 5.1-15). Dado que la imagen discursiva que el locutor elabora de sí mismo está anclada en estereotipos o en representaciones colectivas que determinan no sólo la presentación de sí, sino también su eficacia en una cultura dada, en este grupo de cartas exploraremos de qué manera el remitente configurará su ac- cionar bajo el signo de la ejemplaridad. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo es que esta autofiguración de Cicerón como gobernante ejemplar obedecería a un intento de contrarrestar el problema de la invisibilidad que suponía alejarse de la Vrbs. En efecto, por cuanto la vida política en Roma a fines de la República y a principios del Imperio estaba centrada en la capital, el mero alejamiento del centro de la actividad política suponía una seria amenaza para la imagen pública o persona de Cicerón, cuya posición política era constitutivamente precaria, dada su condición de nouus homo. PALABRAS CLAVE Cicerón, estrategias de autofiguración, ejemplaridad. Cicero Imperator: Epistolary Self-fashioning Strategies on His Way to Cilicia (Cic., Att. 5. 1-15) ABSTRACT This paper intends to explore the discursive picture that Cicero builds of himself in the set of letters sent to Atticus on his way to Cilicia (Cic., Att. 5.1-15). Bearing in mind that the discursive portrait the speaker fashions for himself is rooted in stereotypes or collective representations that affect not only self-presentation but also the portrait’s success in a given culture, in these letters we will explore the ways the sender will mould his actions into exemplary ones. Our hypothesis is that Cicero’s self- fashioning as an exemplary governor is an attempt to counteract the problem of invisibility inherent in his being away from the Vrbs. Indeed, considering that political life during the late Republic and early Empire was centered on the capital city, being away from this center entailed a serious threat to Cicero’s persona or public image due to the fact that, because of his nouitas, this image was inherently precarious. KEYWORDS Cicero, Self-fashioning Strategies, Exemplarity. * Este artículo se basa en la investigación doctoral “Omnis peregrinatio […] obscura et sordida est: estrategias de autofiguración de unnouus homo en Epistulae ad Atticum y Epistulae ad Familiares de M.T. Cicerón”, financiada por el Conicet (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas). ** Licenciada en Letras Clásicas por la Universidad de Buenos Aires y becaria doctoral del Conicet (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Argentina. Profesora de Lengua Latina I en la Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina. Correo electrónico: [email protected] 48 Cicero imperator: estrategias de autofiguración epistolar en el viaje a Cilicia (Cic., Att. 5. 1-15) Soledad Correa Dossier Cicero imperator: estratégias de autofiguração epistolar na viagem à Cilícia (Cic., Att. 5. 1-15) RESUMO Este trabalho propõe-se a fazer um monitoramento do retrato discursivo que Cícero constrói de si mesmo no grupo de cartas dirigidas a Ático durante sua viagem à província da Cilícia (Cic., Att. 5.1-15). Dado que a imagem discursiva que o locutor elabora de si mesmo está ancorada em estereótipos ou em representações coletivas que determinam não só a apresentação de si, mas também sua eficácia numa cultura dada, neste grupo de cartas nós exploraremos de que maneira o remetente configurará sua atitude sob o signo da exemplaridade. Nossa hipótese de trabalho é que esta autofiguração de Cícero como governante exemplar obedeceria a uma tentativa de contrariar o problema da invisibilidade que supunha distanciar-se da Vrbs. Na verdade, tendo em vista que a vida política em Roma no fim da República e no princípio do Império estava centrada na capital, o mero distanciamento do centro da atividade política supunha uma séria ameaça para a imagem pública ou pessoa de Cícero, cuja posição política era constitutivamente precária, dada sua condição de nouus homo. PALABRAS CHAVE Cícero, estratégias de autofiguração, exemplaridade. Consideraciones preliminares mente por dos cuestiones: por una parte, por dos evidentes prejuicios, uno referido a que, con respecto a géneros con- siderados “mayores”, el género epistolar ha sido en general concebido como marginal y subliterario;2 otro vinculado con la presuposición de inmediatez y “honestidad” con que este tipo textual ha sido abordado por buena parte de la l estudio sobre la correspondencia de M. T. Ci- Pompeyo o César, y es posible imaginar que las cartas a Quinto hayan sido cerón (106-43 a.C.)1 se ha visto obstaculizado fundamental- alguna vez más numerosas que las que hoy poseemos. La historia de la E tradición del corpus epistolar ciceroniano ha sido magistralmente estu- diada por Shackleton Bailey (1977) y discutida en forma exhaustiva en las introducciones a sus ediciones comentadas de Cambridge. Cf., asimismo, passim 1 La correspondencia de Cicerón es, indudablemente, el corpus epistolar Nicholson (1998), . A lo largo de nuestro trabajo, hemos utilizado la antiguo más extenso que tenemos. Éste se compone de dieciséis libros edición de David Roy Shackleton Bailey (1965-1970) para el análisis de los de Epistulae ad Familiares (incluye mayormente cartas escritas por Cicerón, intercambios epistolares de Cicerón. En todos los casos, la traducción ha excepto 77 que están dirigidas a él o a otros destinatarios), dieciséis libros sido realizada por la autora. de Epistulae ad Atticum (incluye únicamente cartas de Cicerón a Ático, más 2 En tal sentido, señalan Martin y Gaillard: “On constate en effet, à Rome veinticinco de Cicerón a otros destinatarios o a él dirigidas, reenviadas comme ailleurs, l’existence de deux catégories de textes qui ont pour como exempla para Ático), tres libros de Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem (con Ci- caractéristique commune de n’être pas automatiquement ni ‘de droit’ cerón como único remitente) y dos libros de Epistulae ad Brutum (diecisiete des textes littéraires: il s’agit, d’une part des textes oratoires, d’autre cartas de Cicerón a Bruto, nueve de Bruto a Cicerón, una de Bruto a Áti- part des textes épistolaires. [...] l’activité oratoire et l’activité épistolai- co). Además de estas colecciones, los manuscritos preservan dos extensas re appartiennent en elles-mêmes non pas au domaine de la littérature, cartas-tratados: el Commentariolum Petitionis (transmitido con Epistulae ad mais à celui de la vie”. Estos autores se basan en Aristóteles para definir Familiares), que, supuestamente, Quinto dedica a su hermano Cicerón y el criterio que permite distinguir lo “literario” de lo “no literario” (Mar- que versa sobre cómo triunfar en las campañas políticas, y la Epistula ad tin y Gaillard 1990, 14). “[…] le littéraire, c’est le mimétique, toute litté- Octauium, invectiva dirigida a Octavio por parte de Cicerón, unánimemen- rature est mimésis, et il n’y a littérature que lorsqu’il y a imitation. Ce que te considerada espuria (con probabilidad, se trata de un ejercicio retórico permet, notamment, de répondre à la question de savoir pourquoi, en escrito entre los siglos III y IV d. C.). Los estudiosos han impugnado asi- fin de compte, le discours oratoire et la lettre-missive n’appartiennent mismo la autenticidad del Commentariolum y de las cartas a Bruto: mientras pas de plein droit à la littérature. C’est tout simplement que ni l’orateur que con respecto al primero la cuestión es aún debatida, existe actualmen- ni le scripteur d’une lettre (si c’est une vraie lettre) ne font oeuvre te consenso con respecto a considerar las cartas a Bruto como auténticas, a d’imitation [...]” (Martin y Gaillard 1990, 23). De esta manera, conside- excepción de ad Brut. 1.6 (Bruto a Cicerón) y 1.17 (Bruto a Ático). Asimismo, ran que los géneros miméticos son el narrativo, el dramático y el lírico, y a partir de fuentes indirectas sabemos de la existencia de cartas, inclu- los no miméticos, el demostrativo, el oratorio y el epistolar. Afortunada- so de colecciones enteras, que no han llegado hasta nosotros (Nicholson mente, como apunta Ebbeler (2010), esta tendencia a considerar el géne- 1998). Por ejemplo, existen numerosas citas de colecciones perdidas (de ro epistolar como una suerte de Rohstoff de la historia personal y cultural tres o cuatro libros cada una) de correspondencia entre Cicerón y Octavio, ha comenzado a revertirse en los últimos años. 49 Revista de Estudios Sociales No. 44 rev.estud.soc. • ISSN 0123-885X • Pp. 236. Bogotá, diciembre de 2012 • Pp. 48-61. crítica.3 Esta circunstancia ha determinado que, hasta Ahora bien, aunque la crítica ha abordado la corresponden- fecha muy cercana, las cartas ciceronianas fueran valo- cia ciceroniana ya como documento,7 ya como literatura,8 radas, o bien como un mero complemento para el estudio en el presente trabajo procuraremos ofrecer una lectura sociohistórico del período abarcado por ellas (68-43 a.C.),4 alternativa a estos acercamientos dicotómicos9 centrándo- o bien como una fuente de información privilegiada para nos en analizar el fenómeno de la presentación de sí o au- el conocimiento de los “verdaderos” pensamientos u opi- tofiguración10 en un corpus bien delimitado: las primeras niones del autor.5 El segundo obstáculo es de índole me- quince cartas que Cicerón dirigió a Ático durante su viaje a todológica e involucra las considerables dimensiones del la provincia de Cilicia.
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