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Solar Greenhouse Technology for Food Security: a Case Study From Solar Greenhouse Technology for Food Security: A Case Study From Humla District, NW Nepal Author(s): Robert Fuller and Alex Zahnd Source: Mountain Research and Development, 32(4):411-419. 2012. Published By: International Mountain Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00057.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00057.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. 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Mountain Research and Development (MRD) MountainDevelopment An international, peer-reviewed open access journal Transformation knowledge published by the International Mountain Society (IMS) www.mrd-journal.org Solar Greenhouse Technology for Food Security: A Case Study From Humla District, NW Nepal Robert Fuller1* and Alex Zahnd2 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 School of Architecture and Building, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia 2 RIDS-Nepal Project Director and Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Visiting Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kathmandu University, Nepal Open access article: please credit the authors and the full source. Food security is a This article describes the experiences of a nongovernmental significant issue for many organization that has been introducing community and family- people who live in remote owned solar greenhouses into the remote villages of Humla, a mountain areas around mountainous district of northwest Nepal prone to food the world. Most of these insecurity. The overall result has been positive. Family-owned people are also poor greenhouses, which avoid the issues of community ownership because of the lack of and operation, have been more successful. A validated opportunity to earn cash. computer model based on the first solar greenhouse has been Malnutrition is common used to predict the thermal performance of a new family-sized because the harsh climate design. Training and education are vital to the success of solar restricts production and access to fresh food. Simple greenhouse technology in remote mountain areas. conventional greenhouses can provide some improvement of growing conditions, but the benefits are limited because of the Keywords: Greenhouse; mountains; solar energy; food high heat losses from these structures. Solar greenhouses, security; northwest Nepal. however, which are designed to store some of the heat generated within the structure can overcome these limitations. Peer-reviewed: August 2012 Accepted: September 2012 Introduction reiterates the nexus between food shortage, health, and poverty, and then outlines the social and climatic The 2011 Report of the Secretary General to the United conditions of Humla. The experiences with solar Nations (UN) Assembly acknowledges that many of the greenhouse technology in Humla are then described, world’s most impoverished people live in mountain illustrating the technical, economic, and social factors regions and that they are particularly vulnerable to food that can influence the success or failure of this shortages (UN 2011). Food security is defined as having technology. ‘‘the physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food at all times to meet the dietary Food security, health, and poverty needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life’’ (FAO 2003: 28). One of the UN Assembly Report’s The links between food shortages, impoverishment, and recommendations is that strategies and programs for malnutrition have been established for some time (World food security in mountain areas be elaborated to protect Bank 1986). The connection between poverty and these vulnerable people from the effects of rising food extreme hunger was also emphasized by the Millennium prices and shortages caused by various factors, such as Development Goals. Despite a reduction in poverty over climate change, water shortages, loss of ecosystems, and the past 20 years, the UN acknowledges that progress in other environmental degradation. Solar greenhouses, that relieving food deprivation has either slowed or stalled in is, greenhouses that have been designed to maximize the many regions (UN 2012). This shortfall is reflected, for entry and storage of solar energy, have been shown to be a example, in the proportion of children under 5 years old viable technology for mountain regions, capable of who are underweight, which—although now lower—still extending food growing seasons, and even to permit year- remains at 18% in developing regions. Insufficient food round cropping, for example, in Bolivia (BAFI 2002) and leads to low energy levels, which, in turn, translates into Tibet (TVP 2012). an inability to work for the hours and/or at the intensity This article describes the experiences of solar required for an active life, for example, to raise a family, greenhouse technology in the mountainous district of grow food, tend animals, collect firewood, and earn Humla, located between 29u359 and 30u709N; 81u189 and money. The areas of the world that have the lowest levels 82u109E in northwest Nepal. This article initially of labor productivity are also those with the highest Mountain Research and Development Vol 32 No 4 Nov 2012: 411–419411 http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00057.1 ß 2012 by the authors MountainDevelopment TABLE 1 Climatic, demographic and socioeconomic data for Humla. PPP, purchasing power parity. (Sources: 1Fuller et al 2009; 2Government of Nepal 2011; 3UNDP 2004). and when using a ranking of 1 (best) to 75 (worst), Humla Climatic1 was ranked at 73rd position in terms of poverty and Mean solar radiation (MJ/d/m2) 15.9 deprivation (HDI 2012 [2003]). According to Roy et al (2009: 214), the livelihoods of Humli people have Mean monthly maximum temperature (6C) 18.6 ‘‘remained unchanged or actually worsened despite 3 decades of project support by various donor agencies… ’’ Mean monthly minimum temperature (6C) 6.7 This stark reality led those researchers to develop the Demographic2 concept of the ‘‘Humla Development Initiatives,’’ which aims to reduce the dependency of the Humli people on Population 51,008 external support by developing local resources. The main Population density (person/km2) 9 focus of the ‘‘Humla Development Initiatives’’ is food security. Number of households 9494 Socioeconomic3 Solar greenhouses in remote mountain areas Life expectancy (y) 58.4 Greenhouses of all types are being used in remote Adult literacy (%) 19.6 mountain areas for crop protection, season extension, Income (PPP US$) 1014 seedling production, and growth promotion. Most of these are basic constructions, similar to the plastic- Clean water access (%) 35.8 covered tunnel structures used in temperate climates but often using local materials such as bamboo for the frame (Nieuhys 2003). The increased use of these greenhouses to proportion of people who are undernourished (UN 2012). improve dietary intake and even to provide early season Malnutrition from inadequate food is particularly vegetables for sale in the high mountain areas of northern insidious. Often called the ‘‘hidden hunger,’’ it ‘‘afflicts a India has been observed by Dame and Nu¨ sser (2011). far greater swath of humanity than insufficient calorie Solar greenhouses, however, are much less common. intake’’ (Cohen et al 2008: 14). Deficiencies in vitamins These are structures designed to maximize the entry and and minerals can result in a susceptibility to disease and storage of solar energy to moderate excessive infection, mental impairment, and subnormal growth. For temperature swings, particularly through the use of example, according to Black et al (2008), maternal and thermal mass and night-time insulation. Solar child undernutrition is the underlying cause for 3.5 greenhouses are being successfully demonstrated and million deaths and 35% of the disease burden in children disseminated in the cold regions of Asia. The under 5 years old. nongovernmental organization (NGO) GERES-India has developed a solar greenhouse design that has proved to be Humla particularly successful for vegetable production in Ladakh, India (Triquet undated). The basic greenhouse is Humla is a district of northwest Nepal adjacent to the 4.5-m wide and 9.7-m long. The south-facing wall is glazed border with the Tibet Autonomous Region, which covers with ultraviolet (UV) resistant polyethylene sheets. It is an area of 5655 km2 at elevations between 1524 and covered at night with straw mats to retain the heat within 7031 m. Shown in Table 1 are some of the key climatic, the structure. In summer, glazing panels can be removed demographic, and socioeconomic data for the district; to exhaust excess heat through vents in the walls, which
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