ENGLISH EDITION SARIO GOOD JANUARY 2020 SLOVAK INVESTMENT AND IDEA TRADE DEVELOPMENT AGENCY SLOVAKIA

Automotive Sector in SLOVAKIA Automotive Sector in Slovakia

This publication is designed to introduce Slovakia's dynamically growing automotive sector — facts and figures, its strengths and vision — to illustrate why Slovakia is an ideal location for doing business in this industry.

total area 49,035 km2 population 5.4 million capital city Bratislava member of European Union, Eurozone, Schengen Area, OECD, WTO, NATO time zone GMT +1 hour Helsinki Oslo Stockholm Tallinn

300 million Moscow Edinburgh Riga clients

in the radius Copenhagen of 1,000 km Dublin Kaliningrad Vilnius Minsk

600 million Amsterdam clients London Berlin Warsaw in the radius of 2,000 km Brussels Kiev

Luxembourg Prague Paris

Bratislava Vienna Chisinau Bern Budapest Ljubljana Bucharest Zagreb Belgrade Sarajevo Sofia

Madrid Podgorica Lisbon Rome Skopje Tirana

Athens

1 www.sario.sk Overview of the Automotive Industry In Slovakia

The automotive industry has a strong tradition in Slovakia and became the most important sector and driving force of the Slovak economy. Over the past 20 years it has been an important source of foreign direct investment as well as industrial innovation. Top 10 Reasons to Invest in Automotive Industry in Slovakia

1 People employed directly by the 177,000 Strategic location in Europe 4 car producers & Tier 1 suppliers with great export potential

2

Wide supplier network in automotive sector People employed directly & indirectly 275,000 3 by the automotive industry High potential for e–mobility

4

Political & economic stability & Electric & partly electric models being attractive investment incentives

15 produced in Slovakia — 4 BEV & 11 PHEV/ 5

MHEV* (including planned models) Euro currency as one of a few in CEE

6

CEE leader in labour productivity Share of the automotive industry 50% on total industrial production 7 Cost effective, skilled & educated labour force

8 Share of the automotive industry on the Numerous technical schools & 13% implementation of dual education scheme GDP of Slovakia 9

Developed and steadily growing R&D centers & innovation network

*Note: PHEV/MHEV Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle/Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle), 10 BEV Battery Electric Vehicle; Source: SARIO, Financial statements of the respective car producers (2019); Automotive Industry Association of the Slovak Republic ZAP SR (2019); Well-developed infrastructure Automobile Industry Pocket Guide 2019—2020

2 www.sario.sk Growing 9 global brands Car Production are producing their flagship models in Slovakia Slovakia already belongs to the key players of the global automotive industry. Its position will be further strenghtened by the world class facility of Jaguar Land Rover, which should reach full capacity in 2020.

Slovakia belongs to the 20 biggest car producers in the world with an annual production of more than one million cars per year Car Production in Slovakia

2020E 1 250 000

2019E 1 100 000

2018 1 093 290

2017 1 032 445

2016 1 043 237

2015 1 038 503

2014 971 160

2013 987 718

2012 926 555

2011 639 763

2010 561 933

2005 218 349

Source: SARIO, Financial Statements of the Respective car producers (2019), Automotive Industry Association of the Slovak Republic ZAP SR (2019)

229

The Slovak Car Production 202 automotive sector per 1,000 Inhabitants gradually grew to a global scale

126 Taking into consideration the number of inhabitants, Slovakia is by 101 far the global leader in car production 71 per capita. 66 62 49 44 Source: SARIO calculations based on 23 23 18 data by Automobile Industry Pocket 13 12 12 Guide 2019—2020; Automotive Industry Association of the Slovak Republic ZAP SR (2019) SK SK CZ SI KR JP DE ES HU BE UK CA TH MX PL 2020

3 www.sario.sk Car Producers in Slovakia

VOLKSWAGEN SLOVAKIA The only plant in the world producing 5 brands under one roof Year of establishment: 1991 Production (2018): 408,208 vehicles Turnover: € 10.4 bn Transformer of the Year Award Number of employees: 14,800 2019 for the highest Models: Škoda Karoq, Audi Q7 & Q8, increase of efficiency Porsche Cayenne & Cayene Coupé, within the VW Group Volkswagen Tuareg, Volkswagen UP!, Škoda Citigo, Seat Mii

KIA MOTORS SLOVAKIA

Kia's first and only factory in Europe Year of establishment: 2004 Production (2018): 333,000 vehicles Turnover: € 5.2 bn

Car Number of employees: 3,787 manufacturer Models: Kia Ceed SW, Kia XCeed, Kia Ceed GT, in Slovakia with Kia ProCeed, Kia Sportage, Kia Ceed its own engine production

Car manufacturer Plant with its own applied with the most silent press room PSA PEUGEOT CITROËN SLOVAKIA engineering centre and exclusive and zero-waste production of EV production model

Year of establishment: 2003 Production (2018): 352,082 vehicles Turnover: € 2.8 bn Number of employees: 4,500 Models: Citroën C3, Peugeot 208

JLR's first European JAGUAR LAND ROVER manufacturing facility outside the UK Start of production: October 2018 Production capacity: 150,000 The most Estimated investment: € 1.5 bn sophisticated production site of Models: Land Rover Discovery, 3 versions the JLR group of Land Rover Defender

Source: SARIO; Respective Car Producers (2019), All images used are for illustrative purposes only.

4 www.sario.sk E–Mobility Sector in Slovakia

ELECTRIC MOTORS & COMPONENTS CHARGING STATIONS BSH Drives and Pumps, Eiben, GreenWay Infrastructure, Europe's Elektrokarbon, Sisme, Slovres, TRW Ejoin, Delta Electronics, in–house EV Automotive, VEM MSM E-mobility Division battery solution developed & made in Slovakia

Inobat is an R&D and battery production company with the long–term BATTERY/CHARGING COMPONENTS MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT objective of serving the European market Panasonic, Intercable, Van Doren COMPONENTS with new energy solutions Engineers, NES, Voltia Automotive U.S. Steel, Transmisie Engineering

ELECTRIC & PARTLY ELECTRIC MODELS OF 7 BRANDS PRODUCED IN SLOVAKIA

BEV PHEV MHEV

VW Touareg* Kia XCeed Kia Sportswagon

VW e–Up

Porsche Cayenne

Kia Sportage Kia Ceed Seat e–Mii

Porsche Cayenne Coupe

Kia Ceed GT Kia Ceed PRO Škoda e–Citigo Kia XCeed*

Peugeot e–208 Kia Ceed Sportswagon Audi Q7 Audi Q8

*Note: to be produced in 2020

5 www.sario.sk The Largest Suppliers in the Automotive Sector

SALES REVENUE EMPLOYEES COMPANY NAME COUNTRY LOCALITY 2018 (EUR) 2018

Mobis Slovakia South Korea Gbeľany 1,473,631 2,047

Schaeffler Slovensko Germany Kysucké Nové 1,131,219 10,096

Continental Matador Rubber Germany Púchov 1,089,290 3,205

SAS Automotive Germany Bratislava 909,870 596

Faurecia Automotive Slovakia France Bratislava, Košice 863,542 2,504

Continental Matador Truck Tires Germany Púchov 585,016 1,518

ZF Slovakia Germany Trnava 479,221 3,215

Hanon Systems Slovakia South Korea Ilava 405,255 734

Yura Corporation Slovakia South Korea Lednické Rovne 381,053 1,630

Adient Slovakia USA Bratislava 345,639 2,578

Continental Automotive Systems Germany Zvolen 340,809 1,236 Slovakia

ZKW Slovakia Austria Krušovce 336,018 2,398

Lear Corporation Seating Slovakia USA Prešov 333,565 1,602

Magneti Marelli Slovakia Italy Kechnec 298,192 681

ArcelorMittal Gonvarri SSC Slovakia Luxembourg Senica 264,515 134

TRW Automotive (Slovakia) USA Nové Mesto n. Váhom 256,676 633

HBPO Slovakia Germany Lozorno 244,408 215

Sungwoo Hitech Slovakia South Korea Žilina 211,985 651

Visteon Electronics Slovakia USA Námestovo 200,339 504

Panasonic Industrial Devices Japan Trstená 198,867 1,712 Slovakia

Hyundai Transys Slovakia South Korea Žilina 197,259 380

Leoni Slovakia Germany Trenčín 191,978 2,348

Inteva Products Slovakia Netherlands Lozorno 190,790 765

Magna PT Canada Kechnec 186,860 705

Matador Automotive Vráble Slovakia /Portugal Vráble 176,734 1,181

U-Shin Slovakia Japan Košice 175,070 1,334

Iljin Slovakia South Korea Pravenec 160,734 274

Source: SARIO, Trend Top 2018

6 www.sario.sk Automotive Suppliers in Slovakia VOLKSWAGEN Martin (gearboxes & e-mobility Apart from the four operating carmakers, the Slovak components) automotive industry is also defined by its well developed KIA SLOVAKIA and high quality supplier network. As Slovakia is well Žilina located within the European automotive production hub,

Tier 1—2 suppliers can also benefit from a wider regional Čadca market. Given its favourable conditions, numerous companies have also chosen Slovakia for supplying overseas clients. ŽILINA Dolný Kubin Bytča

Liptovský Považská Martin Ružomberok Mikuláš Púchov Bystrica

Dubnica PSA PEUGEOT n. Váhom VOLKSWAGEN CITROEN Brezno Stupava (tool shop) Trnava BANSKÁ Prievidza BYSTRICA Nové Mesto TRENČÍN n. Váhom Bánovce n. Bebravou Skalica

Partizánske

Senica Žiar n. Hronom Zvolen Topoľčany

Piešťany

Zlaté Moravce Lučenec VOLKSWAGEN Malacky Bratislava Hlohovec Veľký Krtíš TRNAVA Levice Sereď NITRA

Stupava Pezinok Galanta

Senec Šaľa BRATISLAVA

Nové Zámky Dunajská Streda

Komárno

JAGUAR LAND ROVER Nitra

Source: SARIO, Online Matchmaking Fair For Automotive Slovakia (OKBA, 2019), FinStat (2019)

7 www.sario.sk 350+ AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLIERS More than 350 automotive suppliers are operating in Slovakia. 350+ and still While Western Slovakia still tends to offer numerous benefits to growing incoming investors, we are experiencing and further expecting an even quicker growth of FDI in the Central and Eastern part of the country.

Stará Ľubovňa Bardejov

Kežmarok Snina PREŠOV Humenné

Spišská Nová Poprad Ves Liptovský Mikuláš

Michalovce

KOŠICE

Trebišov Rožňava

Revúca

Tier 1 Supplier

Rimavská Tier 2 Supplier Sobota Tier 3 Supplier Lučenec E–Mobility Supplier

DIVERSIFICATION Plastics Electronics Machinery & Composite POSSIBILITIES FOR SUPPLIERS & Chemical & Electrical Equipment Materials In spite of the dominant position of the Industry Components Industry automotive industry, suppliers based Industry in Slovakia tend to diversify their client portfolio by producing for different segments.

Iron & Steel Aluminium Textile Design Industry Industry Industry Engineering

8 www.sario.sk Overview of Major Tier 1–3 Suppliers in the Slovak Automotive Industry

INTERIOR MODULES, DASHBOARDS Daejung, Faurecia, Eurostyle Systems, IAC Group, KOAM, TEXTILE, COVERS, LEATHER SEATS LPH Vranov, Synothec, Lear Corporation, SAS Automotive, Eissmann Automotive, ADTOOL, Adient, Faurecia, Grupo Antolin, TREVES Slovakia, Eissmann, CRW Slovakia, HOWE, IAC Group, Jobelsa, Automotive Lear Corporation Bourbon Automotive plastics, Magneti Marelli, Mobis Slovakia, group SK, Treves, Trim Leader Yanfeng Automotive, Dongwon SK, FREMACH Trnava, JOBELSA, NP Slovakia, Röchling Automotive Slovakia SMRC Automotive Solutions, SMRC Automotive Solutions Slovakia, SEOYON E-HWA Automotive Slovakia MIRRORS Magna WIRING HARNESSES & ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Leoni, SE Bordnetze, Calearo, Kromberg & Schubert, JOHRAmont, Mkem, SIIX EMS, Služba Nitra, MTA, CEMM THOME, Prysmian, Kablo, REPRO Elektronik, TESLA Stropkov, Klauke Slovakia, GG Cables and Wires, Cable Connect, Elektroconnect, NP Slovakia, Vertiv, YURA Corporation, PRETTL Electrical Systems Potvorice, KE Prešov Elektrik, CRT ELECTRONIC, Panasonic Industrial Devices

STEERING WHEELS TRW Automotive

AIR-CONDITIONING Hanon Systems Slovakia, Mahle Behr, Nissens, Daejung Europe

MODUL FRONT END HBPO, Mobis, Faurecia

SHOCK ABSORBERS Plastic Omnium, Mobis, Rehau, Matador, ZF, BOGE Elastmetall, ContiTech Vibration Control, MOPS Press, Tristone Flowtech, Craemer Slovakia

ENGINE, ENGINE PARTS & COMPONENTS Mobis, Pankl Automotive, Miba Sinter, Nemak, Magna PT, MAR SK, Hriňovské strojárne, ZF, Magneti Marelli, EUROPALT, Miba Steeltec, ZWL Slovakia, HUHN PressTech, Plastic Omnium, Nissens, GeWiS, Panasonic- Sanyo, Garrett Motion (Honeywell Turbo Technologies), Booster Precision Components (Belusa), MAHLE Engine Components, STREIT Trnava

SPRINGS C.E.P. Scherdel Pružiny, PFS, Subtil Slovakia, ContiTech Vibration Control Slovakia, RIBE

BEARINGS EXTERIOR & INTERIOR LIGHTS KINEX, Omnia KLF, GGB, DANEX, OSRAM, SEC, CEMM THOME, HELLA Front Lighting, INA Kysuce/Skalica, MAHLE Behr, ZVL Auto, HELLA Signal Lighting, Clamason, SLUŽBA NITRA , ZKW, GGB Slovakia, ILJIN, Thyssenkrupp Rothe Hella Innenleuchten Erde Slovakia

9 www.sario.sk CABRIO SYSTEMS Webasto Donghee, Matador, Webasto SAFETY EQUIPMENT Edscha Cabrio, INALFA Roof systems, Garay, Belt & Buckle, IEE Sensing, Gnotec Čadca, Ernst Keller INTEVA Products, Howa Tramico

ANTENNAS MODUL REAR END FUEL TANKS & SYSTEMS CALEARO, 2J Antennas Mobis, Handtmann Plastic Omnium Auto Inergy, Donghee, Martinrea, Nobel Automotive, Coavis, Oerlikon, Hyundam, Clamason, TI Automotive, Reutter SK

STAMPING ArcelorMittal Gonvarri SSC, COMAX TT, Autotest Bratislava, Benteler, Matador, Švec a Spol, Donghee, TOWER Automotive, Bekaert, Sungwoo Hitech, Farguell, Gestamp, G-Tek, LKW Komponenten

EXHAUST SYSTEMS TAJCO, SEJONG, Faurecia, Matador Automotive, Liaz

PLASTIC COMPONENTS POLYTEC, Fremach Slovakia, HTP, THERMOPLASTIK, Nobel Automotive, Bourbon Automotive, Rehau, RF, K-plast, MTA, Steep Plast, Z Industries, Polytec Composites, Versaco, Rochling, Tristone Flowtech, NP SLOVAKIA, Aspel Slovakia, KB Components DKI, Seoyon E-HWA Automotive, Eurostyle Systems

BRAKES, BRAKE SYSTEMS, DAMPERS Fragokov , Continental Automotive Systems, Europalt, FTE Automotive, HUHN PressTech, Nobel Automotive, Ti-Hanil, TI Automotive, Mobis, Akebono Brake, KNOTT, PROKEŠ & CO.SK

DOOR SYSTEMS & MODULES Brose, PHA Slovakia, SEOYON E-HWA Automotive, Bourbon Automotive Plastics, Pyeong Hwa Automotive, Slovakian Door Comnapy, U – Shin, Dongwon, Faurecia, Grupo Antolin

SUSPENSIONS DRIVELINE COMPONENTS Donghee, Iljin, C.E.P. Scherdel Pružiny, Küster, GAMMA, Kongsberg Automotive, PFS, RIBE Bauer Gear Motor, AVC Raková

TYRES, BALANCE WEIGHTS SEALS AND SILENTBLOCS & OTHER RUBBER COMPONENTS Continental Matador Rubber, Continental ALDOBEC, CIKAUTXO, COBA Automotive, DONGIL RUBBER BELT, Elastomer Matador Truck Tires, Rotobalance, Bekaert Solutions, Eldisy, MIKON, Rubena, Vegum, SaarGummi, Contitech, Boge Elastmetall, Tristone Flowtech, DRON Industries, GERGONNE, LANDER Automotive

Source: SARIO; Online Matchmaking Fair For Automotive Slovakia (OKBA, 2019); FinStat (2019)

10 www.sario.sk Qualified & Productive Labour Force Technical Education in Slovakia

Due to high and steadily increasing productivity in the Thanks to Slovak universities Slovak automotive sector, the production in this industry with technical backgrounds companies can find many suitable is not categorized as low cost anymore. Nevertheless, engineers for R&D jobs. it remains cost–competitive on a regional as well as European level. The Slovak labour force is known for its flexibility, excellent qualification and high productivity.

AVERAGE GROSS MONTHLY SALARY Selected Positions in the Automotive Sector (supplier network) 7 Technical Universities

32 Technical & IT faculties

35,000 Students in technical & IT programmes

11,000 Graduates in technical & IT programmes State Vocational Training Institute Training State Vocational

BRATISLAVA WEST CENTRAL EAST BRATISLAVA WEST CENTRAL EAST 2017/2018, 2017/2018,

1 125 € 1 050 € 1 215 € 1 040 € 1 700 € 1 515 € 1 500 € 1 525 € 180+ Technical Welder Manufacturing Engineer Vocational Secondary Schools

950 € 825 € 790 € 660 € 3 500 € 2 980 € 2875 € 3 250 € 31,000 Students in automotive related technical field Production Operative Production Manager

7,800 Graduates in automotive 950 € 930 € 950 € 825 € 2 100 € 1 830 € 1 625 € 1 300 € related technical fields

CNC Operative Quality Engineer Existing Dual Education Scheme

1 550 € 1 600 € 1 550 € 1 350 € 1 600 € 1 570 € 1 425 € 1 300 € Combined theoretical education in schools with practical training in companies — CNC Programmer Mechanical Design Engineer 340 secondary vocational schools already established cooperation with Note: The employer’s compulsory contribution to social and health insurance is not included almost 140 companies around

and represents 35.2% of employee’s gross salary. Source: Grafton Recruitment Slovakia, 2018 Slovakia Source: Institute of Education Information & Prognosis Slovakia for the Academic Year

11 www.sario.sk Growing R&D & Innovation Network

More and more subcontractors move their R&D divisions to Slovakia due to the growing potential of the Slovak AeroMobil market. The decision to relocate and establish R&D Slovak developer and designer of the most advanced flying car to-date capacities results not only in cost saving, but also contributes to the company's flexibility to become more responsive to the needs of their clients.

Success Stories in Automotive R&D Matador Group Slovak Tier 1 automotive stamping supplier, industrial design company, process innovator & automation solution provider

ADIENT ZKW SLOVAKIA Part of the global R&D network for seat systems Development of lighting systems

CEIT University spin off with 200+ employees focusing on process innovation, digital twin solutions and Automated guided vehicles

CEMM THOME CONTINENTAL AUTOMOTIVE Car interior lighting Development of brake calipers

c2i Automotive & aerospace Tier 1 carbon fiber component designer & producer

YANFENG SCHAEFFLER Engineering centre for interior systems Development of rolling and ball bearings

Institute of Materials & Machine Mechanics Focused on R&D of advanced non MINEBEAMITSUMI BROSE ferrous metals, production technologies Micro bearings & actuators Mechatronic door & seat components and applied mechanics

12 www.sario.sk Investment Incentives

The primary role of the investment incentives is to motivate investors to place their new projects in regions with higher unemployment and to attract projects with higher added value. The positive impact of a new investment shall be proved by job creation, improved chances for the graduates to get a job, as well as by creation of new entrepreneurial opportunities for local companies.

MAXIMUM REGIONAL INTENSITIES OF INVESTMENT AID IN SLOVAKIA for SMEs additional 10 to 20 %

35%

35%

25%

ELIGIBLE PROJECTS The Act on Investment Aid divides the projects which may be supported into four categories: • Industry • Technology Centers Bratislava region excluded • Combined Projects of Industrial Production and Technology Center INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY CENTERS • Shared Services Centers Minimum investment amount, • Minimum investment of 200 ths. EUR number of newly created jobs and share on fixed assets in all regions of new technology are subject to the • Minimum of 20 newly created jobs unemployment rate in the selected district • Minimum 1,7 fold of average salary in ELIGIBLE COSTS and forms of aid required. the district paid to new employees • Costs of land acquisition • Costs of buildings acquisition & construction If applying for income tax relief, • Costs of new technological equipment the following criteria have to be met in and machinery acquisition regards to particular districts category: • Intangible long-term assets — • 6 mil. EUR and 60% share of new licences, patents, etc. technology SHARED SERVICES CENTERS • Rent of new land/building • 3 mil. EUR and 50% share of new • Minimum of 50 newly created jobs OR technology • Min 1,5 fold of average salary in the • Wage costs of new employees for the • 1,5 mil. EUR and 40% share of new district paid to new employees period of 2 years technology • 0,2 mil. EUR and 30% share of new technology • Expansion includes minimum increase FORMS OF INVESTMENT INCENTIVES in the production volume or turnover • Tax relief by at least 15%. • Cash grant *Conditions differ for projects • Contributions for the newly created jobs Other forms of aid are subject to different from 'Priority areas'. Please contact us at • Rent/Sale of real estate for a discounted requirements. [email protected] for more information. price

13 www.sario.sk SARIO Profile

Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency (SARIO) is a governmental investment and trade promotion agency of the Slovak Republic. The agency was established in 2001 and it operates under the Ministry of Economy of the SR.

INVESTMENT SERVICES

SERVICES FOR POTENTIAL INVESTORS

• Investment environment overview • Assistance with investment projects implementation 550+ • Starting a business consultancy • Sector and regional analyses • Investment incentives consultancy • Site location and suitable real estate consultancy over 550 SERVICES FOR ESTABLISHED INVESTORS successful SARIO • Identification of local suppliers, service providers • Assistance with expansion preparation and execution projects since • Relocation assistance, work/stay permits 2002 • Support of innovation and R&D activities • Social networking

FOREIGN TRADE SERVICES AIM Investment Awards IF YOU ARE LOOKING FOR Dubai 2017 • Slovak supplier or subcontractor • Information about Slovak export/trade environment • Sourcing opportunities 1 • Forming a joint venture, production cooperation or other forms of partnership with a Slovak partner

SERVICES FOR EXPORTERS CEE & TURKEY REGION Best Investment Promotion • Information on foreign territories Agency in 2016 • Customized search for foreign partners • On-line database of business opportunities • Export Training Centre • Subcontracting assistance

INNOVATION SUPPORT

• Support activities for development • Encouragement to foreign investors and popularization of Slovak innovations to bring investments with substantial All our and R&D environment R&D components to the SR • Establishment of relations with • Ecosystem analysis of local investment services domestic and foreign well–established opportunities as well as domestic and innovative companies foreign investors in order to support are free of • Interconnection of Slovak R&D acquisitions and joint ventures projects capacities with industrial production • Specific information from the field, charge! and investors' needs in order to transfer in order to obtain capital and foreign leading innovative technology processes markets penetration closer to production praxis

14 www.sario.sk PUBLISHER Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency Trnavská cesta 100 821 01 Bratislava T: +421 2 58 260 100 F: +421 2 58 260 109 [email protected] www.sario.sk

GRAPHIC DESIGN Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency Trnavská cesta 100 821 01 Bratislava T: +421 2 58 260 100 F: +421 2 58 260 109 [email protected] www.sario.sk

AUTHOR Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency Trnavská cesta 100 821 01 Bratislava T: +421 2 58 260 100 F: +421 2 58 260 109 [email protected] www.sario.sk

SARIO IS YOUR ONE STOP SHOP FOR INVESTMENT & TRADE IN SLOVAKIA. TALK TO US TODAY!

SARIO I Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency Trnavská cesta 100 I 821 01 Bratislava I Slovakia GPS +48° 9' 52.77", +17° 9' 20.27" [email protected] I [email protected] I www.sario.sk

Copyright © 2020 SARIO The information in this publication needs to be in every case double–checked to ensure that it is up to date. Photo sources: Volkswagen Slovakia, Kia Slovensko, Dreamstime.com, 123RF.com

ISBN 978–80–89786–30–5