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Observations on the Colonization of the Invasive Tunicate Didemnum

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Observations on the Colonization of the Invasive Tunicate Didemnum Volume 14 • Number 1 • Summer 2007 What’s Inside… Observations on the colonization of the invasive ✴Phragmites australis: It’s Not All Bad tunicate Didemnum sp. ✴A Different Sort of Invader: The Second B Y L I N D A A . A U K E R A N D C A N D A C E A . O V I A T T Manatee to Visit Rhode Island An invasive primary food source for important organisms (i.e., Mytilus edulis) were ✴RINHS Hosts the 31st tunicate (Figure species in Narragansett Bay, e.g., identified and counted. The average A.L. Andrews Foray 1), referred to Tautog and Common Eider (Olla et rates of growth of each Didemnum ✴Banding Birds at presently as al. 1974). The tunicate frequently sp., B. violaceous, and B. schlosseri on Kingston Wildlife Didemnum sp. overgrows adult mussels, often to the individual panels were calculated as Research Station: 2 The 39-Year Legacy (the organism point where the ability of the mussel to cm /day. of Douglas Kraus has not yet open its valves is restricted (personal ✴Distinguished been identified observation). As part of a larger study Identical panels to those used in the Naturalist Award to species), has of Didemnum sp. distribution in community assemblage study were ✴and lots more... been observed Narragansett Bay, we conducted a six- suspended along with the community in Narragansett month study at the GSO dock in 2005. panels to measure recruitment. They Bay since We compared Didemnum percent were replaced once a week and 2000, when cover and recruitment timing to that analyzed under a dissecting microscope. it was found of M. edulis, and also to two other All sessile animals were counted and at Coasters Harbor Island in colonial tunicates present in the bay, identified using Bullard and Whitlatch Newport during a rapid assessment Botrylloides violaceous and Botryllus (2004), and the counts were averaged survey (Pederson et al. 2001). These schlosseri. by month. tunicates, also called ascidians, have been observed at the University of Dr. Robert Whitlatch of the University Didemnum sp. and Mytilus edulis Rhode Island (URI) Graduate School of Connecticut has used 100-cm2 of Oceanography (GSO) dock since polyvinyl chloride (PVC) panels Recruitment of Blue Mussels at the 2002, when Dr. Christopher Deacutis attached to PVC pipes suspended from GSO site peaked in June, but fell back (URI) photographed the dock pilings floating docks to quantify recruitment to very low levels in July (Figure 2). and noticed Didemnum sp. colonizing of newly settled organisms at different Didemnum sp. began to recruit at this the pilings above the low water line. sites in Long Island Sound (Whitlatch time and eventually abundances peaked Didemnum is considered a strong and Osman 2005). For our study in in September. On the community competitor with the ability to rapidly Narragansett Bay, the same types of panels, adult mussels were visible only colonize a substrate (Coutts 2002), panels were used, which were hung in August, and occurred at relatively and it prefers hard substrate, like dock from the GSO dock ladder. Four of low levels (Figure 3). Didemnum was pilings, over soft sediment (Bullard et these panels—referred to as community first visible in August, followed by al. 2007). panels—were used to examine changes substantial increase in September and a in percent cover of Didemnum sp., maximum in October. The ecology of Didemnum sp. is B. violaceous, and B. schlosseri over poorly known, and the effects of its a six-month period. Panels were introduction to an ecosystem have photographed once per month from not been studied in detail. There may May to October in 2005. Photographs be competition for space and food were then used to measure percent between Didemnum sp. and native cover of each of the three colonial species (Stachowicz 2004), especially ascidians using an image analysis the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis), a program, Scion Image. All other Scientific Reports A Message From the Editor We missed getting out the Fall/Winter 2006 issue of Rhode Island Naturalist. To compensate, this issue is larger than usual (e.g., there are five research articles instead of our usual three). The focus of the issue is on invasive species, follow- ing what we did in the 2006–2007 Mark Gould lecture series and our March 2007 Annual Conference. You will note that some of our continuing features are miss- ing. There is no EIMS article, since the Survey no longer has a formal Ecological Inventory, Monitoring, and Stewardship Program or staff. Lisa Gould’s “Invasives Beat,” which she Figure 1. Didemnum sp. growing on a settlement began in 2005, ended as such with Lisa’s departure for North panel hung from the URI GSO dock in 2005. Carolina last year. “Notes from Field and Study,” a column that Rick Enser revived from the old Narragansett Natural- Didemnum sp. and other colonial tunicates ist in our November 2003 issue, has fallen victim to Rick’s retirement and departure for Vermont. We need the help of Didemnum percent cover over the six-month you—the members of the RI Natural History Survey and period was compared to other colonial tunicates readers of Rhode Island Naturalist—to continue providing (Botrylloides violaceous and Botryllus schlosseri) a quality publication. As Peter Paton’s message on page 20 on the community panels (Figure 4). B. violaceous points out, the Survey has a remarkably dedicated and hard- was first present in June, and B. schlosseri appeared working staff, but there are only three of them. Everyone else in July at slightly higher coverage. Didemnum involved is a volunteer. sp. appeared in August, as the other two species We need your contributions to future issues of Rhode Island decreased slightly, and became strongly dominant Naturalist. We re-designed our format a few years ago for in September and October. Didemnum sp. increased visibility and enhanced focus on scientific research. appeared later in the season and had the highest We now lead off with Scientific Reports, and are especially growth rate (1.03 ± 0.82 cm2/day), compared to B. interested in your contributions there. This is the perfect time violaceous (0.06 ± 0.58 cm2/day) and B. schlosseri to dust off that half-finished note in the back of your desk (0.00 ± 0.70 cm2/day) during each of their time drawer. We are also looking for your contributions in these other areas: present on the panels (3 months, 5 months, and 4 months, respectively); most or all of the growth • Articles that would fit into either the “Notes from by Botrylloides and Botryllus was offset by Field and Study” or “Invasives Beat” theme. overgrowth of Didemnum. Comparing recruitment for the three colonial tunicates, Botrylloides and • Reviews of recent books related to natural history (plants, animals, habitats, geology, hydrology, soils, Botryllus showed peak recruitment rates one etc.); month earlier than Didemnum, in August, and in substantially lower numbers (Figure 5). • Articles on Rhode Island natural history collections; • “Focus On” pieces featuring one of the RINHS Mytilus edulis provides a secondary substrate member organizations; for other species that grow attached to hard surfaces (Lindsey et al. 2006, Miyamoto and Noda • Any other information you think would be pertinent 2004). Overgrowth of M. edulis by Didemnum to the Rhode Island ecological/natural history com- munity. sp. was observed on all panels, and it was clear that Didemnum used the mussel as a substrate. We publish two issues per year, in spring/summer and fall/ The decrease of adult mussels on the community winter. Copies of recent issues can be viewed or downloaded panels was most likely due to overgrowth by at our web page — http://www.rinhs.org (go to “Web Pub- the tunicate. However, recruitment panels also lications,” then “RI Naturalist”). For a copy of our author’s showed a significant decline in recruitment of guidelines, contact me at [email protected] or the RINHS Blue Mussels as Didemnum began to settle on office at [email protected]. Or, please contact me if you have panels. It warrants further study to determine if the any other questions about submitting an article. decline of the mussel recruitment was due solely Robert D. Kenney, editor to Didemnum sp. recruitment increase, or if there were additional factors that may have affected M. edulis recruitment. Page 2 RINHS Summer 2007 Scientific Reports Figure 2. Mytilus edulis recruitment (dashed line, numbers of Figure 5. The peak recruitment (numbers of settled larvae 2 settled larvae per 100-cm panel) peaks then declines earlier per 100-cm2 panel) of Didemnum sp. (solid line and circles) than Didemnum sp. recruitment (solid line). at the GSO dock occurred a month later (and in greater abundance) than both Botrylloides violaceus (dashed line and diamonds) and Botryllus schlosseri (dotted line and triangles). Didemnum sp. did not avoid competitors like B. violaceous and B. schlosseri and soon overtook them at the GSO dock. Competitive success depends on the types of species interacting rather than the size of the colonies (Nandakumar and Tanaka 1997), and smaller colonies of Didemnum were able to compete with larger colonies of other tunicates. Didemnum exhibits toxic properties and low pH, which may serve as further advantage to strong colonization (Bullard et al. 2007). Figure 3. Mytilus edulis (dashed line, mean number of adults per 100-cm2 panel) appeared during the month of August on Didemnum took a longer period of time to establish the community panels and declined thereafter, as Didemnum itself as a dominant species in New England fouling sp. percent cover (solid line) increased. This decrease in communities than B. violaceous, though they were visible mussels on the panels was most likely attributed to introduced at about the same time in the late 1970s overgrowth by the tunicate.
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