DOCSLIB.ORG

Protect Your Properties from Cyber Attacks!

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Protect Your Properties from Cyber Attacks! Protect Your Properties from Cyber Attacks! MNP Cyber Security Presentation Presented by: Danny Timmins, National Cyber Security Leader 2017 Cyber Security MNP Technology Solutions • Cyber Security Overview • Cyber Crime Tactics and Techniques o Hacking (Penetration Testing) o Social Engineering (Malware/Crimeware) o Red Teaming • Considerations Page 2 Lessons from the field • Canada’s 5th Largest Accounting | Tax | Consulting • 4500 Team Members • 80 Offices coast to coast • 55 Cyber Security Professionals Nationally Page 3 MNP is more than an Accounting Firm • Digital Strategy • Operational Technology • Portal Development • IoT • Business Continuity • Cyber Security & Risk • Workplace Collaboration • Data Analytics • CRM/ERP • DevOps • Cloud Strategy • Auditing Page 4 Predictions ➢99% of vulnerabilities exploited will continue to be the ones known by security/IT professionals. ➢The single most impactful enterprise activity to improve security will be patching. ➢The second most impactful enterprise activity to improve security will be removing web server vulnerabilities. Page 5 Predictions ➢Internet of Things will grow to an installed base of 20.4 billion. ➢A third of successful attacks experienced will be on their shadow IT resources. ➢Companies are using more than 15 times more cloud services to store critical company data than CIOs were aware of. ➢Nearly eight in ten (77%) of decision makers admit to using a third-party cloud application without approval. Page 6 What’s happening in the industry? Damages have started to increase in Canada - Casino Rama is an example of damages increasing ….30+ Million Canada’s new privacy laws will require breach notice and affect private sector operations in Canada. (Digital Privacy Act)…do you know your data Cyber Insurance…how much do you need …is it focused on the correct areas Page 7 What’s happening in the industry? Mandatory cyber audits coming for publicly traded companies in Canada…. US is pushing hard – its coming Payment Card Industry (PCI) already has compliancy. IE: Best Western Motels - have been targeted-very limited security Equifax 140M plus - 100+ thousand in Canada….patch management said to be the issue…mishandled from the start of the breach…directing clients to a phishing site Page 8 Who are Behind Cyber Attacks? • Nation States • Organized Hackers • Non-Organized Hacker • Employee: Technical • Employee: Business • Malicious Former Employee **89% of breaches had financial or espionage motive Page 9 Cyber Security Building Assessment Assess: - Perform a cyber security health check which includes building network systems - Do an inventory of assets Detect: - Try to comprise facility physically - Perform Phishing testing (email, wireless) - Assess which devices are accessible (externally/internally) and have vulnerabilities - Perform automated security scanning - Perform penetration testing Remediate: - Document results to fix all found vulnerabilities - Retest the systems to make sure that the systems have been patched - Work with you and your vendors Page 10 10 What if a data breach happened? What are the Risks. - Impact building management systems - Unauthorized physical access to tenant areas - Brand and reputation - Non-compliance with privacy regulations - Unable to fulfill service commitments - Loss of tenants Page 11 11 Other Risks to Consider • Supply Chain/Vendor Management • Privacy - Personal Identification Information (PII) • Regulator Compliance • Intellectual Property (IP) • New Automation deployments - IoT (Internet of Things) • Payment Systems (Ecommerce or Point of Sale) • Strategic plans, engineering drawings, RFP’s, Proposals, etc. • Life Safety Systems – elevators, exhaust Page 12 Let’s take a closer look! Page 13 13 What is Hacking? - The EXPLOIT of a technical vulnerability - Human error (still a vulnerability) - Can involve chaining together a series of weaknesses - Performed without owner permission Page 14 1 4 What is Penetration Testing? - Similar to hacking except owner gives permission - Attempt to gain access to sensitive information or resources - Steps can include: - Information gathering - Vulnerability enumeration - Vulnerability exploitation / Privilege Escalation - Exploration / Lateral Movements - Performed against defined scope - Measures Network(s) and Application(s) resiliency - Overall goal to improve security posture Page 15 1 5 Almost ALWAYS Starts with a Vulnerability Page 16 1 6 Page 17 1 7 Example 1: Penetration Test Page 18 1 8 Target: Management Controller Page 19 19 Page 20 20 Page 21 21 Dump Password Hashes: Page 22 22 What Can You Do with Hash? Page 23 2 3 “Hashinator” 26 lower case letters (a-z) 26 upper case letters (A-Z) 10 digits (0-9) 8 Characters 26+26+10 = 62 62 ^ 8 = 218,340,105,584,896 …or < 2 days Page 24 2 4 Page 25 25 U/P Leads to Full VM Infrastructure Page 26 26 Once Access is Gained… Then We “Pivot” Page 27 2 7 Access to HVAC System… Page 28 2 8 Example 2: Programming Error Page 29 2 9 What is Social Engineering? - An act that influences a person to take an action - Used by attackers as it consistently works - There is no patch for untrained users - Performed against defined scope - Three types of Social Engineering: - Phishing - Vishing - Impersonation - Measures how well People identify SE attacks Page 30 3 0 Example Phishing Page 31 Page 32 Page 33 Page 34 Hello, my name is XXXXX. Resume attached. I look forward to seeing you. Sincerely yours, XXXXX Page 35 Social Engineering Attackers Deploy Fake Social Media Profiles Page 36 36 Tip #3 – Google Images - Use Google Images to verify and validate pictures Page 37 37 Page 38 38 What is Red Teaming? • Contains aspects of Penetration Testing and Social Engineering • Performed with the permission of the owner • Typically full-scope, multi-layered attack simulation – Penetration Testing – Social Engineering – Physical Security Controls • Designed to measure resiliency of People, Network(s), and Application(s) during a real-life attack • Attacks are performed simultaneously • Overall goal to identify gaps and improve Incident Response Page 39 Public Infrastructure – SCADA • Engagement Objectives: – Non-Technical Objectives (Flags) • Gain access to the SCADA facility – Technical Objectives (Flags) • Perform Penetration Test against internal assets • Attempt to gain access to PLC controllers • Rules of Engagement: – Assets will not be removed from physical location Page 40 Public Infrastructure – SCADA • Engagement Findings: – Successfully gained access to facility via piggybacking in behind employee – Performed penetration test against internal assets and able to recover password hashes – Able to bypass thin-client to gain access to corporate network from SCADA facility – Access to the PLC network was gained due to lack of network segmentation – Determined DoS possible on PLC network by sending one malformed packet – No indicators of compromise were detected by client Page 41 Red Team - Key Findings • Social Engineering attacks like phishing and impersonation consistently work – Lack of Security Awareness training for employees aid attackers • Once inside an organization, detection does not occur – Security controls like IDS/IPS can log events however no one responds to alerts • Lack of patch management and build/hardening standards – allows for compromise of sensitive information/data • Organizations are not equipped to deal with real-life adversary attacks Page 42 Considerations Page 43 Considerations ▪ Doing a company wide Cyber Security Health Check. Do you and your executives understand what risks you are protecting and where to prioritize budget & resources. ▪ Develop and implement the appropriate cyber security infrastructure to protect your organization. When was the last time you and your team reviewed your infrastructure. ▪ Understand potential exposure by engaging “ethical hackers” cyber security consultants to hack your organization. Networks, Applications, Mobile. Page 44 Considerations ▪ Incident Response a) have you developed a plan, done a tabletop exercise, b) Do you know who to call if a breach happens. ▪ Supply Chain/Vendor/Third Parties Management Strategy – beginning with the IT focused contracts. ▪ Backup & Recovery – have they been tested to recover and do you have backup’s offline & offsite. ▪ How are you controlling Shadow IT. Do people install applications with out permission. Page 45 Considerations ▪ Cyber Security Educational Training – Training can’t just be a poster on a wall. (video’s, testing, personalize, etc.) ▪ Does the organization store, process or transmit credit card data? MUST be PCI Compliant. • Has your organization consider outsourcing your Cyber Security with dedicated Cyber Security Admin’s & Advisors. Page 46 Considerations ▪ Consider purchasing cyber security insurance. Make sure it is focused on the key risk loss areas of the business. ▪ Is your business putting in place Cyber Security practices, procedures and metrics. Does your risk register include Cyber Security and is it focused on the right risks. Does the board actually understand and agree with the risks being covered – where they part of the decision. Page 47 Cyber Security Services Offensive Security (Red Team) Risk Management • Penetration Testing • Quantitative Threat and Risk Assessment (based on probabilities • Blended Threat Attack Exercises and industry statistics • Social Engineering • Qualitative Threat and Risk Assessment (based on matrix • Vulnerability Assessments approach) • Cloud Security Checklist • Privacy Impact Assessments Defensive
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Roadmap for Cybersecurity Research
    A Roadmap for Cybersecurity Research November 2009 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................iii Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................................v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................ix Current Hard Problems in INFOSEC Research 1. Scalable Trustworthy Systems ...................................................................................................................1 2. Enterprise-Level Metrics (ELMs) ..........................................................................................................13 3. System Evaluation Life Cycle ...................................................................................................................22 4. Combatting Insider Threats ....................................................................................................................29 5. Combatting Malware and Botnets ..........................................................................................................38 6. Global-Scale Identity Management ........................................................................................................50 7. Survivability of Time-Critical Systems ..................................................................................................57
    [Show full text]
  • KPMG Report A4
    + = TAKING SECURITY TESTING TO THE NEXT LEVEL 5 MAY 2014 STAN HEGT HAVE YOU EVER ENCOUNTERED AN ADVERSARY THAT RAN NESSUS FROM A MEETING ROOM? PENETRATION TESTING vs RED TEAMING Penetration Testing Red Teaming Gain oversight of vulnerabilities Goal Test resilience against real attacks Predefined subset Scope Realistic access paths Focus on preventive controls Tested controls Focus on detection and response Focus on efficiency Test method Focus on realistic simulation Mapping, scanning, exploiting Test techniques Attacker TTPs Very limited Post-exploitation Extensive focus on crown jewels Part of development lifecycle Positioning Periodical exercise RED TEAMING – THE APPROACH The Red Team . Uses the same Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) as real adversaries . Red team members must be on top of threat intelligence . Team members must have operational versatility The Blue Team . Is not only the security team (but also users, IT, management) . Does not know if an incident is real or triggered by a red team . Measure improvement: mean time to detect (MTTD) and mean time to recovery (MTTR) THE APPROACH – CYBER KILL CHAIN METHODOLOGY Transmission of the Select targets and attack via physical, Install “malware” to Complete actions and determine attack email, web, or social gain remote control achieve the red flags methods engineering Before the Hack T-1 T0 After the Hack T+1 Recon Weaponize Deliver Exploit Install Control Execute Establish command & Develop the attack Successful penetration control throughout the methods – access gained network Developed by Lockheed Martin, Intelligence-Driven Computer Network Defense THE ASSUME COMPROMISE MODEL Recon Weaponize Deliver Exploit Install Control Execute Focus on last steps in Kill Chain .
    [Show full text]
  • Inside a Hacker's Mind
    1 © MazeBolt Technologies. All Rights Reserved. 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 The Evolving Hacker Community 4 What motivates Hackers 4 Modus Operandi of DDoS Hackers 5 Best Practices to Mitigate DDoS Attacks: 8 Summary: Beating Hackers at their Own Game 8 References 9 Table of Figures Figure 1 – Anonymous Hackers Mask _______________________________________________________________ 3 Figure 2 - A Tweet by the Anonymous Group ________________________________________________________ 4 Figure 3 - Another Tweet by Anonymous ____________________________________________________________ 5 Index of Tables Table 1 - Cost of DDoS Services on the Dark Net ________________________________________________________________ 6 © MazeBolt Technologies. All Rights Reserved. 3 Introduction It was in 1974 that the first DDoS attack was launched when David Dennis—a 13-year-old learned about a new command that could be run on CERL’s PLATO terminals. Called “external” or “ext,” the command could cause the terminal to lock up—requiring a shutdown and power- on to regain functionality. He tested his knowledge which forced several users to power off simultaneously. In the 45 years since its inception, this form of attack has gained the status of the most persistent and damaging of all cyber-attacks. The next milestone in DDoS attacks occurred in August 1999, when a hacker used a tool called `Trinoo’ or `Trin00’, to disable the University of Minnesota’s computer network for more than two days. Trinoo is one of the first publicly available DDoS programs and a ground-setter for other widely available DDoS tools that would emerge in the future. Using a compromised host, the attacker executes automated processes to make a list of vulnerable machines.
    [Show full text]
  • Comptia® Security+ SY0-601 Cert Guide
    CompTIA® Security+ SY0-601 Cert Guide Omar Santos Ron Taylor Joseph Mlodzianowski A01_Santos_Fm_pi-plii_1.indd 1 01/06/21 2:49 pm CompTIA® Security+ SY0-601 Cert Guide Editor-in-Chief Copyright © 2022 by Pearson Education, Inc. Mark Taub All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in Product Line Manager a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, Brett Bartow photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the Executive Editor information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in Nancy Davis the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no respon- Development Editor sibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages Christopher A. Cleveland resulting from the use of the information contained herein. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-677031-2 Managing Editor ISBN-10: 0-13-677031-2 Sandra Schroeder Library of Congress Control Number: 2021935686 Senior Project Editor ScoutAutomatedPrintCode Tonya Simpson Copy Editor Trademarks Chuck Hutchinson All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or ser- vice marks have been appropriately capitalized. Pearson IT Certification Indexer cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of a term in this book Erika Millen should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Proofreader Abigail Manheim Warning and Disclaimer Technical Editor Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate Chris Crayton as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.
    [Show full text]
  • Specialized Cyber Red Team Responsive Computer Network Operations
    TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY DOCTORAL THESIS 25/2019 Specialized Cyber Red Team Responsive Computer Network Operations BERNHARDS BLUMBERGS TALLINNUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY SchoolofInformationTechnologies DepartmentofSoftwareScience ThedissertationwasacceptedforthedefenceofthedegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy(cyber security)on2ndofApril,2019 Supervisor: Dr. Rain Ottis, Department of Software Science, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology Tallinn, Estonia Co-supervisor: Dr. Risto Vaarandi Department of Software Science, School of Information Technologies, Tallinn University of Technology Tallinn, Estonia Opponents: Professor Dr. Hiroki Takakura, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan Fregattenkapitän PD Dr. Dr. habil. Robert Koch, Bundeswehr University of Munich, Munich, Germany Defence of the thesis: 27th of May, 2019, Tallinn Declaration: Hereby I declare that this doctoral thesis, my original investigation and achievement, submitted for the doctoral degree at Tallinn University of Technology, has not been submittedforanyacademicdegreeelsewhere. Bernhards Blumbergs signature Copyright: Bernhards Blumbergs, 2019 ISSN 2585-6898 (publication) ISBN 978-9949-83-413-6 (publication) ISSN 2585-6901 (PDF) ISBN 978-9949-83-414-3 (PDF) TALLINNA TEHNIKAÜLIKOOL DOKTORITÖÖ 25/2019 Vastutegevusele orienteeritud punase meeskonna küberoperatsioonid BERNHARDS BLUMBERGS Contents LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 7 AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PUBLICATIONS 8 LIST OF ACRONYMS 10 LIST OF FIGURES 11 LIST OF TABLES 12 1 INTRODUCTION 15
    [Show full text]
  • Connected, More at Risk Addressing Cybersecurity Concerns for Tribal Organizations
    1/7/2019 More Connected, More at Risk Addressing Cybersecurity Concerns for Tribal Organizations January 10, 2019 To Receive CPE Credit › Individuals • Participate in entire webinar • Answer polls when they are provided › Groups • Group leader is the person who registered & logged on to the webinar • Answer polls when they are provided • Complete group attendance form • Group leader sign bottom of form • Submit group attendance form to [email protected] within 24 hours of webinar › If all eligibility requirements are met, each participant will be emailed their CPE certificate within 15 business days of webinar 1 1/7/2019 Presenter Rex Johnson Director [email protected] Introductions Rex Johnson, CISSP®, CISA®, CIPT, PMP®, PCIP™ Director Health Care, Financial Services, Not-for-Profit, Government, Education, Telecommunications & Manufacturing Industries 2 1/7/2019 Breaches Are Continuing … Reported Breaches by Year 1579 2017 totals: • 1,579 breaches total 1600 • 178,955,069 records exposed 1400 1091 1200 2018 update through Dec. 5, 2018: • 1,138 breaches 1000 783 780 614 • 561,782,485 records 800 471 421 600 400 200 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source: ID Theft Center https://www.idtheftcenter.org 2018 – Data Breach Category Y-T-D Summary (12/5/2018) Incident vs. Breaches Incident Breach › Security event that › Incident that results in compromises integrity, the confirmed confidentiality or disclosure—not just availability of an potential exposure—of information asset data to an unauthorized party Source: Verizon 2018 Data Breach Investigations Report 3 1/7/2019 Breaches Are Costing More & More Average cost per Likelihood of a Average total cost Companies that lost or stolen recurring breach of a data breach record within two years contained a breach in $3.86 million $148 27.9% less than 30 days saved more than $1 Up from $3.62 million 2017 was $141 27.7% last year million vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Team Analysis of Information Security Measures and Response
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 04 | Apr 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Red Team Analysis of Information Security Measures and Response Khushboo Amin1, Dr. Priyanka Sharma2 1 Student, School of Information Technology & Cyber Security, Raksha Shakti University, Gujarat, India 2Dean, Research & Development, Raksha Shakti University, Gujarat, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - This research attempts to develop a factor As we all know today, the cybersecurity threat landscape understanding of Red Team assessment strategies in computer may be a dynamic one and is continually changing. The cyber and data security. The Red Team is a 'cultured form' of attacker of today uses a combination of both traditional and assessment that identifies weaknesses during a quite advanced hacking techniques. On top of this, new variants of information and security system. This research aims to identify the existing malicious threat actors are seen daily. Red and define the form of dimensions of the Red Team's Teaming may be a full-scope, multi-layered attack simulation effectiveness from the customer, management, individual, and designed to live how well a company's people and networks, team member to strengthen the knowledge system's security applications and physical security controls can withstand an and performance. The Red Team generally addresses the attack
    [Show full text]
  • Principles of Cyberwarfare
    Cyberwarfare Principles of Cyberwarfare Cyberwarfare is different from classic kinetic warfare and therefore requires a review of basic warfare principles to differentiate it from armed conflict in the traditional sense. RAYMOND lassic, kinetic warfare principles have been not an exhaus- C. PARKS derived from thousands of years of expe- tive list, nor is it AND DAVID rience as Tsun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz, intended as the P. DUGGAN Antoine-Henri Jomini, Basil Henry Liddel- final definitive Sandia CHart, and others have documented. Some kinetic one. Instead, these principles are a continuation of the National warfare principles apply to cyberwarfare, others have discussion with the cyberwarfare community that we Laboratories no meaning in cyberwarfare, and a few may actually began with our first article. We chose principles from be antagonistic to cyberwarfare. practical experience. When we follow these princi- The principles of warfare guide warfighting at the ples, we win; when we do not follow them, we lose. strategic, operational, and tactical levels. They’re the enduring bedrock of US military doctrine, derived Definitions from practical experience and the wisdom of those To present our cyberwarfare principles, we must define who documented that experience. Those who fol- our terms. Dan Kuehl defines cyberspace as “an opera- lowed these principles have won, and those who did tional domain whose distinctive and unique character is not have lost. Clearly, we do not have thousands of framed by the use of electronics and the electro magnetic years of experience in cyberwarfare, so we have to spectrum to create, store, modify, exchange and ex- start with what we have had.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethical Hacking Terminology
    Ethical Hacking Terminology Table of Contents Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 2 Terminology -1 ................................................................................................................................ 3 Terminology -2 ................................................................................................................................ 5 Defense in Depth ............................................................................................................................ 6 Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability ....................................................................................... 8 The "Ease of Use" Triangle ............................................................................................................ 11 Types of Hackers – Black Hats ....................................................................................................... 13 Types of Hackers – Gray Hats ....................................................................................................... 15 Types of Hackers – White Hats ..................................................................................................... 17 Hacktivism ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Required Ethical Hacking Skills ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Applied Critical Thinking Handbook
    Red Teaming Handbook v7 Points of Contact UFMCS http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/UFMCS/index.asp University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies TRISA (TRADOC G2 Intelligence Support Activity) 803 Harrison Drive, Building 467, Room 315 Ft Leavenworth, KS 66027-2308 FAX 913-684-3887 DSN 552 Director 913-684-3860 Operations 913-684-3857 Security 913-684-4336 Technology 913-684-4339 Curriculum 913-684-4321 Instructors 913-684-3892/3959 SMEs 913-684-4323/4338 Librarians 913-785-3001/3081 Enrollment 1. Go to https://www.atrrs.army.mil/atrrscc/search.aspx 2. Select a Fiscal Year, i.e., 2015. 3. Select the School Code: 159 (UFMCS). 4. Click Search the ATRRS course catalog button (near the bottom). 5. Select a UFMCS course from the table. Page i Red Teaming Handbook v7 Table of Contents CHAPTER I: Introduction ....................................................1 Why Red Teaming? ...........................................................1 What is Red Teaming? ......................................................2 How is Red Teaming Conducted? .....................................4 How is a UFMCS Education Unique? ................................5 Why this Red Teaming Handbook? ...................................7 Summary ...........................................................................8 Endnotes ...........................................................................8 CHAPTER II: Self-Awareness .............................................9 What is Self-Awareness? ..................................................9 Who Am I? .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of China's Hacking Culture: Defining Chinese Hackers
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 6-2016 The Rise of China's Hacking Culture: Defining Chinese Hackers William Howlett IV California State University - San Bernardino Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons, International Relations Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Science and Technology Studies Commons Recommended Citation Howlett, William IV, "The Rise of China's Hacking Culture: Defining Chinese Hackers" (2016). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 383. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/383 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE OF CHINA’S HACKING CULTURE DEFINING CHINESE HACKERS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Sciences and Globalization by William Sedgwick Howlett June 2016 THE RISE OF CHINA’S HACKING CULTURE DEFINING CHINESE HACKERS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by William Sedgwick Howlett June 2016 Approved by: Cherstin Lyon, Committee Chair, Social Sciences and Globalization Jeremy Murray, Committee Member, History Jose Munoz, Committee Member, Sociology © 2016 William Sedgwick Howlett ABSTRACT China has been home to some of the most prominent hackers and hacker groups of the global community throughout the last decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 29 Cyber Attacks by Terrorists and Other Malevolent Actors
    Chapter 29 Cyber Attacks by Terrorists and other Malevolent Actors: Prevention and Preparedness With Three Case Studies on Estonia, Singapore, and the United States Shashi Jayakumar The field of cyberterrorism has existed for as a long as it has been possible to interdict or compromise computer systems. While contributions of scholars, researchers, and practitioners have enriched discussions, there are longstanding and unresolved issues of definition which can give rise to confusion. Does cyberterrorism mean attacks only by individuals groups that fall within widely accepted definitions of “terrorist” or “terrorist organizations?” To what degree does the aim or intention of the malicious actor matter? For the purposes of the present volume, this study (without sidestepping these questions) examines attacks against computer infrastructure and Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) by all actors with capability, and not just groups such as Al-Qaeda or ISIS. As the author notes and establishes early in his discussion, this is necessary given that while conventional terrorist groups might have intent, they have not to date acquired the capability to carry out a genuinely destructive cyber-attack of the type that might lead to major loss of life or infrastructural damage. It is (for the most part) states which have this capability. Cyber prevention and preparedness covers a wide range. This three-part chapter includes technical aspects of cyber protection, systems (and people) resilience, risk mitigation, as well as nurturing talent within
    [Show full text]