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Clinical Social Franchising Compendium an Annual Survey of Programs: findings from 2015 Clinical Social Franchising Compendium An annual survey of programs: findings from 2015 Social Franchising for Health innovate » demonstrate » replicate In many countries, private healthcare providers play a significant role in providing essential healthcare services. They may be the first point of contact for people with the most common ailments or the preferred source of healthcare for people with the rarest conditions. In many low- and middle-income countries, they provide care for the poor as well as the rich segments of the population. Quite often, they operate as islands, with little to no engagement with other healthcare providers or accreditation and regulation systems. Conversely, healthcare systems have found it challenging to engage with private healthcare providers (especially at the primary care level) in the effort to implement standards of care, or to enlist their efforts for critical public health initiatives. Social franchising—a way of organizing private sector healthcare providers into networks using select commercial franchising principles— presents one practical approach to working with networks of private healthcare providers to carry out population-wide health initiatives. To learn about social franchising for health services, visit sf4health.org. | 2 Clinical Social Franchising Compendium An annual survey of programs: findings from 2015 Social Franchising for Health innovate » demonstrate » replicate Copyright © 2016 The Global Health Group The Global Health Group Global Health Sciences University of California, San Francisco 550 16th Street, 3rd floor, Box 1224 San Francisco, CA 94158 Email: [email protected] Website: globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/global-health-group Ordering information Electronic download: This publication is available for electronic download at sf4health.org Information will be updated over time and published online at sf4health.org Recommended citation Viswanathan, R., Behl, R., and Seefeld, C.A. (2016). Clinical Social Franchising Compendium: An Annual Survey of Programs: findings from 2015. San Francisco: The Global Health Group, Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. Produced in the United States of America. First Edition, July 2016 This is an open-access document distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. This document is a product of the Global Health Group at the University of California, San Francisco. The information contained herein was provided by individual franchise pro- grams and was not independently verified. This document is intended to serve as a guide, and the interpretation and use of the information is the responsibility of the reader. Country designations do not express any judgment by the Global Health Group concerning the legal status of any country or territory. References to companies or products do not re- flect endorsement or preference by the Global Health Group. Graphic design by Kerstin Svendsen Cover photo by Esther Havens, courtesy of Living Goods CONTENTS Introduction 2 Jamaica 40 Acronyms and abbreviations 3 Kenya 41 Methods 4 Madagascar 47 Measuring performance 5 Malawi 50 Overview and highlights 8 Mali 52 Innovations 13 Mexico 54 Anatomy of a program profile 14 Mozambique 55 Program profiles 15 Myanmar 56 Bangladesh 15 Nepal 57 Benin 16 Nicaragua 58 Burkina Faso 17 Nigeria 59 Burundi 18 Pakistan 61 Cambodia 20 Philippines 65 Cameroon 21 Rwanda 67 Chile 22 Senegal 68 Democratic Republic of the Congo 23 Sierra Leone 69 Dominican Republic 24 South Africa 70 El Salvador 26 Swaziland 73 Ethiopia 27 Tanzania 74 Ghana 28 Uganda 76 Guatemala 31 Vietnam 80 Haiti 32 Zambia 82 Honduras 33 Zimbabwe 83 India 34 Appendix 85 Indonesia 39 Contents | 1 INTRODUCTION Each year since 2009, the Private Sector Healthcare may include diagnostic, clinical/surgical, and/or Initiative at the UCSF Global Health Group has been sur- referral services, and each service must be veying clinical social franchise programs around the world accompanied by an appropriate level of counseling to learn about the geographies and populations they serve, and education to the client; the healthcare services they franchise, how they work, and • the use of frequent supportive supervision visits and how well they work. We feature the findings in the annual annual audits to motivate and evaluate network Clinical Social Franchising Compendium (available at providers; sf4health.org/research-evidence/reports-and-case- studies). This is the seventh edition. • the active pursuit of financial self-reliance for the network’s administrator and the franchisees; and When this publication was first created, we used the • the goal of making quality assured healthcare services following conceptual definition to help us identify social available to the most under-served populations. franchise programs to feature in this report: programs that apply franchising business principles to build networks The pursuits and intentions of these programs are as of private healthcare providers that deliver quality assured important in defining them as their day-to-day practices. clinical and non-clinical healthcare services to those that need them most. Since that time (and as you will learn With the rapid evolution of this field, this annual compen- in this report), social franchises have evolved consider- dium can be a key reference for social franchise programs, ably. The field of social franchising is now a little harder to donor and public agencies, and public health experts define, though the majority of programs have a common eager to leverage networks of healthcare providers to origin. This speaks to the creativity of the people that improve population health. operate social franchises, their ability to take advantage of local opportunities and adapt accordingly, and to the A special thanks to Ada Gomero, Anna Gerrard, Brendan learning that has taken place since the field first emerged Hayes, Girma Mintesnot, Kim Longfield, and Meradith in the 1990s. Leebrick for commenting on the surveys as they were being developed, coordinating data acquisition from There are still some core characteristics that are common several programs, and managing several rounds of across most programs, and they are: communication regarding the content of this report; to Meghan Reidy for supporting us to effectively use the PSI • the presence of a third party administrator that impact calculator to generate health impact estimations; to recruits, capacitates, monitors, and manages supplies Andrea Sprockett, Dana Sievers, Dominic Montagu, Erik for a network of healthcare providers that is account- Munroe, Kenzo Fry, Kim Longfield, and Nirali Chakraborty- able for a specific basket of healthcare services; and Shah for their thoughtful input on how to present the manages marketing for the franchise brand; equity data; to Matt Boxshall for permitting us to publish • the use of written standards (often based on his perspectives on why equity measurement is important; protocols put forward by domestic ministries, to Aisha Dasgupta, Dana Sievers, Erik Munroe, George and/or international NGOs) as the basis for defining Hayes, Kim Longfield, Meghan Reidy, Michelle Weinberger, a common set of norms for how network providers Nirali Chakraborty-Shah, and the country offices for PSI should offer healthcare services to clients; Nigeria and Kenya, and MSI Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria • a focus on the sale of healthcare services, in (aka AHME) for generating and reviewing the additionality addition to healthcare commodities. These services estimations; and to Kerstin Svendsen for her tremendous design work. Introduction | 2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACT artemisinin-based combination therapies MoH Ministry of Health AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome MSU mobile service units AMTSL active management of the third stage of labor MVA manual vacuum aspiration ANC antenatal care NGO non-governmental organization ANMs auxiliary nurse midwives OC oral contraceptive CBOs community based organizations ORS oral rehydration salts CHW community health worker OTC over-the-counter cPAC comprehensive post-abortion care PAC post-abortion care CYP couple year of protection PMTCT prevention of mother-to-child transmission DALY disability-adjusted life year (of HIV) DOTS directly observed treatment, short course PPMVs patent and proprietary medicine vendors FP family planning PTSS post-HIV test support services HIV human immunodeficiency virus RDT rapid diagnostic test (for malaria) HTC HIV testing and counseling RH reproductive health IPC interpersonal communication/interpersonal SRH sexual and reproductive health communicator STI sexually transmitted infection IMCI integrated management of childhood illnesses TB tuberculosis IUD intrauterine device VCT voluntary counseling and testing (for HIV) LAPM long-acting and permanent methods (of family VIA visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid planning) VMMC voluntary medical male circumcision MNCH maternal, newborn and child health VSC voluntary surgical contraceptive Acronyms and abbreviations | 3 METHODS This report is a survey of social franchise programs that We present most program data just as they were reported. deliver primary care and clinical services in low- and However, we used the service and commodity provision middle- income countries. In addition to reaching out to statistics to estimate
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