CLASS TWO Handout #5 the Brain Structure

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CLASS TWO Handout #5 The Brain Structure The brain is made up of about 100 billion nerve cells call neurons and trillions of “support cells” called “glia”. These nerve cells communicate using chemicals called neurotransmitters. NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR Serotonin – helps regulate mood, assists in transmission of neural messages Adrenaline: Epinephrine – gets the body moving instantly Norepinephrine gets the brain’s attention Dopamine – controls physical movement Endorphin – the body’s morphine Cortisol – produced by long term stress 1. Cerebral Cortex – This is a sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer of the brain. The word “cortex” comes from the Latin word for “bark” (of a tree). The thickness of the cerebral cortex varies from two to six millimeters. The right and left sides of the cerebral cortex are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. The cerebral cortex controls functions that include thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, and perception. Malfunction of this area in the brain could cause symptoms that include poor judgment, impulsivity, delusions, hallucinations, and language disorders. 2. Cerebellum – The word “cerebellum” comes from the Latin word for “little brain.” This region of the brain controls cognitive functioning, movement, balance, and posture. 3. Thalamus – The thalamus receives sensory information and relays the information to the cerebral cortex. This area also transmits information from the cerebral cortex to other areas of the brain and spinal cord. The thalamus is involved with the functions of sensory and motor integration. 4. Hypothalamus – The hypothalamus controls behavioral responses such as feeding, drinking, sexual response, aggression, and pleasure. This area is involved in almost all aspects of behavior including our biological clock that is linked to the daily cycle. 5. The Limbic System – This is a group of structures that includes the amygdala and the hippocampus and is located within the brain. This area of the brain is important for controlling the emotional response. It is also responsible for memory. 6. Hippocampus – The hippocampus is one part of the limbic system that is important for memory and learning. .

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From Human Emotions to Robot Emotions
1 American Association for Artificial Intelligence – Spring Symposium 3/2004, Stanford University – Keynote Lecture. From Human Emotions to Robot Emotions Jean-Marc Fellous The Salk Institute for Neurobiological Studies 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, la Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Abstract1 open a new window on the neural bases of emotions that may offer new ways of thinking about implementing robot- The main difficulties that researchers face in understanding emotions. emotions are difficulties only because of the narrow- mindedness of our views on emotions. We are not able to Why are emotions so difficult to study? free ourselves from the notion that emotions are necessarily human emotions. I will argue that if animals have A difficulty in studying human emotions is that here are emotions, then so can robots. Studies in neuroscience have significant individual differences, based on experiential as shown that animal models, though having limitations, have well as genetic factors (Rolls, 1998; Ortony, 2002; significantly contributed to our understanding of the Davidson, 2003a, b; Ortony et al., 2004). My fear at the functional and mechanistic aspects of emotions. I will sight of a bear may be very different from the fear suggest that one of the main functions of emotions is to experienced by a park-ranger who has a better sense for achieve the multi-level communication of simplified but high impact information. The way this function is achieved bear-danger and knows how to react. My fear might also be in the brain depends on the species, and on the specific different from that of another individual who has had about emotion considered.
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