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Thesis Hum 2019 Brock Penoh
Politics of Reparations: Unravelling the Power Relations in the Herero/Nama Genocide Reparations Claims Penohole Brock, BRCPEN002 A minor dissertation submitted in partial fullfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy (Justice and Transformation). Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town [2019] University of Cape Town COMPULSORY DECLARATION This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. Signature: Date: 10.02.2019 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University Abstract The Herero/Nama Genocide (1904-1908) under German colonialism in Namibia is the first genocide of the twentieth century and has stirred debates around reparations for historical injustices. Reparative Justice has evolved into a victim-centric pillar of justice, in which perpetrators are legally and morally obligated to pay reparations in its several forms to its victims, including material and symbolic reparations. This thesis is a case study of reparations claims for historical injustices, specifically colonial genocide and explores such claims as a political process. -
RUMOURS of RAIN: NAMIBIA's POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre Du Pisani
SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani THE .^-y^Vr^w DIE SOUTH AFRICAN i^W*nVv\\ SUID AFRIKAANSE INSTITUTE OF f I \V\tf)) }) INSTITUUT VAN INTERNATIONAL ^^J£g^ INTERNASIONALE AFFAIRS ^*^~~ AANGELEENTHEDE SOUTHERN AFRICAN ISSUES NO 3 RUMOURS OF RAIN: NAMIBIA'S POST-INDEPENDENCE EXPERIENCE Andre du Pisani ISBN NO.: 0-908371-88-8 February 1991 Toe South African Institute of International Affairs Jan Smuts House P.O. Box 31596 Braamfontein 2017 Johannesburg South Africa CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 POUTICS IN AFRICA'S NEWEST STATE 2 National Reconciliation 2 Nation Building 4 Labour in Namibia 6 Education 8 The Local State 8 The Judiciary 9 Broadcasting 10 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC REALM - AN UNBALANCED INHERITANCE 12 Mining 18 Energy 19 Construction 19 Fisheries 20 Agriculture and Land 22 Foreign Exchange 23 FOREIGN RELATIONS - NAMIBIA AND THE WORLD 24 CONCLUSIONS 35 REFERENCES 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY 40 ANNEXURES I - 5 and MAP 44 INTRODUCTION Namibia's accession to independence on 21 March 1990 was an uplifting event, not only for the people of that country, but for the Southern African region as a whole. Independence brought to an end one of the most intractable and wasteful conflicts in the region. With independence, the people of Namibia not only gained political freedom, but set out on the challenging task of building a nation and defining their relations with the world. From the perspective of mediation, the role of the international community in bringing about Namibia's independence in general, and that of the United Nations in particular, was of a deep structural nature. -
Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: Genocide and the Quest of Recompense Gewald, J.B.; Jones A
Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: genocide and the quest of recompense Gewald, J.B.; Jones A. Citation Gewald, J. B. (2004). Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: genocide and the quest of recompense. In Genocide, war crimes and the West: history and complicity (pp. 59-77). London: Zed Books. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4853 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4853 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Imperial Germany and the Herero of Southern Africa: Genocide and the Quest for Recompense Jan-Bart Gewald On 9 September 2001, the Herero People's Reparations Corporation lodged a claim in a civil court in the US District of Columbia. The claim was directed against the Federal Republic of Germany, in the person of the German foreign minister, Joschka Fischer, for crimes against humanity, slavery, forced labor, violations of international law, and genocide. Ninety-seven years earlier, on n January 1904, in a small and dusty town in central Namibia, the first genocide of the twentieth Century began with the eruption of the Herero—German war.' By the time hostilities ended, the majority of the Herero had been killed, driven off their land, robbed of their cattle, and banished to near-certain death in the sandy wastes of the Omaheke desert. The survivors, mostly women and children, were incarcerated in concentration camps and put to work as forced laborers (Gewald, 1995; 1999: 141—91). Throughout the twenti- eth Century, Herero survivors and their descendants have struggled to gain recognition and compensation for the crime committed against them. -
Revisiting the Windhoek Old Location
Revisiting the Windhoek Old Location Henning Melber1 Abstract The Windhoek Old Location refers to what had been the South West African capital’s Main Lo- cation for the majority of black and so-called Colored people from the early 20th century until 1960. Their forced removal to the newly established township Katutura, initiated during the late 1950s, provoked resistance, popular demonstrations and escalated into violent clashes between the residents and the police. These resulted in the killing and wounding of many people on 10 December 1959. The Old Location since became a synonym for African unity in the face of the divisions imposed by apartheid. Based on hitherto unpublished archival documents, this article contributes to a not yet exist- ing social history of the Old Location during the 1950s. It reconstructs aspects of the daily life among the residents in at that time the biggest urban settlement among the colonized majority in South West Africa. It revisits and portraits a community, which among former residents evokes positive memories compared with the imposed new life in Katutura and thereby also contributed to a post-colonial heroic narrative, which integrates the resistance in the Old Location into the patriotic history of the anti-colonial liberation movement in government since Independence. O Lord, help us who roam about. Help us who have been placed in Africa and have no dwelling place of our own. Give us back a dwelling place.2 The Old Location was the Main Location for most of the so-called non-white residents of Wind- hoek from the early 20th century until 1960, while a much smaller location also existed until 1961 in Klein Windhoek. -
The Case of Namibia by Peya Mushelenga Submitted in Fu
a SMALL STATES AND THE UNDERCURRENTS OF COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF NAMIBIA BY PEYA MUSHELENGA SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LAWS (LLM) IN THE SUBJECT INTERNATIONAL LAW AT THE UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA STUDENT NO: 9323236 SUPERVISOR: DR A. JORGE SEPTEMBER 2017 i DEDICATION I dedicate this study to the memories of my uncle, Aaron Shihepo, who passed away on 6 September 2016, for the role he played in the negotiations for Namibia’s independence at the United Nations and other international platforms thereby contributing to international peace and security in general, and international legislation on Namibia, in particular, which impacted on the shaping of Namibia’s embracing of international law. ii DECLARATION I, Peya Mushelenga, hereby declare that: • This study is a true reflection of my own research, and that this work, or part thereof has not been submitted for a degree in any other institution of higher education. • No part of this thesis/dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by means (e.g. electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior permission of the author, or The University of Namibia in that behalf. I, Peya Mushelenga, further • grant The University of Namibia the right to reproduce this thesis in whole or in part, in any manner or format, which The University of Namibia may deem fit, for any person or institution requiring it for study and research; providing that The University of Namibia shall waive this right if the whole thesis has been or is being published in a manner satisfactory to the University. -
Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation. an Exiled Namibian
Journal of Namibian Studies, 23 (2018): 101 – 123 ISSN: 2197-5523 (online) Thinking and writing liberation politics – a review article of: Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation . An Exiled Namibian Activist’s Perspective André du Pisani* Abstract Thinking and Writing Liberation Politics is a review article of: Hans Beukes, Long Road to Liberation. An Exiled Namibian Activist’s Perspective; with an introduction by Professor Mburumba Kerina, Johannesburg, Porcupine Press, 2014. 376 pages, appendices, photographs, index of names. ISBN: 978-1-920609-71-9. The article argues that Long Road to Liberation , being a rich, diverse, uneven memoir of an exiled Namibian activist, offers a sobering and critical account of the limits of liberation politics, of the legacies of a protracted struggle to bring Namibia to independence and of the imprint the struggle left on the political terrain of the independent state. But, it remains the perspective of an individual activist, who on account of his personal experiences and long absence from the country of his birth, at times, paints a fairly superficial picture of many internal events in the country. The protracted diplomatic-, political- and liberation struggle that culminated in the independence of Namibia in March 1990, has attracted a crop of publications written from different perspectives. This has produced many competing narratives. It would be fair to say that many of the books published over the last decade or so, differ in their range, quality and usefulness to researchers and the reading public at large. This observation also holds for memoirs, a genre of writing that is most demanding, for it requires brutal honesty, the ability to truthfully recall and engage with events that can traverse several decades. -
South West Africa
South West Africa: travesty of trust; the expert papers and findings of the International Conference on South West Africa, Oxford, 23-26 March 1966, with a postscript by Iain MacGibbon on the 1966 judgement of the International Court of Justice http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp3b10032 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org South West Africa: travesty of trust; the expert papers and findings of the International Conference on South West Africa, Oxford, 23-26 March 1966, with a postscript by Iain MacGibbon on the 1966 judgement of the International Court of Justice Author/Creator Segal, Ronald (editor); First, Ruth (editor) Date 1967 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Namibia Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. -
Promoting Democracy and Good Governance
State Formation in Namibia: Promoting Democracy and Good Governance By Hage Gottfried Geingob Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Politics and International Studies March 2004 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. encourage good governance, to promote a culture of human rights, and to build state institutions to support these policies have also been examined with a view to determining the nature of the state that evolved in Namibia. Finally, the study carries out a democratic audit of Namibia using Swedish normative tools. 1 Acknowledgements The last few years have been tumultuous but exciting. Now, the academic atmosphere that provided a valuable anchor, too, must be hauled up for journeys beyond. The end of this most enjoyable academic challenge has arrived, but I cannot look back without a sense of loss - loss of continuous joys of discovery and academic enrichment. I would like to thank my supervisor, Lionel Cliffe, for his incredible support. In addition to going through many drafts and making valuable suggestions, Lionel helped me endure this long journey with his sustained encouragement. I also thank Ray Bush for going through many drafts and making valuable comments. He has an uncanny ability to visualize the final outcome of research effort. -
Special Agreement
General List No. 98 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE SPECIAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA TO SUBMIT TO THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE THE DISPUTE EXISTING BETWEEN THE TWO STATES CONCERNING THE BOUNDARY AROUND KASIKILI/SEDUDU ISLAND AND THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE ISLAND jointly notified to the Court on 29 May 1996 __________ I. THE MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA AND OF THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 17 May 1996 Re: Joint notification of the Special Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Namibia and the Government of the Republic of Botswana to submit to the International Court of Justice the dispute existing between them concerning the boundary around Kasikili/Sedudu Island and the legal status of the island. We, the undersigned, acting for and on behalf of our respective Governments, have the honour to inform you that the Government of the Republic of Namibia and the Government of the Republic of Botswana have jointly decided to submit their dispute concerning the boundary in the area of Kasikili/Sedudu Island to the International Court of Justice for a final and binding decision. In this regard, on 15 February 1996 in Gaborone, in the Republic of Botswana, the two Governments signed a Special Agreement enabling them to bring the said dispute before the Court for a peaceful settlement Instruments of ratification were exchanged between the Parties on 15 May 1996 and in accordance with the provisions of Article VII (1) of the Agreement, it entered into force on that date. -
Brief Chronology of the Police Zone Border, Key Dates, and Proclamations
APPENDIX Brief Chronology of the Police Zone Border, Key Dates, and Proclamations 1896/97, establishment of a cordon to prevent the incursion of rinderpest into central Namibia and the emergence of the concept of a colonial veterinary border. 1905, German Reichstag demands a resolution confirming that police protection in the colony will be limited to economically useful regions, marking the emergence of the concept of a European settlement border. 1907, a Police Zone boundary for the entire colony is cartographically defined for the first time with a blue line. Proclamation of three game reserves. 1916 (Martial Law Regulation No. 57), the northern section of the German Police Zone border is adopted, with minor adjustments, effectively closing the entire northern part of the colony to “Europeans.” 1919, the Prohibited Areas Proclamation (Martial Law Proclamation No. 15) confirms the closure of the Police Zone border of 1916. 1924, the northern districts are reopened for livestock export (Government Notice No. 94 of 1924), and the Police Zone border becomes a combined veterinary and settlement border. 1925, the Police Zone border is indicated on detail maps (1:500,000) with a thickly drawn redlineforthefirsttime. 1926, the entire Police Zone border is identified as the Red Line on the survey map of 1926 (1:800,000). 1928, the Prohibited Areas Proclamation (Proclamation No. 26 of 1928) provides the first precise written definition of the Police Zone border. The location of the border is determined by the farm borders on-site. 1930 (Government Notice 178 of 1930), first law on the creation of a stock-free zone (applicable to cattle and dogs) between the Police Zone and Kaoko. -
General Assembly AGENDA ITEM 47 (1056Th Plenary Meeting) by the President of Mauri Question of South West Africa (Continued): Tania Left No Doubt on That Score
United Nations FOURTH COMMITTEE, 1223rd GENERAL MEETING ASSEMBLY Friday, 44 November 1961, at 10.55 a.m. SIXTEENTH SESSION Official Records NEW YORK CONTENTS assure the people of South West Africa that the Soviet Page Union was prepared to help them. Agenda item 47: 3. His delegation also wished to express its admira Question of South West Africa (continued): tion at the courage with which the petitioners were (!J) Report of the Committee on South West defending their country's cause. They could rest Africa,· assured that it would do everything in its power to (]))Assistance of the specialized agencies and ensure that the United Nations took effective action of the United Nations Children's Fund in the to support the legitimate desire of the people of South economic, social and educational develop West Africa for independence and freedom. ment of South West Africa: reports of the agencies and of the Fund · 4. Mr. EREBIH (Mauritania) thanked the petitioners Hearing of petitioners (continued) • • • • . • 413 for the additional information whichtheyhadfurnished to the Committee and congratulated them on their political maturity, composure and team spirit. His Chairman: Miss Angie BROOKS (Liberia). delegation wished to assure . them that Mauritania was not maintaining relations of any kind with the In the absence of the Chairman, Mr. Lulo (Albania), South African Government and was prepared to sup Vice-Chairman, took the Chair. port the inhabitants of the Territory without reserva tion. The statement made before the General Assembly AGENDA ITEM 47 (1056th plenary meeting) by the President of Mauri Question of South West Africa (continued): tania left no doubt on that score. -
Naip 1 0 0 0
Ottilie Abrahams Ottilie Abrahams SWAPO-Student and SWAPO-Democrats in Sweden-Namibia National Front Director of the Jakob Morenga Tutorial College (Windhoek, 16 March 1995) Tor Sellstr6rm How do you see the development of the liberation movement in Namibia and the relations with the Nordic countries? Ottilie Abrahams: Namibia has a history of groups like SWAPO and SWANU working together. For example, already at the time when my husband was arrested by the South African police in Rehoboth, SWAPO and SWANU stood ready to go as one body to defend him. Even in exile, SWAPO and SWANU always worked together. If SWANU people arrived in a place where they did not have a representative, they were taken in by the SWAPO people. In the late 1960s, we held talks with SWANU. That was when Moses Katjiuongua and Fanuel Kozonguizi were in Dar es Salaam. We held talks on forming one body. We felt that we were getting very far. Then we met OAU, because we knew what their concept of 'sole authenticity' would do. We asked OAU specifically not to give money either to SWAPO or to SWANU, but to give it to an organization. The name was SWANLIF, South West African National Liberation Front We already knew in 1963 that donors were going to use the question of funding to alienate the two groups. There were certain political groups in certain countries which were supposed to be the sole liberators of those countries, and we opposed that view from the start. TS: Was that view the policy of the OAU Liberation Committee? OA: Yes.