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Republika Malta Na Poti V Evropsko Unijo: Vpliv ZDA

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Republika Malta Na Poti V Evropsko Unijo: Vpliv ZDA UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jure Rejec Republika Malta na poti v Evropsko unijo: Vpliv ZDA Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 UNIVERZA V LJUBLJANI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBENE VEDE Jure Rejec Mentor: izr. prof. dr. Damjan Lajh Republika Malta na poti v Evropsko unijo: Vpliv ZDA Magistrsko delo Ljubljana, 2016 ZAHVALA Za sodelovanje in pomoč se najlepše zahvaljujem mentorju dr. Damjanu Lajhu. Posebno zahvalo namenjam Denise, staršem, bratu in prijateljem. Republika Malta na poti v Evropsko unijo: Vpliv ZDA Ključne besede: Malta, EU, evropeizacija, ZDA V Sloveniji se še ni zgodilo, da bi bila Malta glavni predmet preučevanja v kakšnem znanstvenem delu. Tudi v tujini strokovnjaki bodisi s področja evropskih integracij bodisi drugih področij Malti doslej niso namenjali veliko pozornosti. To lahko pripišemo njeni majhnosti in nenazadnje geografski pozicioniranosti na sredini Sredozemskega morja. Čeprav gre za državo na perifernem območju Evropske unije, je Malta v različnih pogledih zanimiva država; nekakšna zmes različnih vplivov. Da sem se odločil za preučevanje Malte, ni naključje, saj že nekaj let živim na tem sredozemskem otoku. Malta ima zelo bogato zgodovino. Njena strateška lega je po vrsti pritegnila Feničane, Grke, Rimljane, Arabce, Normane, križarje, Francoze, Britance in – kot sem ugotovil – nazadnje celo Američane. Po razglasitvi samostojnosti leta 1964 je Malta stopila na pot, ki jo je nazadnje pripeljala v Evropsko unijo. V teoretičnih izhodiščih sem obširno obdelal koncept in različne teorije evropeizacije, pri čemer sem se osredotočil predvsem na recepcijo, torej na sprejemanje ''pravil igre'', ki jih mora upoštevati država kandidatka za članstvo v EU, ter na pristop ''od spodaj nazgor'', ki se uporablja predvsem pri analiziranju odziva članic na evropeizacijo. Tretje poglavje je namenjeno samemu kronološkemu pregledu celotnega procesa približevanja Malte evropskim integracijam, ki se je začel v času, ko je bila država še britanska kolonija. Podrobneje analiziram predvsem obdobje pred samim vstopom v EU, ki je bilo zaznamovano s pogajanji med Malto in EU pa tudi s političnim bojem med dvema parlamentarnima strankama, ki sta malteške volilce želeli prepričati, da je vstop v EU dobra oziroma slaba odločitev. Četrto poglavje obravnava Malto kot članico EU, namenjeno pa je vlogi in položaju, ki jo Malta kot majhna država predstavlja v EU. Zanimalo me je predvsem, kako ta njena ''majhnost'' vpliva na uresničevanje interesov v družbi drugih držav članic. Ugotovil sem, da se Maltežani na splošno dobro zavedajo, da so lahko zaradi omejenih resursov aktivni le na področjih, ki zadevajo njihove vitalne interese, pri čemer navajam nekaj primerov, kot je na primer begunska kriza. Ob tem ne gre prezreti tudi povezovanja z drugimi, večjimi državami, predvsem Italijo, ki se je v zadnjih letih izkazala za najtesnejšega zaveznika Malte. Eden od zaveznikov Malte so tudi Združene države Amerike. V petem poglavju, ki je namenjeno preučitvi odnosov med omenjenima državama, pišem o vzrokih za morebitno ameriško podporo malteškim prizadevanjem za vstop v EU. Menim, da je bilo to vprašanje bolj kot ne nepomembno za ZDA, čeprav je velesila Malto pri tem uradno podpirala. Američane precej bolj zanima strateški položaj Malte, ki se je izkazal za zelo pomembnega v času libijske krize. Republic of Malta On Its Way To EU: Influence of USA Keywords: Malta, EU, Europeanisation, USA Malta had never been chosen as an area of study in scientific research in Slovenia, neither has it attracted the attention of have foreign experts in the field of European integration. This can be attributed to its small size and, finally, geographical positioning in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Although it is a country in the peripheral area of the European Union, Malta is, in various respects, is an interesting country with its of mixture of different influences from various countries. I have been living on the Mediterranean island for a few years now, and it is therefore no coincidence that I decided to choose Malta as my area of focus. Malta has a very rich history. Its strategic location has attracted Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Crusaders, the French, British and – as I discovered – even the Americans. After declaring independence in 1964, Malta has embarked on the path that eventually led to the European Union. In the second chapter, I extensively analyse different concepts and theories of Europeanisation, where I focus mainly on the 'rules of the game', which are designed for countries applying for accession to the EU, as well as the response of states to Europeanisation. The third chapter is devoted to a chronological review of the whole process of Malta’s integration with the EU, which was launched at a time when the country was still a British colony. I cover mainly the period prior to accession to the EU, which was marked by negotiations between Malta and the EU as well as with the political struggle between the two parliamentary parties who were trying to persuade the Maltese voters that EU membership was beneficial or negative. The fourth chapter deals with Malta as an EU member, and is aimed at the role and position that Malta holds as a small member state. I was interested mostly in the fact that due to its small size, Malta is only able to look after a limited number of objectives. I found that the Maltese are generally well aware that they can only be active in certain areas that affect their vital interests due to its limited resources, and have cited a few examples, such as the refugee crisis. It must not overlook its integration with other larger countries, notably Italy, which has, in recent years, proven to be a good ally of Malta. In the fifth chapter, I examine the relations between Malta and the United States of America, which is one of the island’s allies. I explain the reasons for the support that the US gave towards Malta’s efforts to join the EU. It turns out that this issue was more or less irrelevant to the US, even though the superpower did in fact support it officially. Americans are much more interested in a strategic position of Malta, which has proved to be very important during the Libyan crisis. KAZALO VSEBINE UVOD ........................................................................................................................................... 10 1. TEORETIČNA, METODOLOŠKA IN HIPOTETIČNA IZHODIŠČA ............. 16 1.1 Opredelitev problema in predmet proučevanja ............................................................................... 16 1.2 Raziskovalna vprašanja ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Metodološki okvir ............................................................................................................................. 18 2 TEORETIČNA IZHODIŠČA .................................................................................. 20 2.1 Koncept evropeizacije ....................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Definicije evropeizacije ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Evropeizacija – evropska integracija ................................................................................................. 22 2.4 Od spodaj navzgor do zgoraj navzdol ............................................................................................... 24 2.5 Kaj je evropeizirano? ......................................................................................................................... 26 2.6 Evropeizacija politik in političnih procesov ....................................................................................... 27 2.7 Oblikovanje in sprejemanje EU politik .............................................................................................. 28 2.8 Različni tipi politik ............................................................................................................................. 29 2.9 Evropeizacija in vpliv na države ........................................................................................................ 30 2.9.1 Neskladje in olajševalni dejavniki ......................................................................................... 30 2.10 Teoretični modeli mehanizmov evropeizacije ................................................................................ 31 2.11 Posledice domače spremembe ....................................................................................................... 32 2.12 Konvergenca ali divergenca? .......................................................................................................... 32 2.13 Evropeizacija, modernizacija, globalizacija in demokratizacija ....................................................... 32 3 KRONOLOŠKI PREGLED PROCESA MALTEŠKEGA PRIBLIŽEVANJA EU ................................................................34 3.1 Neodvisnost od Velike Britanije ........................................................................................................ 35 3.2 Pridružitveni sporazum Malta – EGS (1970) ..................................................................................... 36 3.3 Malteška zunanja politika od leta 1970 naprej ................................................................................. 38 3.3.1 Libija .....................................................................................................................................
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