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D-Day Marshalling and Embarkation Areas

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D-Day Marshalling and Embarkation Areas SECOND WORLD WAR - D-Day Marshalling and Embarkation Areas 1. Operation Overlord From April 1944, the east-coast, the south and west coastal areas of England and parts of south Wales were divided into a number of concentration areas known as Marshalling Areas (MAs). One or more MAs served an Embarkation Area (EA). Preliminary planning as regards to the layout of each area had been worked out the previous year, such as exercise 'Harlequin' – carried out within the Sussex District and Central Sussex Sub- District during August and September 1943. By mid-March 1944, the Overlord Marshalling & Concentration Area plans were being finalised, this was called the 'Sausage Plan' on account of the shape given to the MA boundaries when identified on a map. Command Responsibilities Eastern Command was required to provide concentration areas for all troops passing through Tilbury and London Docks. This included an infantry division plus accumulated residues totalling 104,000 troops. Felixstowe and Tilbury Docks were each to be allocated one reinforcement holding unit of 1,600 troops and one reinforcement group of three units of 4,800 troops within the concentration area. Southern Command's primary responsibility was to provide concentration areas for US Forces by direct arrangement with SOS ETOUSA. This was in addition to two British armoured brigades located in the Bournemouth /Poole Area, and 21 Army Group. One reinforcement holding unit was also required to be accommodated in each of the Portsmouth and Southampton MAs. British Airborne Forces required tented accommodation for 800 (all ranks) at certain airfields within the command from which the forces would operate. South-Eastern Command was required to provide concentration areas for British and Canadian troops embarking from the south coast. Apart from accumulated residues, the following commitment was allotted to South-Eastern Command: P Three armoured divisions P Five infantry divisions P Three armoured brigades P Two corps HQ and corps troops P One forward reinforcement unit of 1,600 troops (at Shoreham) P Three reinforcement groups of four holding units –each of 1,600 troops. Northern Command was required to accommodate units displaced from other commands within areas vacated by 21 Army Group. London District was to provide one reinforcement holding unit within reach of the London Docks. The responsibilities of Western Command were not discussed. The above was worked in February 1944 at the second meeting of the Concentration Area Accommodation Committee, which was convened to investigate the problem involving accommodation of build-up formations, during intensification for 'Overlord'. The committee prepared a number of schedules and plans of accommodation in areas suitable for concentration. It was not just a case of finding suitable camps, but the logistical problems for each sub-area were also worked out in conjunction with the sub-district commands. This included locations of field hospitals, ordnance dumps, headquarters, petrol dumps, bakeries, ammunition dumps, chemical warfare dumps, railheads, and traffic routes from the sub-areas to the embarkation ports. Marshalling Areas All MAs were sub-divided into a headquarters and between eight and 24 Sub-Areas and each of these contained one or more tented camps and parks to accommodate the troops and vehicles. These were identified by a Sub-Area code letter followed by a number, such as, 'S8' (Marshalling Area 'S', Sub-Area 8). This MA was located at Weald Park, Brentford in Essex. Embarkation Areas were also allotted Code letters and numbers, such as 'E5' at Tilbury Docks. There was one other type of camp associated with the EAs, and this was the Transit Camp, which could provide accommodation close to the MA in case of a hold-up due to bad weather, or for any other reason. For Newhaven, the Transit Camp was at Denton. Each MA was operated and organised as a brigade under the command of a Brigadier and brigade staff; there was no sub-area command structure (at least in the smaller MAs). The HQ and the camps were only in operation for the duration of 'Overlord', and afterwards the whole organisation was disbanded and dismantled. Each MA brigade headquarters was established within requisitioned property, e.g. MA 'J' HQ was at Southover Manor School in Lewes. Slit trench type air-raid shelters were provided in all camps on a 100% camp capacity basis. Camp boundaries were normally marked out by three-strand cattle fence, and security patrols were carried out to ensure that there was no communication made between troops in the camp and the outside world. Marshalling was the splitting of units into detachments of landing craft loads consisting of troops and vehicles, the issue of voyage necessities and the movement of the craft load to the EA. The splitting up of units into detachments meant that the units were no longer self-supporting and required full 'hotel servicing' whilst in the MA. The aim of MA staff was to ensure that all ship-loads sail: ? Without delay to shipping ? Carry troops who were fresh and fully-equipped ? Carry MT and equipment which are 100% efficient at the ship's side when being loaded. The Marshalling Area was planned to fulfil two roles consecutively: To accommodate, marshal and move to embarkation area its initial concentration prior to D-Day of 40,700 personnel and 6,500 vehicles. To accommodate, marshal and move to embarkation a sustained daily flow of 4,000 personnel and 600 vehicles, for an indefinite period after D-Day. Responsibilities within the MA was allotted to MA Staff as follows: Timely arrival of transit troops - Home Command Movements ? Detailing vehicles & personnel and sorting into craft loads - Movement Control at MA ? Servicing vehicles and personnel whilst in the MA - MA Staff ? Move to EA - Movement Control Staff at MA ? Embarkation - War Office Embarkation Staff Movement out of the MA was dependent on three factors: Availability of shipping Weather The changing requirements in the field Layout of Marshalling Area 'S' Marshalling Area 'S' was located in the Tilbury - Brentford area and served as the area for marshalling prior to embarkation at Tilbury Docks E5. The MA was divided into an Area HQ and eight Sub-Areas and Service Installations. The Sub-Areas varied in capacity were divided into 500-man camps, all except one (S7) were on a tented basis. Vehicles were parked either herringbone or head to tail. Marshalling Area 'S' Sub Area Capacity Personnel / Capacity Vehicles / Location of HQ S1 4,500 / 900 / Golf Club House, Orsett S2 4,500 / 350 / Tilbury S3 4,500 / 1,100 / Purfleet S4 7,000 / 1,300 / Belhus Park, Aveley S5 5,000 / 2,450* / Thorndon Hall, Warley S6 4,500 / / Halfway House Inn, Southend Arterial Road S7 2,500 / / Warley Barracks S8 5,000 / / Weald Park Brentford *The main vehicle parks were located along the Southend Arterial Road, although during the initial concentration many vehicles were parked and marshalled in roads adjoining S5, S7 and S8. The 2450 vehicles were shared between S5 to S8 Setting up of Marshalling Area 'S' in April 1944 Under utmost secrecy, orders were received from HQ 9 Armoured Division in March 1944 that: ? 7 Infantry Brigade would move to Tilbury for Marshalling Duties. ? A large number of unit signallers and despatch riders would concentrate in the area under orders from 9 Armoured Division. ? A large number of REME personnel would similarly concentrate. In early April the CO and staff of 7 Infantry Brigade carried out a reconnaissance of the area. At that time the area came under the CO South Essex Sub-District. Permanent camp structures were by now nearing completion and roads and bridges within the area were strengthened to take Class 70 loads. During the second week of April, advanced party of units to form the Static Staffs moved in. Tentage was drawn and camp erection commenced. All necessary work had been completed by 1 May 1944 as ordered. During the first week of May, 21 Army Group Exercise 'Fabius V' took place. This involved actual handling of troops and transport through the area and practice embarkation of the vehicles took place. The operational cycle for a Sub-Area was: Tents were erected during March 1944 and the first units had begun to arrive, unit postal censorship was introduced on 1 April. By the end of May all camps were 'sealed'. A typical cycle for Sub-Areas handling was as follows: ? Day 1 ? Vehicles of the first flow-in arrived and are parked up in craft load order ? Drivers completed Stage B(i) waterproofing (under REME supervision) ? Personnel issued with voyage necessities ? Day 2 ? Vehicles for MT ships moved to embarkation with the minimum of personnel. ? Drivers completed waterproofing Stage B(ii) at dockside under REME supervision ? Vehicle parties and marching parties remained in Sub-Area ? Day 3 ? Vehicles and all personnel for LSTs moved to embarkation ? Vehicles and marching parties for MT ships moved to embarkation in troop carrying vehicles ? Day 4 ? Sub-Area empty - day spent cleaning up and preparing for the next flow-in. 'Y'-Day Marshalling and embarkation of a whole MA such as 'S' Area involved a carefully thought out programme of phased operations. First of all the loading of 6,500 vehicles took several days and this was followed by loading of 37,000 personnel. The date given for completion of the loading programme was given as Y-Day and in theory was to be a couple of days before D-Day. The problem was if the date for D-Day had been differed - a day to day deferment would have caused no repercussions, but if a fourteen-day deferment had been ordered then it would have been necessary for the troops to disembark and return to their sub-area camps.
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