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Canadian Urban Ministry: The Nature and Challenges of Success Barry Kent Morris (BA, BD, ThM) Supervised by: Dr Robert Pope, Director of Studies Dr Sarah Lewis, Second Supervisor This research was undertaken under the auspices of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David Submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of a Degree of Master of Philosophy University of Wales 2016 and resubmitted July 28, 2017 iii Abstract This thesis characterises the nature and the possibilities of success including its tensions and obstacles in urban ministry. There are featured descriptions on the nature and dynamics of urban ministry and various understandings of success are posed –especially that which favours a purposeful aim toward fulfilment of a ministry’s mission purposes, with attention to a faithful public-and-prophetic witness (as the ground and aim for ministry). A literature survey to help discern and frame the research questions focuses on England and North America, especially Canada. The chapters consider the research questions of what characterises success and its challenges in urban ministry and how do urban ministry situations engage the enduring tensions of charity and/or justice. The chapters include three detailed case studies in three different Canadian cities. They are narrated and analysed from the perspective of what makes for a meaningful, enduring civic presence and what caveats to be critically aware of – the UK and USA social theologian, Luke Bretherton, with additions, is constructively employed (as well as for framing the literature review). The concluding chapter provides a comparative summary analysis of the case studies. It proposes that the most comprehensive and integral way to depict the nature of success in urban ministry is by way of engaging the interweaving variables of earnest listening, stable places or presence, a capacity to endure, and dedication to what it takes to bear a public-and-prophetic witness – including constructive attention to the critical caveats of commodification, co-optation, communalism, clientelism, and cowardice. Two appendices on extending the range and challenges of a literature survey and how grounded theory assists, narratively, to discern a central story-line of the case studies, supplement the above. iv Dedication To those urban ministers, lay leaders, retirees, and virtually unsung volunteers of the case studies (and beyond) whose labours of deep dedication and relentless courage make it possible to be discerned and noted with steadfastness – as well as to those who devote the time and harness with discipline the energy it takes to write and in sharing, bear a faithful public, and thankfully, prophetic witness – that through our plain failures and myriad dead-end paths, a modicum of a purposeful legacy is passed on. You insert content into the greetings and blessings of “shalom.” Obrigado/Obrigada v Acknowledgements I thank particularly the supervision assistance and therein, the due diligence of Dr. Robert Pope of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. His timely reading and apt comments along the way made this MPhil task a steady avocation. I am grateful to Vancouver School of Theology Professor of Social Ethics Emeritus Terence R. Anderson for long encouragement to reflect and write on urban ministry and theology. I also thank Joanie Wolfe for timely and gracious assistance on formatting and otherwise, via correction assistance, preparing the thesis for its submission. Appreciation must be extended to all of those contributing to the three case studies, some from long ago, and many of them duly cited as primary sources in the pertinent case study chapter (and prior to the bibliography). For encouragement to carry on with a previously submitted PhD thesis – which in part thankfully got parlayed into a book with chiefly different material – to revise and resubmit as this MPhil thesis, I thank several persons, too many to specifically name. For valued moral support, however, I appreciate Michele Lamont, Pam Cooley, Lori Gabrielson, Kate Andrews, Ryan Leamont, Michael Glanville, David Tracey, Janette McIntosh, Longhouse Ministry on-site new monastic Daniel Wieb, and for when it sometimes felt futile, a cadre of occasional independent creative writers via Tatamagouche Centre, Nova Scotia who provided encouraging comments on some earlier biography-as-theology forays on urban ministry and into urban theology, vi Table of Contents Declaration and Statements .............................................................................................. ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................... iii Dedication ....................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vi List of Abbreviations..................................................................................................... viii Table of Illustrations ....................................................................................................... ix Part I. Initial Overview ................................................................ 10 Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2. A Literature Review ................................................................................ 26 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 26 2.2. On Listening .......................................................................................................... 30 2.3. On Place ................................................................................................................ 34 2.4. Re-Organising Civic Institutions........................................................................... 42 2.5. On Stability with Faithfulness ............................................................................... 46 2.6. Review Implications.............................................................................................. 51 2.7. Listening and Space Combined ............................................................................. 56 2.8. Listening, Space, and Organising Combined ........................................................ 57 2.9. Implications of Literature Review ........................................................................ 59 Chapter 3. Methodology ............................................................................................ 62 3.1. Overview ............................................................................................................... 62 Part II. The Case Studies .................................................................. 72 Chapter 4. The Toronto Christian Resource Centre .............................................. 75 4.1. Overview: From House to Church to Building for Lives and Community........... 75 4.1.1. Origins and Purpose .................................................................................. 75 4.2. Early History ......................................................................................................... 77 4.2.1. CRC’s Second Period: 2002 to 2008 ........................................................ 85 4.2.2. Third Period in CRC Ministry: 2002 to 2013 ........................................... 91 4.3 Fitting and Favourable Responses ........................................................................ 99 4.3. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 106 vii Chapter 5. Victoria, BC’s Open Door, Our Place and Dandelion Societies ....... 110 5.1. Overview ............................................................................................................. 111 5.1.1. Origins and Purpose ................................................................................ 111 5.2. Precedents ........................................................................................................... 115 5.3. Recurring Issues .................................................................................................. 120 5.4. Supportive Sustenance ........................................................................................ 124 5.4.1. Prayer ...................................................................................................... 126 5.4.2. Hospitality ............................................................................................... 127 5.4.3. Community as ‘Family’? ........................................................................ 129 5.5. Fitting and Favourable Responses ...................................................................... 131 5.6. Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 137 Chapter 6. Vancouver’s Streams of Justice ........................................................... 141 6.1. Origins and Purposes .......................................................................................... 141 6.2. Context of Grandview Calvary Baptist Church (GCBC) ...................................