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Introduction: the Quixote Trope 1 Notes Introduction: The Quixote Trope 1. As my Epilogue explores more fully, these terms stem from Nelson Goodman’s Ways of Worldmaking (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1978), 14 and passim. 2. Frederick Crews, Postmodern Pooh (New York: North Point Press, 2001), xv; Phyllis Trible, review of Leon Kass, The Beginning of Wisdom: Reading Genesis, in The New York Times Book Review (October 19, 2003): 28; Roger Kimball: The Rape of the Masters: How Political Correctness Sabotages Art (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2004), 100, 152. 3. Surprisingly (or perhaps not), there has been little scholarly attention to “over-reading.” But see “Over-Reading, Overreading, Over Reading: Implications for Teaching and Learning,” ed. Jason Snart and Dean Swinford, a special issue of Inventio: Creative Thinking and Learning 5, 1 (2003). 4. Wendy Motooka, Age of Reasons: Quixotism, Sentimentalism and Political Economy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London: Routledge, 1998), 27. 5. Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub, ed. S. C. Guthkelch and D. Nichol Smith, second edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), 52. 6. See Barbara Johnson, “Melville’s Fist: The Execution of Billy Budd,” in The Critical Difference: Essays in the Contemporary Rhetoric of Reading (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 79–109. 7. J. L. Austin, How to Do Things with Words, second edition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975), 117. 8. Bernard Mandeville, Free Thoughts on Religion, The Church and National Happiness, ed. Irwin Primer (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2001), 134. I am grateful to Irwin Primer for this reference. 9. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct (1922) in John Dewey: The Middle Works, 1899–1924, ed. Jo Ann Boydston, 14 vols. (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976–1983), 14: 59. 10. Richard Graves, The Spiritual Quixote, ed. Clarence Tracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967), 435–36, 448. 11. Elizabeth Hamilton, Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, 3 vols. (New York: Garland Press, 1974), 2: 125. 12. Mandeville, Free Thoughts, 187. 188 NOTES 13. Hans-Georg Gadamer, “On the Scope and Function of Hermeneutic Reflection” (1967) in Philosophical Hermeneutics, ed. and trans. David E. Linge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 18–43, quotation at 32–33; Gadamer, “On The Problem of Self-Understanding” (1962) in Philosophical Hermeneutics, 44–58, quotation at 51; Priestley quoted in Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made the Future (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002), 76–77. 14. Georg Lukács, “Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat” (1920) in History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971), 83–222, quotation at 163. 15. Fred Parker, Scepticism and Literature: An Essay on Pope, Hume, Sterne, and Johnson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 1. 16. Christopher Norris, Uncritical Theory: Postmodernism, Intellectuals, and the Gulf War (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), 14–15. Jean Baudrillard explores these notions in For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, trans. Charles Levin (St. Louis: Telos Press, 1981) and Simulations, trans. Paul Foss, Paul Patton, and Phillip Beitchman (New York: Semiotext[e], 1983). Don DeLillo’s account in White Noise (New York: Viking, 1985) of the most photographed barn in America (“Once you’ve seen the signs about the barn, it becomes impossible to see the barn”: 12) has led many critics to propose that “the distinction between the real and fictional cannot be sustained” (Frank Lentricchia, “Don DeLillo,” Raritan 8 [1989]: 1–29, quota- tion at 6) and to explore “representations which are . lived as real” (John Frow, “The Last Things Before the Last: Notes on White Noise,” in Introducing Don DeLillo, ed. Frank Lentricchia [Durham: Duke University Press, 1991], 175–91, quotation at 180). 17. A. J. Close, Don Quixote (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 12; Leo Spitzer, “Linguistic Perspectivism in the Don Quixote,” in Linguistics and Literary History: Essays in Stylistics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1945), 41–85; John J. Allen, Don Quixote: Hero or Fool? A Study in Narrative Technique (Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1969), 21–22. 18. Debra Malina, “Rereading the Patriarchal Text: The Female Quixote, Northanger Abbey, and the Trace of the Absent Mother,” Eighteenth- Century Fiction 8, 2 (1996): 271–92, quotation at 282. 19. See A. P. Burton, “Cervantes the Man Seen Through English Eyes in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 45, 1 (1968): 1–15; Stuart M. Tave, The Amiable Humorist: A Study in the Comic Theory and Criticism of the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 141–63; Homer Goldberg, The Art of Joseph Andrews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 27–43; Susan Staves, “Don Quixote in Eighteenth-Century England,” Comparative Literature 24, 3 (1972): 193–215; John Skinner, “Don Quixote in 18th-Century England: A Study in Reader Response,” Cervantes: Bulletin of the NOTES 189 Cervantes Society of America 7, 1 (1987): 45–57; Ronald Paulson, Don Quixote in England: The Aesthetics of Laughter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998); Heinz-Joachim Müllenbrock, “Don Quixote and Eighteenth-Century English Literature,” in Intercultural Encounters: Studies in English Literatures, ed. Heinz Antor and Kevin L. Cope (Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 1999), 197–209. 20. Stanley Fish, “Interpreting the Variorum” (1976) in Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), 147–80, argues that, although we typically think that “formal structures . call forth different interpre- tive strategies,” actually one’s “predisposition to execute different interpretive strategies will produce different formal structures” (169): these “interpretive strategies . exist prior to the act of reading and therefore determine the shape of what is read” (171). 21. Donna Haraway, “Reading Buchi Emecheta: Contests for ‘Women’s Experience’ in Women’s Studies” (1988) in Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York: Routledge, 1991), 109–24. Chapter 1 Historicizing Quixote and the Scandal of Quixotism 1. Susan Staves, “Don Quixote in Eighteenth-Century England,” Comparative Literature 24, 3 (1972): 193–215, quotation at 193. 2. Maria Edgeworth, Angelina; Or, L’amie Inconnue, in The Parent’s Assistant and Moral Tales, ed. Elizabeth Eger and Clíona ÓGallchoir, in The Novels and Selected Tales of Maria Edgeworth, 12 vols. (Brookfield, VT: Pickering & Chatto, 1997–2003), 10: 257–302, quotation at 285; Elizabeth Hamilton, Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, 3 vols. (New York: Garland Press, 1974), 3: 164. Subsequent references to Hamilton’s text will be parenthetical. 3. Samuel Johnson, Rambler 115 (April 23, 1751) in The Rambler, ed. W. J. Bate and Albrecht B. Strauss, 3 vols., in The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, 15 vols. to date (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1958–2005), 4: 252. 4. Richard Popkin, The High Road to Pyrrhonism, ed. Richard A. Watson and James E. Force (1980; Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993), 55. 5. For more on quixotism and common sense, see Wendy Motooka, The Age of Reasons: Quixotism, Sentimentalism and Political Economy in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London: Routledge, 1998), 91–92. 6. Frederick R. Karl, The Adversary Literature: The English Novel in the Eighteenth Century: A Study in Genre (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1974), 59–60, 67. 190 NOTES 7. Eric J. Ziolkowski, The Sanctification of Don Quixote: From Hidalgo to Priest (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991), 3–4; Homer Goldberg, The Art of Joseph Andrews (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 74; Ronald Paulson, Don Quixote in England: The Aesthetics of Laughter (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 19. The continued concern to separate the “hero” from the “deluded comic fool” is evident in Pedro Javier Pardo Garcia, “Romantic and Quixotic Heroes in Detective Fiction,” Exemplaria 2, 1 (1998): 117–23. Susan C. Greenfield, “Money or Mind? Cecilia, the Novel, and the Real Madness of Selfhood,” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 33 (2004): 49–70, is a recent reading that treats the quixote figure as “expos[ing]” the “painful inadequacy of the world” (49). 8. Oscar Mandel, “The Function of the Norm in Don Quixote,” Modern Philology 55, 3 (1958): 154–63, quotation at 157; Anthony Close, The Romantic Approach to “Don Quixote”: A Critical History of the Romantic Tradition in “Quixote” Criticism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 2, 223; Close, “Theory vs. the Humanist Tradition Stemming from Américo Castro,” in Cervantes and His Postmodern Constituencies, ed. Anne J. Cruz and Carroll B. Johnson (New York: Garland Press, 1999), 1–21, quotations at 5, 14; Close, Don Quixote (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 2. 9. Ziolkowski, Sanctification; Alexander Welsh, Reflections on the Hero as Quixote (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981); Henry Fielding, Covent-Garden Journal 24 (March 24, 1752) in The Covent- Garden Journal and a Plan of the Universal Register-Office, ed. Bertrand A. Goldgar (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1988), 154–61, quotation at 160. 10. Rosalie Colie, The Resources of Kind: Genre-Theory in the Renaissance (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973), 31. 11. Recent critics often use the term “translation” to describe
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