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Archaic Bone Tools in the St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Microwear and Manufacture Traces Julia C

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Archaic Bone Tools in the St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Microwear and Manufacture Traces Julia C Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Archaic Bone Tools in the St. Johns River Basin, Florida: Microwear and Manufacture Traces Julia C. Byrd Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES ARCHAIC BONE TOOLS IN THE ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN, FLORIDA: MICROWEAR AND MANUFACTURE TRACES By JULIA C. BYRD A Thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2011 The members of the committee approve the thesis of Julia C. Byrd defended on March 17, 2011. _______________________________________ Glen H. Doran Professor Directing Thesis _______________________________________ Rochelle A. Marrinan Committee Member _______________________________________ Lynne A. Schepartz Committee Member Approved: _______________________________________ Glen H. Doran, Chair, Department of Anthropology The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee. members. ii This thesis is dedicated to my grandmother, Julia Gooch, who told me, “If I could do it again, I would go to school to study archaeology and art.” iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the many people who contributed to this thesis. First, I thank my Major Professor, Dr. Glen Doran, who showed endurance answering my endless questions. Thank you to Drs. Rochelle Marrinan and Lynne Schepartz for serving on my committee. Several people and businesses generously contributed deer parts for my replication experiments. I thank Star’s Meat Market and Mack’s Country Meats for leftover deer bones and unwanted deer legs. Thanks to American Sportsman Taxidermy for deer antler. I appreciate Roger Whitt’s contribution of bone tool preforms and conversation about working bone. I thank Hayley Singleton for giving me my pick of her shark tooth collection. Archaeologists offered help with access to collections, and many went above and beyond their job description. Thank you to Beth Horvath and ACI for making the Lake Monroe Outlet Midden artifacts available for study and for lending me the outstanding mitigation report. Marie Prentice and Dr. Dave Dickel offered direction with initial research and pulled artifacts from Groves’ Orange Midden, Gauthier, and Blue Spring collections at Florida’s Bureau of Archaeological Research. I appreciate Dr. Ken Sassaman and Jason O’Donoghue’s help while I was studying the assemblage temporarily stored at UF. Thanks to Dr. Mike Russo for always being available to answer questions about the Salt Springs bone artifacts and for offering helpful advice on a background chapter. I will always remember Andy Hemmings’ enthusiastic descriptions of worked bone artifacts, and for that I thank him. I am grateful to several of my FSU colleagues, without whom I would be less educated. Ian Pawn, Jim Dunbar, Grayal Farr, Raphael Kampmann, Tim Parsons, and Dan Seinfeld helped with specific topics. I am indebted to Ryan Duggins, for help with writing and his continued patience. Thanks for putting up with dead deer parts in the yard, garage, freezer, cooler, and patio table. More importantly, I appreciate Ryan’s devotion to balancing work and play. Finally, I thank my parents who never questioned my decision to pursue anthropology as a career. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. i Abstract..........................................................................................................................................iii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Problem Orientation................................................................................................................................. 1 Functional Typology ........................................................................................................................ 1 Manufacture Processes..................................................................................................................... 2 Methodological Orientation ..................................................................................................................... 3 Microwear Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 3 Experimental Replication................................................................................................................. 4 Theoretical Orientation ............................................................................................................................ 4 Technological Organization............................................................................................................. 4 Chaîne Opératoire ........................................................................................................................... 5 Bone Tool Analysis Methods Past and Present ....................................................................................... 5 History of Analysis Methods ........................................................................................................... 6 Current Trends in Bone Tool Analysis Methods ............................................................................. 8 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2: Environmental Background and Culture History....................................................... 11 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 11 Environmental Background ................................................................................................................... 11 Before the Archaic Period: Paleoindian Period ..................................................................................... 13 Early Archaic Period.............................................................................................................................. 14 Middle Archaic Period........................................................................................................................... 15 Late Middle Archaic Period (Mount Taylor Period in the St. Johns Region) ....................................... 16 Late Archaic Period (Orange Period in the St. Johns Region)............................................................... 17 After the Archaic Period: Woodland and Mississippian Periods (St. Johns I and II in the St. Johns Region)................................................................................................................................................... 18 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 3: Florida’s Bone Tools Over Time ................................................................................ 21 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 21 Before the Archaic Period: Paleoindian Period ..................................................................................... 22 v Early Archaic Period.............................................................................................................................. 24 Middle Archaic Period........................................................................................................................... 25 Late Archaic Period ............................................................................................................................... 26 After the Archaic Period: Woodland, Mississippian, and Contact Periods ........................................... 28 Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 32 Chapter 4: The Sites Sampled....................................................................................................... 35 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 35 Lake George Area: Salt Springs (8MR2322)......................................................................................... 37 Middle St. Johns: Blue Spring (8VO43)................................................................................................ 38 Middle St. Johns: The Lake Monroe Outlet Midden (8VO53).............................................................. 39 Middle St. Johns: Groves’ Orange Midden (8VO2601)........................................................................ 40 Upper St. Johns (or Indian River Area): Windover (8BR246) .............................................................. 40 Upper St. Johns: Gauthier (8BR193) ....................................................................................................
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