DOCSLIB.ORG

Inondations Récurrentes À Bangui: Évaluation Conjointe Des Besoins

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inondations Récurrentes À Bangui: Évaluation Conjointe Des Besoins Les inondations urbaines à Bangui République Centrafricaine Évaluation de la situation actuelle et mesures pour réduire la fréquence et atténuer les impacts futurs Rapport de l’évaluation conjointe des besoins Septembre 2009 [INONDATIONS RECURRENTES A BANGUI : EVALUATION CONJOINTE DES BESOINS] Septembre 2009 Table des matières Remerciements ............................................................................................................................................ vi Sommaire (en français) ............................................................................................................................... vii Summary (in English) ................................................................................................................................... ix Abréviations ................................................................................................................................................ xix 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Bangui : introduction de la ville et ses inondations .............................................................................. 3 2.1 L’agglomération de Bangui ........................................................................................................... 3 2.2 L’environnement physique ........................................................................................................... 6 2.3 La fréquence, la superficie, la profondeur et les zones des inondations ..................................... 9 3 Les inondations de 2009 : Évaluation des dommages et des pertes .................................................. 13 3.1 Description des inondations de 2009 et réponse ....................................................................... 14 3.2 Résumé des évaluations des dommages et des pertes .............................................................. 16 3.3 Analyse sectorielle ...................................................................................................................... 17 3.3.1 Secteur productif ................................................................................................................ 18 3.3.2 Secteur social ...................................................................................................................... 18 3.3.3 Secteur des infrastructures ................................................................................................. 21 3.3.4 Secteurs transversaux ......................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Impacts macro-économiques...................................................................................................... 22 4 Estimation des dommages et des pertes dus aux inondations récurrentes en moyenne annuelle ... 25 5 Causes et facteurs aggravants des inondations .................................................................................. 28 5.1 Les causes des inondations ......................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Les facteurs aggravants ............................................................................................................... 28 5.2.1 Une urbanisation rapide et sauvage ................................................................................... 29 5.2.2 Un réseau de drainage incomplet ....................................................................................... 30 5.2.3 Une réduction de la capacité des collecteurs ..................................................................... 30 5.3 La vulnérabilité des populations ................................................................................................. 31 5.3.1 L’emploi de la terre crue pour l’habitat .............................................................................. 31 5.3.2 Le faible niveau des services de l’eau et d’assainissement ................................................ 31 i [INONDATIONS RECURRENTES A BANGUI : EVALUATION CONJOINTE DES BESOINS] Septembre 2009 5.3.3 Les eaux stagnantes et le paludisme .................................................................................. 32 5.4 La faiblesse institutionnelle ........................................................................................................ 33 5.4.1 Le cadre institutionnel et les responsabilités ..................................................................... 33 5.4.2 Finances de la municipalité de Bangui ................................................................................ 35 5.4.3 Absence de planification ..................................................................................................... 36 6 Mesures pour réduire l’occurrence des inondations et atténuer les impacts des inondations ......... 38 6.1 Mesures de réduction de l’occurrence des inondations ............................................................ 39 6.1.1 Drainage – nouveaux travaux ............................................................................................. 39 6.1.2 Entretien, maintenance et curage des réseaux existants de drainage ............................... 42 6.1.3 Collecte des déchets solides ............................................................................................... 43 6.1.4 Restructuration des quartiers avec remblaiement ............................................................. 45 6.1.5 Instauration et déclaration de zones inconstructibles ....................................................... 46 6.2 Mesures pour atténuer les impacts des futures inondations ..................................................... 48 6.2.1 Amélioration de l’hygiène publique .................................................................................... 48 6.2.2 Introduction de méthodes et matériaux plus résistants aux inondations .......................... 51 6.2.3 Préparation et sensibilisation de la population aux inondations ....................................... 53 6.3 Mesures d’amélioration et de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles ............................ 54 6.3.1 Renforcement du cadre institutionnel ................................................................................ 54 6.3.2 Amélioration des finances de la municipalité de Bangui .................................................... 54 6.3.3 Planification ........................................................................................................................ 55 7 Un programme en réponse aux inondations à court, moyen et long termes .................................... 56 7.1 Options à l’échelle de la ville ...................................................................................................... 56 7.2 Zones inondables : Trois zones avec des options différentes ..................................................... 57 7.2.1 Options pour les quartiers drainables (Zone A) .................................................................. 59 7.2.2 Options pour les quartiers bas (Zone B) ............................................................................. 60 7.2.3 Options pour les Zone C (à étudier) .................................................................................... 62 7.3 Notre proposition pour un programme en réponse aux inondations ........................................ 62 7.3.1 Analyse coûts-bénéfices...................................................................................................... 63 7.3.2 Considérations politiques et sociales .................................................................................. 65 8 Vers une approche proactive : actions prioritaires et prochaines étapes .......................................... 67 8.1 La transition de l’approche réactive à l’approche proactive ...................................................... 67 ii [INONDATIONS RECURRENTES A BANGUI : EVALUATION CONJOINTE DES BESOINS] Septembre 2009 8.1.1 Cinq actions prioritaires de la part du gouvernement ........................................................ 67 8.1.2 Clarifier les responsabilités des différents ministères impliqués, de la mairie, des arrondissements et des chefs de quartier .......................................................................................... 68 8.1.3 Établir un plan de développement urbain pour l’agglomération de la ville de Bangui ...... 68 8.1.4 Améliorer l’entretien des réseaux existants de drainage ................................................... 69 8.1.5 Mettre en œuvre un programme communautaire en réponse aux inondations ............... 69 8.1.6 Mobiliser les bailleurs de fonds .......................................................................................... 70 8.2 Les prochaines étapes immédiates ............................................................................................. 71 ANNEXE 1 Bibliographie .............................................................................................................................. 72 ANNEXE 2 Personnes rencontrés ................................................................................................................ 74 ANNEXE 3 : Groupe focale de discussion .................................................................................................... 77 ANNEXE 4 : Enquête des ménages .............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Determinism in Émile Zola's Nana
    Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Mouloud Mammeri University of Tizi-Ouzou Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English A Memoire Submitted to the Faculty of Letters and Languages in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For Master’s Degree in English. Option: Comparative Literature Subject: Determinism in Émile Zola’s Nana (1880) and Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1900) Presented by Lyes AOUCHICHE Supervised by Mr. Mohamed Amine KHOUDI Panel of Examiners : Dr. Titouche Rachid, M.C.A, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, Président. Khoudi Mohamed Amine, M.A.A, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, Rapporteur. Ferhi Samir, M.A.A, Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi-Ouzou, Examinateur. Academic Year: 2013-2014 To my dear parents To my dear sisters and brothers To all my relatives and friends especially Slimane, Karim, Sabrina and Soraya. Contents Table of contents……………………………………………………………..………………....i Acknowledgements..…………………………………………………………...………..…….iii Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………......iv I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………...………………………………….………..…1 Review of the Literature.……….…………………………………………………………...…2 Issue and Working Hypothesis…………………………………………………………….…..4 Methodological Outline……………………………………………………………….……….4 II. METHOD AND MATERIALS…..……………………………………………………..6 Social Darwinism……………………………………………………………………………....6 Summary of Émile Zola’s Nana (1880)……………………………………….........................9 Summary of Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1900)……………………………………….10 Notes and References………………………………………………………………………...12
    [Show full text]
  • LA BETE HUMAINE an EXAMINATION of the PROBLEMS INHERENT in the PROCESS of ADAPTATION from NOVEL to FILM by BARBARA IRENE WRIGHT
    LA BETE HUMAINE AN EXAMINATION OF THE PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE PROCESS OF ADAPTATION FROM NOVEL TO FILM By BARBARA IRENE WRIGHT B.A., The University of Leicester, 1981 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF FRENCH We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 1987 © Barbara Irene Wright, 1987 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of FRENCH The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date 4TH SEPTEMBER 1987 DE-6 rva-n Abstract In this thesis the process of adaptation from novel to film is examined. La Bgte humaine by Emile Zola and the film version by Jean Renoir provide specific examples. The starting point is the assumption, often made by cinema audiences, that the film should be "faithful" to the novel upon which it is based. A statement made by Renoir regarding his efforts to be true to what he describes as the "spirit of the book" is quoted to illustrate the prevalence of this attitude.
    [Show full text]
  • Une Nana... Ou Mille Femmes?
    Une Nana... ou mille femmes? Antoine Court Qui pourrait se vanter de n'avoir jamais souhaité voir le sourire de Ma- non Lescaut, ou d'Emma Bovary, ou d'Ana Ozores? Depuis plus d'un siècle l'illustration répond au besoin de fixer ce que donne mal au lecteur de ro- mans une imagination impatiente et hésitante; et Flaubert en rugit: Jamais, moi vivant, on me m'illustrera, parce que la plus belle des- cription littéraire est dévorée par le plus piètre dessin. Du mo- ment qu'un type est fixé par le crayon, il perd ce caractère de géné- ralité, cette concordance avec mille objets connus qui font dire au lecteur: "J'ai vu cela" ou "Cela doit être". Une femme dessinée res- semble à une femme, voilà tout. L'idée est dès lors fermée, complète, et toutes les phrases sont inutiles, tandis qu'une femme écrite fait rêver à mille femmes. Donc, ceci étant une question d'esthétique, je refuse formellement toute espèce d'illustration.1 Mais le lecteur veut voir ses héros en images, et en mouvement, sur une scène de théâtre ou sur un écran! Au XIXe siècle le transfert d'un récit au spectacle est une pratique courante, acceptée par nombre d'auteurs qui n'y voient pas à proprement parler une «traduction» et qui ne s'inquiètent pas trop du risque d'altération; «mettre à la scène un roman», «transporter un roman au théâtre», «tirer une pièce d'un roman», «adapter un roman a la scène», ces expressions, toutes de Zola, désignent une opération qui, effec- tuée par le romancier ou par un tiers, est admise comme un élément du succès de l'œuvre, au même titre que la critique, les illustrations plastiques ou musicales, les parodies, bruits divers s'élevant autour d'une œuvre, té- moignant du succès et y contribuant par les retombées plublicitaires.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 14, the Doubling: Zola & Houellebecq
    The exclusive license for this PDF is limited to personal website use only. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted commercially in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Chapter 14 AN INTERVIEW WITH DIANA SHEETS: REALISM, NATURALISM, AND LICENTIOUS OBSCENITY—FRENCH AUTHORS ÉMILE ZOLA AND MICHEL HOUELLEBECQ Keywords: doubling, Houellebecq, “J’accuse . !”, Les Rougon-Macquart, Nana, Platform, Submission, The Elementary Particles, The Possibility of an Island, Thérèse Raquin, Zola MFS: Let’s begin by looking at naturalism and its most famous proponent, Émile Zola. Why was this literary movement so important? DS: Naturalism grew out of literary realism, which emerged in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutionary upheavals in Europe. Realism depicted everyday life among ordinary people while consciously avoiding the overwrought and decadent associations with romanticism. Naturalism luridly exposed the underbelly of conventional mid-19th century society to reveal “the dregs of society” and “the degradations and degenerations of humans in bondage to a social and cosmic determinism” (Levine, 2000, p. 614). Thus, as Berg and Martin note, “The doctrine of naturalism” becomes evident in Zola’s Thérèse Raquin (1867) and is fully developed in his 20-novel series Les Rougon-Macquart (1871-1893).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    INTRODUCTION Readers who do not wish to learn details of the plot will prefer to read the Introduction as an Afterword Zola’s ambition was to emulate Balzac by writing a comprehensive fi ctional history of his own society. He is the quintessential novelist of modernity, understood as a sense of tumultuous change. The motor of change was the rapid expansion of capitalism, with all that that entailed in terms of the altered shapes of the city, new forms of social practice and economic organization, and heightened political pressures. Zola was fascinated by change, and specifi cally by the emergence of a new, mass society. His epic type of realism is refl ected not only in the vast sweep of his work, but also in its variety and complexity. In addition to his thirty-one novels, he wrote fi ve collections of short stories, a large body of art-, drama-, and literary criticism, several plays and libretti, and numerous articles on political and social issues published in the French press at various stages of his career as a journalist. He was a major critic of literature and painting, and a signifi cant political commentator long before the Dreyfus Aff air. His main achievement, however, was his twenty-volume novel cycle, Les Rougon-Macquart , published between 1871 and 1893. In eight months, during 1868 and 1869, Zola outlined the series of novels he intended to write on the theme of heredity: a family, the Rougon-Macquarts, tainted with alcoholism and mental instability, were to intermarry, to proliferate, and to pass on their inherited weaknesses to subsequent generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Monsieur Zola's Concierges
    Monsieur Zola’s Concierges Elisabeth-Christine MUELSCH Angelo State University Les commères après tout sont des poétesses au petit pied qui aiment les récits, les secrets dévoilés, les exagérations mensongères, aliment éternel de toute poésie; ce sont les matrones de l’invention humaine qui pétrissent, à leur manière, les réalités de l’Histoire. (Barbey d’Aurevilly, L’Ensorcelée) RÉSUMÉ Dans l’imaginaire collectif des Français de la Troisième République le type parisien du/de la concierge avait une connotation fortement péjorative: serviteur ambigu du bailleur et des locataires, on le considérait hypocrite, trop curieux, intriguant et bavard. Zola, dans plusieurs romans des Rougon- Macquart, s’appuie sur cette image stéréotypée pour répondre aux attentes voyeuristes de ses lecteurs tout en promouvant le postulat du roman naturaliste: représenter la classe ouvrière d’une manière socialement responsable. Le/la concierge zolien(ne) occupe une position charnière semblable à celle qu’occupe le/la concierge réel(le), entre la classe bourgeoise fictive et la classe ouvrière fictive, mais aussi, entre le lecteur bourgeois et la classe ouvrière fictive. Les concierges zoliens servent à encadrer des scènes à sensations et à guider le lecteur vers une meilleure compréhension des thèmes des romans et des protagonistes. Observatrice urbaine et commère, la concierge en particulier, comme l’écrivain naturaliste, veut tout voir, savoir, et dire. Dans le texte zolien elle devient le dispositif narratif qui permet à l’auteur d’intéresser et d’exposer ses lecteurs aux différents groupes sociaux tout en représentant la méthode naturaliste. There is probably no other character more intimately connected to nineteenth-century French urban culture than the concierge.
    [Show full text]
  • Une Page D'amour
    Émile Zola Une page d’amour BeQ Émile Zola 1840-1902 Les Rougon-Macquart Une page d’amour roman La Bibliothèque électronique du Québec Collection À tous les vents Volume 58 : version 2.0 2 Les Rougon-Macquart Histoire naturelle et sociale d’une famille sous le Second Empire 1. La fortune des Rougon. 2. La curée. 3. Le ventre de Paris. 4. La conquête de Plassans. 5. La faute de l’abbé Mouret. 6. Son Excellence Eugène Rougon. 7. L’assommoir. 8. Une page d’amour. 9. Nana. 10. Pot-Bouille. 11. Au Bonheur des Dames. 12. La joie de vivre. 13. Germinal. 14. L’œuvre. 15. La terre. 16. Le rêve. 17. La bête humaine. 18. L’argent. 19. La débâcle. 20. Le docteur Pascal. 3 Une page d’amour 4 Première partie 5 I La veilleuse, dans un cornet bleuâtre, brûlait sur la cheminée, derrière un livre, dont l’ombre noyait toute une moitié de la chambre. C’était une calme lueur qui coupait le guéridon et la chaise longue, baignait les gros plis des rideaux de velours, azurait la glace de l’armoire de palissandre, placée entre les deux fenêtres. L’harmonie bourgeoise de la pièce, ce bleu des tentures, des meubles et du tapis, prenait à cette heure nocturne une douceur vague de nuée. Et, en face des fenêtres, du côté de l’ombre, le lit, également tendu de velours, faisait une masse noire, éclairée seulement de la pâleur des draps. Hélène, les mains croisées, dans sa tranquille attitude de mère et de veuve, avait un léger souffle.
    [Show full text]
  • Nana by Marcel Suchorowsky: the History of Russian Empire's Most
    UDC 7.07:330.1]:947.7-25“18/20” DOI: 10.18523/2617-8907.2019.2.98-104 Nadiia Pavlichenko NANA BY MARCEL SUCHOROWSKY: THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN EMPIRE’S MOST EXPENSIVE PAINTING The article describes the story of painting Nana (1881) by Marcel Suchorowsky known as the most expensive painting sold by a painter in the Russian Empire. But the art piece differs a lot from the general line of the local art market situation, which was defined by special institutions, such as the Imperial Academy of Arts in Saint Petersburg. The main aspects are taken into consideration, such as: critical analysis of the painting, the story of the plot, which refers to Émile Zola’s novel Nana, the painter’s individual and innovative exposition strategy, etc. The history of Nana and its special exhibitions in Europe and the USA through the period of 1981–2012 are described. Reports in the USA periodics serve as a special source of analysis, as long as they allow tracing Nana’s movements and public interest. It was exhibited in the “panorama” style using special lightning and additional objects to imitate the three-dimension space and thus became a popular entertainment. Painting Nana is a very interesting cultural phenomenon as long as it obtained notorious glory due to its provocative plot and an excellent academic technique. It is not only the surprising price, but public reaction that is the most important. Keywords: Marcel Suchorowsky, Nana, relisting painting, panorama exhibition, art market. Art market history proves that each new stunning from the beginning until nowadays and to depict its money record for selling an art piece reveals perception in society.
    [Show full text]
  • Character Network Analysis of Émile Zola's Les Rougon-Macquart
    Character network analysis of Émile Zola’s Les Rougon-Macquart DH 2015 – Abstract – Long Paper Yannick Rochat, DHLAB École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland yannick.rochat@epfl.ch Abstract In this work, we use network analysis methods to sketch a typology of fiction novels based on characters and their proximity in the narration. We construct character networks modelling the twenty novels composing Les Rougon-Macquart, written by Émile Zola. To categorise them, we rely on methods that track down major and minor characters relative to the character-systems. For that matter, we use centrality measures such as degree and eigenvector centrality. Eventually, with this analysis of a small corpus, we open the stage for a large-scale analysis of novels through their character networks. 1 Character Network Analysis A character network is a model of a novel’s plot focusing on a single dimension among the different types of narrative entities, that is the character or, at the level of the whole novel, the character-system: [. ] the arrangement of multiple and differentiated character-spaces–diffe- rentiated configurations and manipulations of the human figure–into a unified narrative structure. [Woloch, 2003, p. 14] Characters are represented in the network by nodes. The relations among them are determined on the basis of their proximity in the narration: if two charac- ters appear side-by-side more often than a given threshold, then a link (i.e. an edge) is created between them in the network [Rochat, 2014]. If two characters never appear close together, or not significantly enough according to the defined threshold, then they are not linked in the character network.
    [Show full text]
  • La Prostitution Dans La Culture Française Du Dix-Neuvième Siècle: Classe, Sexe, Et Contagion
    University of New Orleans ScholarWorks@UNO Senior Honors Theses Undergraduate Showcase 5-2014 La Prostitution dans la Culture Française du Dix-Neuvième Siècle: Classe, Sexe, et Contagion Kelsey Callahan University of New Orleans Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Callahan, Kelsey, "La Prostitution dans la Culture Française du Dix-Neuvième Siècle: Classe, Sexe, et Contagion" (2014). Senior Honors Theses. 52. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/52 This Honors Thesis-Unrestricted is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by ScholarWorks@UNO with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Honors Thesis-Unrestricted in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Honors Thesis-Unrestricted has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. La Prostitution dans la culture française du dix-neuvième siècle: classe, sexe, et contagion An Honors Thesis Presented to the Department of Romance Languages of the University of New Orleans In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with University Honors and Honors in French by Kelsey Callahan May, 2014 Acknowledgments I would like to thank a few people who have supported me in writing this Honors Thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Zola in England: Controversy and Change in the 1890S Laura Deal
    Zola in England: Controversy and Change in the 1890s Laura Deal Capstone Advisor Professor Katharine Norris, Faculty Director Submitted Spring 2008 Graduating with University Honors Deal 1 In September 1893, the famous French author Émile Zola arrived in London to speak at the annual conference of the English Institute of Journalists.1 He was warmly received by London society as his English translator and biographer Ernest Alfred Vizetelly recalled: “there was a great dinner at the Crystal Palace, a reception at the Imperial Institute, and another, which was given to the journalists by the Lord Mayor, at the Guildhall.”2 The Times reported that the final reception was even concluded with a fireworks display, “the feature of which was a set piece presenting a portrait of M. Zola.”3 The city's literary and cultural elite welcomed Zola, while his speech on “Anonymity in Journalism” was regarded as the highlight of the journalists' conference.4 All of this ceremony for a literary celebrity would be very unremarkable, except for the fact that, until this moment, the English response to Zola and his fiction had been overwhelmingly and virulently negative. The sense of disapproval was so intense that five years previously Ernest Vizetelly's father, Henry Vizetelly, had been tried and found guilty twice on charges of obscenity for publishing translations of Zola's novels. Although Vizetelly & Co was not the first English publisher to print Zola's works, it was certainly the most prolific, publishing translations of seventeen of his novels between 1884 and 1888.5 In 1888, these translations attracted the attention of the National Vigilance Association (NVA), a recently-established, anti-vice society which began a campaign against the publication 1 Useful introductions to Zola's life and works include David Baguley, ed, Critical Essays on Émile Zola (Boston, Mass: G.K.
    [Show full text]
  • Zola's Women: the Case of a Victorian 'Naturalist'
    Atlantis Vol. 10 No. 1 Fall/Automne 1984 Zola's Women: The Case of a Victorian 'Naturalist' Chantal Bertrand-Jennings University of Toronto (Scarborough) ABSTRACT EmileZola is remembered as the leader of French Naturalism, an opponent of prejudice, an enemy of the Church, a friend of the working-class and even of women. Through his aesthetic principles based on Science, Truth and Experimentation he claimed to strive for objectivity and proposed his fiction as a faithful reflection of the reality of his time. Yet, an analysis of his thirty-one novels shows that Zola, in fact, devised a new myth of woman, crowding his fiction with mythologized creatures, and creating a "new" idol strangely resembling the Virgin Mary. The study of Emile Zola's portrayal of female This has to do in part with the stand he took in characters is of particular interest to feminists as the famous Dreyfus case. Furthermore, Zola is it questions the major traditional assumptions seen as a friend of the working class whose about his works. oppression he exposes in his works, and even as a defender of women. One only need conjure up Firstly, Zola's claim to objectivity in his rend• images of the courageous and exploited Gervaise ering of reality as a Naturalist writer, his esthetic of L'Assommoir, La Maheude and Catherine of principles based on Science, Truth and Experi• Germinal or Francoise of La Terre to become mentation, his caution in carefully gathering immediately aware of Zola's sensitivity to the information and documentation on the subject plight of lower class women.
    [Show full text]