LE SURREALISME DE RAOUL RUIZ 2.1 Spécificités Du Surréalisme Ruizien

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LE SURREALISME DE RAOUL RUIZ 2.1 Spécificités Du Surréalisme Ruizien UNIVERSITÉ DE LAUSANNE FACULTÉ DES LETTRES Mémoire de Maîtrise universitaire ès lettres en Histoire et Esthétique du Cinéma Le surréalisme de Raoul Ruiz par Rodolfo García sous la direction du Professeur Mireille Berton Session d’Hiver 2015 2 TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION : LA THEORIE ET LES RENDEZ-VOUS AVEC LE CINEMA................ 5 CHAPITRE I REVUE DE LECTURE : UNE APPROCHE EPISTEMOLOGIQUE 1.1 Ruiz et la critique cinématographique.................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Présentation du contexte et du corpus.................................................................... 14 1.1.2 Réception critique : contexte, médias et lignes principales de pensée................... 15 1.1.3 Limites de la critique ruizienne : un horizon en fuite permanente......................... 18 1.2 Etablissement d’un discours dominant autour du baroque ruizien......................................... 25 1.2.1 Interprétation académique du cinéma de Raoul Ruiz : ouvrages et tendances....... 25 1.2.2 Le baroque : interprétation hégémonique............................................................... 31 1.2.3 La perspective de Christine Buci-Glucksmann...................................................... 35 1.3 Critique de la vision baroque ................................................................................................. 38 1.3.1 Failles et limites...................................................................................................... 38 1.3.2 Besoin d’une nouvelle interprétation...................................................................... 41 1.3.3 Le point aveugle : le surréalisme............................................................................ 44 CHAPITRE II LE SURREALISME DE RAOUL RUIZ 2.1 Spécificités du surréalisme ruizien......................................................................................... 50 2.1.1 Caractéristiques ...................................................................................................... 50 2.1.2 Situation de Raoul Ruiz vis-à-vis de la tradition surréaliste .................................. 65 2.1.3 Emploi du terme surréaliste par Ruiz ..................................................................... 69 2.2 Théorie du cinéma de Raoul Ruiz: Une poétique surréaliste et subversive ........................... 78 2.2.1 Cache-cache ........................................................................................................... 81 2.2.2 Pour un cinéma poétique ........................................................................................ 83 2.2.3 La théorie du conflit central ................................................................................... 85 2.3 Pratiques surréalistes/ Objets poétiques ................................................................................. 98 2.3.1 La Maleta / La Valise (Chili, 1963-2008) .............................................................. 98 2.3.2 Palomita Blanca / Petite Colombe Blanche (Chili, 1973-1992) ............................. 107 2.3.3 La Ville des Pirates (Portugal, France / 1983) ........................................................ 116 2.4 Synthèse...................................................................................................................... 126 CHAPITRE III POSTERITE DE RAOUL RUIZ................................................................................................... 134 CONCLUSION : ARIANE FOLLE ET ARIANE SAGE ............................................................ 143 FILMOGRAPHIE ......................................................................................................................... 149 BIBLIOGRAPHIE......................................................................................................................... 151 3 4 I.- INTRODUCTION : LA THEORIE ET LES RENDEZ-VOUS AVEC LE CINÉMA « –Regardez en bas. Le territoire disparaît et il se met à ressembler à une carte. Il va falloir choisir : entre la carte et le territoire, ou entre la théorie et les rendez-vous. – Je n’arrête pas de courir et vous me parlez de théorie ? –Vous voyez bien que nous sommes à l’endroit où les cartographes font les cartes. Le territoire disparaît. Vous avez peur en avion ? [...] Car, d’habitude, la théorie ça fait toujours très peur. » Raoul Ruiz, Le jeu de l’oie. Raoul Ruiz est un mystère dans le contexte du cinéma contemporain. L’ampleur de son œuvre filmique, composée de cent-vingt films en plusieurs langues, éparpillés entre plusieurs décennies et continents, et d’une multiplicité de courts, moyens et longs métrages entre fiction, documentaire et vidéo didactique, rendent les catégorisations difficiles. Or, le réalisateur chilien – aussi romancier, dramaturge, professeur et artiste visuel – a laissé en même temps une œuvre théorique importante, à travers des textes comme « Les relations d’objets au cinéma »1, « The Six Functions of the Shot »2 et Poétique du Cinéma3 – son ouvrage en trois volumes, dont seuls les deux premiers ont été publiés en français. Il faut également prendre en compte les réflexions critiques que le cinéaste déployait lors de ses entretiens – édités pour certains dans trois publications : Entretiens4, édité par Jacinto Lageira ; Entrevistas escogidas y filmografía comentada5, publié par Bruno Cúneo et Conversaciones con Raúl Ruiz6, dirigé par Eduardo Sabrovsky. Malgré cet important effort théorique de la part de Raoul Ruiz, sa pensée n’a été que très peu abordée jusqu’à nos jours. Les quelques commentateurs qui se sont intéressés à cet aspect de son travail – en français, du moins – se sont centrés sur un seul objet : « La théorie du conflit central ». Or, celui-ci n’est que le premier chapitre de Poétique du Cinéma, dont la portée des sujets va bien au-delà de cet aspect. Ruiz explore la manière dont nous percevons les images et comment fonctionnent la mémoire, les émotions et la conscience. En outre, le réalisateur offre des propositions créatives pour élaborer ce qu’il appelle des « objets poétiques », à travers des idées sur la conception du scénario et du tournage 1 Raoul Ruiz, « Les relations d’objets au cinéma », Cahiers du Cinéma n° 287, avril 1978, pp. 24-32. 2 Raoul Ruiz, « The Six Functions of the Shot », dans Helen Bandis, Adrian Martin et Grant McDonald (Éd.), Raúl Ruiz : Images of Passage, Australie, Rouge Press / Rotterdam Film Festival, 2004, pp. 57-68 [publié aussi dans Iván Pinto et Valeria de los Ríos, El cine de Raúl Ruiz : Fantasmas, Simulacros y Artificios, Santiago du Chili, Uqbar Editores, 2010, pp. 143-172]. 3 Raoul Ruiz, Poétique du Cinéma 1, Paris, Dis Voir, 1995; Poétique du Cinéma 2, Paris, Dis Voir, 2006; et Poéticas del Cine, Santiago du Chili, Ediciones de la Universidad Diego Portales, 2013. Ce dernier opus rassemble les deux premiers volumes et les annotations que Ruiz avait faites pour le troisième, composé d’exercices didactiques, de méthodes et d’applications pratiques de sa théorie cinématographique. 4 Jacinto Lageira (Éd.), Ruiz, Entretiens, Paris, Editions Hoëbeke, 1999. 5 Bruno Cúneo (Éd.), Ruiz, Entrevistas Escogidas, Filmografía Comentada, Santiago du Chili, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2013. 6 Eduardo Sabrovsky (Éd.), Conversaciones con Raúl Ruiz, Santiago du Chili, Ediciones Universidad Diego Portales, 2003. 5 qui concernent aussi les éléments de mise en scène (éclairage, cadrage, location, décor, mouvements de caméra, répétitions, entre autres...). En même temps, le cinéaste développe une approche philosophique du médium à travers son concept « d’inconscient photographique »7 (et cinématographique) qu’il élabore à partir de l’appropriation de l’idée « d’inconscient optique » formulée par Walter Benjamin8. Ce concept a été repris par Rosalind Krauss à propos du surréalisme dans son ouvrage The Optical Unconscious9. Raoul Ruiz conteste « l’attitude réaliste » au cinéma. Il se déclare anti-bazinien et contredit la « reproductibilité mécanique du réel » : le cinéma, pour lui, est toujours un miroir déformant. Le chilien privilégie la création d’objets polysémiques et polyphoniques à partir d’une approche expérimentale qui consiste à intervenir sur la réalité pour provoquer le « miracle » de l’instant, en jouant avec chacun des éléments d’un plan lors du tournage (et avec les plans entre eux lors du montage). D’autre part, le réalisateur aborde des aspects politiques relatifs à la création artistique, en contestant la structure narrative hégémonique qui condamne le récit à tourner autour d’un conflit central. Pour Ruiz, ce modèle véhicule des comportements qui sont acquis de façon inconsciente à travers les produits industriels et reproduits dans le champ politique à travers une certaine « épique de l’individu (et de la volonté) », avec un mimétisme entre les acteurs de cinéma et les politiciens10. Dès ses débuts, le réalisateur considère que filmer est un acte politique11. À travers une technique qu’il appelle le Cinéma d’Enquête (Cine de Indagación), développée au Chili dès ses premiers films, Ruiz prétend dévoiler des mécanismes de subversion qu’il nomme « techniques de résistance ». Celles-ci agissent comme des comportements spontanés de contre-culture, plutôt que de tourner autour d’un axe organisé politiquement : aller à l’encontre des normes de la civilisation, comme l’éducation et la bienséance, grâce à des « règles de rejet, des techniques qui opposent l’oubli à l’apprentissage ; des 7 Voir Raoul Ruiz, « Inconscients photographiques », Poétique du Cinéma 1, op. cit.
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