The Transformation of the Irish Border
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“Éire Go Brách” the Development of Irish Republican Nationalism in the 20Th Into the 21St Centuries
“Éire go Brách” The Development of Irish Republican Nationalism in the 20th into the 21st Centuries Alexandra Watson Honors Thesis Dr. Giacomo Gambino Department of Political Science Spring 2020 Watson 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Literature Review: Irish Nationalism -- What is it ? 5 A Brief History 18 ‘The Irish Question’ and Early Roots of Irish Republicanism 20 Irish Republicanism and the War for Independence 25 The Anglo Irish Treaty of 1921, Pro-Treaty Republicanism vs. Anti-Treaty Republicanism, and Civil War 27 Early Statehood 32 ‘The Troubles’ and the Good Friday Agreement 36 Why is ‘the North’ Different? 36 ‘The Troubles’ 38 The Good Friday Agreement 40 Contemporary Irish Politics: Irish Nationalism Now? 45 Explaining the Current Political System 45 Competing nationalisms Since the Good Friday Agreement and the Possibility of Unification 46 2020 General Election 47 Conclusions 51 Appendix 54 Acknowledgements 57 Bibliography 58 Watson 3 Introduction In June of 2016, the people of the United Kingdom democratically elected to leave the European Union. The UK’s decision to divorce from the European Union has brought significant uncertainty for the country both in domestic and foreign policy and has spurred a national identity crisis across the United Kingdom. The Brexit negotiations themselves, and the consequences of them, put tremendous pressure on already strained international relationships between the UK and other European countries, most notably their geographic neighbour: the Republic of Ireland. The Anglo-Irish relationship is characterized by centuries of mutual antagonism and the development of Irish national consciousness, which ultimately resulted in the establishment of an autonomous Irish free state in 1922. -
Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922
Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922 CONSTITUTION OF THE IRISH FREE STATE (SAORSTÁT EIREANN) ACT, 1922. AN ACT TO ENACT A CONSTITUTION FOR THE IRISH FREE STATE (SAORSTÁT EIREANN) AND FOR IMPLEMENTING THE TREATY BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND SIGNED AT LONDON ON THE 6TH DAY OF DECEMBER, 1921. DÁIL EIREANN sitting as a Constituent Assembly in this Provisional Parliament, acknowledging that all lawful authority comes from God to the people and in the confidence that the National life and unity of Ireland shall thus be restored, hereby proclaims the establishment of The Irish Free State (otherwise called Saorstát Eireann) and in the exercise of undoubted right, decrees and enacts as follows:— 1. The Constitution set forth in the First Schedule hereto annexed shall be the Constitution of The Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann). 2. The said Constitution shall be construed with reference to the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland set forth in the Second Schedule hereto annexed (hereinafter referred to as “the Scheduled Treaty”) which are hereby given the force of law, and if any provision of the said Constitution or of any amendment thereof or of any law made thereunder is in any respect repugnant to any of the provisions of the Scheduled Treaty, it shall, to the extent only of such repugnancy, be absolutely void and inoperative and the Parliament and the Executive Council of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) shall respectively pass such further legislation and do all such other things as may be necessary to implement the Scheduled Treaty. -
249 Nathalie Rougier and Iseult Honohan CHAPTER 10. Ireland
CHAPTER 10. IRELAND Nathalie Rougier and Iseult Honohan School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin Introduction Ireland’s peripheral position has historically often delayed the arrival of waves of social and cultural change in other parts of Europe. Part of its self-identity has derived from the narrative of its having been as a refuge for civilisation and Christianity during the invasions of what were once known as the ‘dark ages’, when it was described as ‘the island of saints and scholars’. Another part derives from its history of invasion, settlement and colonisation and, more specifically from its intimate relationship with Great Britain. The Republic of Ireland now occupies approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland but from the Act of Union in 1800 until 1922, all of the island of Ireland was effectively part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire- land. The war of Independence ended with the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, and on 6 December 1922 the entire island of Ireland became a self-governing British dominion called the Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann). Northern Ire- land chose to opt out of the new dominion and rejoined the United King- dom on 8 December 1922. In 1937, a new constitution, the Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht na hÉireann), replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State in the twenty-six county state, and called the state Ireland, or Éire in Irish. However, it was not until 1949, after the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, that the state was declared, officially, to be the Republic of Ireland (Garvin, 2005). -
Revisionism: the Provisional Republican Movement
Journal of Politics and Law March, 2008 Revisionism: The Provisional Republican Movement Robert Perry Phd (Queens University Belfast) MA, MSSc 11 Caractacus Cottage View, Watford, UK Tel: +44 01923350994 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article explores the developments within the Provisional Republican Movement (IRA and Sinn Fein), its politicization in the 1980s, and the Sinn Fein strategy of recent years. It discusses the Provisionals’ ending of the use of political violence and the movement’s drift or determined policy towards entering the political mainstream, the acceptance of democratic norms. The sustained focus of my article is consideration of the revision of core Provisional principles. It analyses the reasons for this revisionism and it considers the reaction to and consequences of this revisionism. Keywords: Physical Force Tradition, Armed Stuggle, Republican Movement, Sinn Fein, Abstentionism, Constitutional Nationalism, Consent Principle 1. Introduction The origins of Irish republicanism reside in the United Irishman Rising of 1798 which aimed to create a democratic society which would unite Irishmen of all creeds. The physical force tradition seeks legitimacy by trying to trace its origin to the 1798 Rebellion and the insurrections which followed in 1803, 1848, 1867 and 1916. Sinn Féin (We Ourselves) is strongly republican and has links to the IRA. The original Sinn Féin was formed by Arthur Griffith in 1905 and was an umbrella name for nationalists who sought complete separation from Britain, as opposed to Home Rule. The current Sinn Féin party evolved from a split in the republican movement in Ireland in the early 1970s. Gerry Adams has been party leader since 1983, and led Sinn Féin in mutli-party peace talks which resulted in the signing of the 1998 Belfast Agreement. -
141 the EASTER RISING and the FALL to FREEDOM Margaret Hawkins History Regards the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland As a Dismal
THE EASTER RISING AND THE FALL TO FREEDOM of a distinct nationality.3 Unfortunately for Ireland, these three never seemed to coincide effectively. This mishap did not prevent the Easter Margaret Hawkins Rising from becoming the cataclysm that began the chain reaction. Michael Collins claimed that the Easter Rising awoke “the sleeping spirit of Ireland.”4 Richard B. Finnegan and Edward T. McCarron History regards the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland as a dismal argue that the Easter Rising became a symbol of Irish independence military failure, led by fanatic but condemned rebels resolute in their and a focal point for nationalist identity. They assert that 1916 was determination to achieve an independent, republican, Gaelic, united given a place of pride in Irish history, despite its “failure.”5 The fall to Ireland. However, the Easter Rising set into motion the means by freedom had begun. which Ireland would realize her freedom. Though the rebels did not The Easter Rising exhorted the first great push to an realize their aspirations, their actions set off a series of events that independent nation with its immediate effects. It had failed as a caused Ireland to unexpectedly stumble upon the path that would lead military venture, it had failed as a political gesture, and it had failed to them to freedom. This unanticipated fall onto the right path coincided arouse the support of Dubliners.6 The leaders of the Rising had with perfect timing. That year, the British Parliament had once again assumed that when the Rising began, the people of Dublin, angry at pushed Home Rule away from the Irish. -
Republicanism and Separatism in the Seventeenth Century
25 Republicanism and Separatism in the Seventeenth Century TOMÁS Ó FIAICH This article first appeared in ‘Léachtaí Cholm Cille’ II Stair, 1971. It is reproduced with the permission of An Sagart, Má Nuad and Pádraig Ó Fiannachta. Consequently it has been thought that all this would be settled by having the enterprise carried out in the name of the liberty of the fatherland and of oppressed religion and by establishing as the government a Republic, which should be so called on its flags and in its commissions … For Ireland to take the name and title of Republic appears to be the best way to carry out this diversion with all possible success and safety … It is simply noted that this insurrection which the natives of that country wish to carry out, should be proclaimed as being for the purpose of establishing the country as a free Republic and in order to make the Catholic religion there free, absolutely … let him (i.e. the pope) send special delegates to all the Catholic kings and princes of Europe, earnestly urging them to help the said Republic of Ireland. These phrases are culled not from the autobiography of Wolfe Tone, the father of Irish republicanism, nor even from a document belonging to the end of the eighteenth century, when republicanism was in the ascendant in the United States of America and in France. They were written as long ago as 1627, when only two republics of note existed in Europe and it was proposed that Ireland should become the third. The long document which has been quoted seems to have been the first in our history to put forward a republican form of government as the objective of an Ireland fighting for her freedom—the first document, in fact, which uses the then unfamiliar and unhallowed title of ‘Irish Republic’. -
Republic of Ireland. Wikipedia. Last Modified
Republic of Ireland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Republic of Ireland Permanent link From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page information Data item This article is about the modern state. For the revolutionary republic of 1919–1922, see Irish Cite this page Republic. For other uses, see Ireland (disambiguation). Print/export Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, Ireland[a] pronounced [ˈeː.ɾʲə] ( listen)), also known as the Republic Create a book Éire of Ireland (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign Download as PDF state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island Printable version of Ireland. The capital is Dublin, located in the eastern part of the island. The state shares its only land border Languages with Northern Ireland, one of the constituent countries of Acèh the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Адыгэбзэ Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Flag Coat of arms George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to Afrikaans [10] Anthem: "Amhrán na bhFiann" Alemannisch the east. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head "The Soldiers' Song" Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript of government, the Taoiseach, is nominated by the lower Ænglisc disabled or does not have any supported house of parliament, Dáil Éireann. player. You can download the clip or download a Aragonés The modern Irish state gained effective independence player to play the clip in your browser. from the United Kingdom—as the Irish Free State—in Armãneashce 1922 following the Irish War of Independence, which Arpetan resulted in the Anglo-Irish Treaty. -
The Irish and Their Nation: a Survey of Recent Attitudes Thomas C
The Global Review of Ethnopolitics Vol. 2 no. 2, January 2003, 17-36 The Irish and their Nation: A Survey of Recent Attitudes Thomas C. Davis, Cameron University Introduction In a series of essays published in the months preceding the Easter Rising of 1916, Pádraic Pearse expressed his thoughts about the Irish people and their nation. Echoing a sentiment that many in his day embraced, he wrote, ‘Irish nationality is an ancient spiritual tradition, and the Irish nation could not die as long as that tradition lived in the heart of one faithful man or woman’ (1924: 304). As in previous armed rebellions, the 1916 Easter Rising failed to force the British from Ireland, and Pearse, who had proclaimed himself president of the provisional Irish government during the five-day insurrection, was ultimately executed along with fifteen other rebel leaders. Despite its lack of immediate success, the Easter Rising is now viewed as the event marking the beginning of the end of British rule, and Pearse has since taken his place in the pantheon of Irish heroes alongside such figures as Wolfe Tone, Robert Emmet, Daniel O’Connell, Thomas Davis, and Brian Boru, the first High King of Ireland. Pearse’s reflections on the nation are important not only for their historical significance within Ireland, but because they also reflect the sentiment associated with national identity everywhere: self- sacrifice, pride, community, history, rebirth, and popular participation. Throughout the world, nations remain objects of affiliation, and, as this study reveals, the Irish people continue to display a strong attachment to their nation, much as Pearse foretold in his early twentieth-century essay. -
£200 £150 £100
£200 £150 £100 £50 Name Sell Buy Sell Buy Sell Buy Sell Buy 1 1905 Italy France Germany Spain 2 Addickforlife Netherlands Portugal Czech Republic Germany 3 Addickted Netherlands France Czech Republic Germany 4 Addicted Croatia Spain England Poland 5 AFKABartram Germany Italy Spain Croatia 6 AidenTheAddick Netherlands Spain Portugal France 7 Athletico Charlton Germany England Russia Republic of Ireland 8 Bangkokaddick Italy Portugal Netherlands Czech Republic 9 BaronPaolo Netherlands Spain Germany France 10 Bedsaddick England Poland Italy Netherlands 11 benjest1989 Portugal Germany Netherlands Poland 12 bigstemarra Germany Poland Netherlands Spain 13 Bill Stumps Italy Spain Czech Republic Germany 14 Boom Netherlands Republic of Ireland Greece Croatia 15 br7 addick France Italy Portugal Greece 16 Brunello France Poland Spain Germany 17 Busterblitz Italy France Ukraine Republic of Ireland 18 CAFC_Barr8 Germany France Netherlands Russia 19 cafc7‐6htfc Russia Germany France Netherlands 20 CAFCBourne France Italy Netherlands Czech Republic 21 CAFCCrazy Netherlands England Republic of Ireland Poland 22 CAFCdamo England Netherlands Germany Italy 23 cafcpolo Germany England France Netherlands 24 cafcrocky87 Netherlands Spain England Republic of Ireland 25 Callumcafc France Germany Italy Poland 26 Carl Leaburn France Spain Portugal Ukraine 27 Charltonparklane Portugal France Germany Italy 28 colthe3rd Italy Ukraine Netherlands Poland 29 craigcafc Netherlands England France Republic of Ireland 30 Creepyaddick Italy Greece Denmark Poland 31 csr_cafc -
Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of Ireland and The
Ik TREATY SERIES, 1950. No. 4. AGREEMENT ' ' f V \ 1950 between the A GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN REGARDING MUTUAL AID AND EXCHANGE OF METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION Dublin 11th May, 1950. Presented to Dáil Eireann by the Minister for External Affairs. DUBLIN : PUBLISHED BY THE STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased directly from the GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS SALE OFFICE, 3-4 COLLEGE STREET, DUBLIN, or through any Bookseller. Price Ttvopence. (Pr. 16). TREATY SERIES, 1950. No. 4. AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF IRELAND AND THE GOVERNMENT OF SPAIN REGARDING MUTUAL AID AND EXCHANGE OF METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION Dublin 11th May, 1950. Presented to Dáil Eireann by the Minister for External Affairs. DUBLIN : PUBLISHED BY THE STATIONERY OFFICE. To be purchased directly from the GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS SALE OFFICE, 3-4 COLLEGE STREET, DUBLIN, or through any Bookseller. Prie •■ Twopence. (Pr. 16). AGREEMENT ON MUTUAL AID AND EXCHANGE OF METEOROLÓGICA INFORMATION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENTS OF IRELAND AND SPAIN. The Governments of Ireland and Spain, desirous of establishing a coordinated system of exchanging meteorological information with a view to the increase of safety in aerial navigation, have resolved to draw up an Agreement concerning mutual aid and exchange of meteorological information and, to this end, have appointed Plenipotentiaries, as follows :— The Government of Ireland, Mr. Sean MacBride, Minister for External Affairs ; His Excellency the Chief of the Spanish State and the Generalissimo of the Land, Sea and Air Forces, His Excellency Don Alonso Alvarez de Toledo y Meneos, Marques of Miraflores, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain in Ireland, who, having produced their Full Powers, which were found to be in good and due form, have agreed as follows :— ARTICLE 1. -
Employment & Labour
Employment & Labour Law Jurisdictional comparisons Fourth edition 2012 General Editor: Siân Keall, Travers Smith LLP General Editor Siân Keall, Travers Smith LLP Commercial Director Katie Burrington Commissioning Editor Emily Kyriacou Publishing Editor Dawn McGovern Senior Editor Caroline Pearce Sub Editor Callie Leamy Published in 2012 by Sweet & Maxwell, 100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF part of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited (Registered in England & Wales, Company No 1679046. Registered Office and address for service: Aldgate House, 33 Aldgate High Street, London EC3N 1DL) Printed and bound in the UK by CPI William Clowes, Beccles NR34 7TL A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-1-908239-15-0 Thomson Reuters and the Thomson Reuters logo are trademarks of Thomson Reuters. Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland. While all reasonable care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the publication, the publishers cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions. This publication is protected by international copyright law. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without prior written permission, except for permitted fair dealing under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in respect of photocopying and/or reprographic reproduction. Application for permission for other use of copyright material including permission to reproduce extracts in other published works shall be made to the publishers. -
Beyond the "Constitutional Moment": Law, Transition, and Peacemaking in Northern Ireland
Fordham International Law Journal Volume 26, Issue 4 2002 Article 5 Beyond the “Constitutional Moment”: Law, Transition, and Peacemaking in Northern Ireland Kieran McEvoy∗ John Morisony ∗ y Copyright c 2002 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj Beyond the “Constitutional Moment”: Law, Transition, and Peacemaking in Northern Ireland Kieran McEvoy and John Morison Abstract Our focus in this Article is not predominantly on the doctrinal intricacies of the constitutional framework in Northern Ireland. In fact, while we acknowledge the considerable sophistication of that framework, one of our contentions is that an overly legalistic focus on the shape and forms of constitutional architecture masks key questions concerning the broader political and ideological role of constitution-making. We will argue that the particular exigencies of constitution-making in a post-conflict society require a broader understanding of the notion and role of constitutional law. We attempt to trace the source of constitutional ideas in the jurisdiction, and the role of constitutional and legal structures as public symbols, which chart the transition from violence. Part I of this Article considers the role of factors indigenous to the Northern Ireland conflict, which shaped the constitutional settlement, including the political fault lines and the changing view of the law among some of the key protagonists. Part II analyzes the international influence on the constitutional settlement, including the previous U.S. Administration, the European Union (”EU”), the European Convention of Human Rights (”ECHR”), and the strategy of “internationalizing” particularly difficult issues (such as weapons decommissioning), which were arguably beyond the political capacity of the local participants to agree upon among themselves.