DOCSLIB.ORG

The Radiochemistry of Indium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Radiochemistry of Indium E958r i C.9.. National Academy v“ of Sciences 1National Research Council NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry of Iridium 3“#L7 :, ,fy% COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L.F.CUR~, Chafrman ROBLEY D.EVANS,ViceChuirmun NationalBureauofStadarde MaeeachueetteInetituteofTechnology J.A.DeJUREN,Secretury WeMnghouee ElectricCorporation H.J.CURTIS W. WAYNE MEINKE BrookhavenNationalLaboratog UniversityofMichigan SAMUEL EPSTELN ROBERT L.PLAT ZMAN Callforn.laInetItuteofTechuol~ ArgonoeNationalLeboratmg HERBERT GOLDSTEIN A. H.SNELL NwlearDevelopmentCorporationof Of&RidgeNationalLaboratory America E.A.UEHLING H.JoGOMBERG Unlveret@ofWaehlngton UnlvereltyofMlcldgan D.M. VAN PATTER E.D.KLEMA BartolReeearchFoundation NorthweetarnUniveretty G.G.MANOV Tmcerleb,Inc. LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C.AEBERSOLD W. D.URRY AtomicEne~ Commieaion U.S.AlrForce J.HOWARD MaMILLEN WILLIAM E.WRIGHT NationalscienceFoudatkon OfficeofNavalReseamh SUBCOMMIllEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE,Chutrwaam HAROLD SURBY UnlvereityofMichtsan MoundLahoretory GREGORY R.CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE FlorklaStateUnlvereity OakRidgeNationalLaboratory GEORGE A.COWAN JULIAN NTELSEN LoeAlamoeSckmtlflcLaboratog Hanfod Lahoratoriee ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLISP.STEINBERG UnlvereltyofWashington ArgonneNationalLaboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C.STEVENSON Brddmven NationalLaboratory UniversityofCaltfornta(Llvemore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE UnlvereltyofCalifornia(Bgrkeley) McGU1 Unlvereity CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU WILLIAM MARLOW Naval~iologlcalDefeneeLaboratory NationalBureauofStandamie JAMES DeVOE UntveieityofMhhigan The Radiochemistry of Iridium By D, N. SUNDERMAN and C. W. TOWNLEY Battelle Memorial Institute Columbus, Ohio M21y 1960 , OCT31 1968 Ln3RARIEs PROPERTY ..6 Subcommittee on Radiochemistry NationalAcademy ofSciences—National Research Council PrintedinUSA.Price$0.50.AvailablefromtheOfficeofTeohnical eervicea,Wxment ofCommerce,WasM@n 26,D.c. FOREWORD The Subcommittee on RadlochaMstry iB one of a number of 8UbCOmIUltkeS working under the Committee on Nuclear Science wlthln the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council. Its members represent government, industrial, and university laboratories in the areas of nuclear chemistry and analytical chemistry. The Subcommittee has concerned Itself with those areas of nuclear science which Involve the chemist , 8UCh as the collec- tion and distribution of madiochemlcal ‘procedures,the estab- lishment of specifications for radlochemically pure reagents, availability of cyclotron time for service Irradiations, the place of mdlochemlstry In the undergraduate college program, etc. This series of monographs has grown out of the need for up-to-date compilations of radlochemical information and pro- cedures. The Subcaumlttee has endeavored to present a series whloh will be of maximum use to the working scientist and which contains the latest available Information. Each mono- graph collects in one volume the pertinent information required for radlochemical work with an individual element or a group of closely related elements. An expert In the radlochemlstry of the particular element has written the monograph, following a standard format developed by the Subcommittee. The Atomic Energy Ccmmlsslon has sponsored the printing of the series. The Subcommittee is confident the8e publications will be useful not only to the radlochemlst but also to the research worker In other fields such as Physics, biochemistry or medicine who W18heS to use mdiochemlcal-techniques to solve-a specific problem. W. Wayne Meinke, Chairman Subcommittee on Radlochemlstry Iii CONTENTS I. GeneralRetievsof the Inorganicand AnalyticalChetit~ of Itiium 1 II. GeneralEevieuaof the Radiochend.stryof hdium 1 III. Tableof Isoto@s of IndiunI 2 Iv. Reviewof ThoseFeaturesof IridiumChemistryof ChiefInterestto Radiochemiets 4 1. M3tallicjlldium 4 2. Solublesaltsof i.ndium k 3. heoluhle saltsof iridiumand p cipitationand uoprecipitation chsracteristiceof iridium 4 4* Complexions of hdium 10 5. Chelatec.mqlexeaof iridium n 6. Fktmction of the ThenoylTrMlmoroacetone(T’l@complexof iridiumtito organiceoivents u 7. &traction of iridiumtito organicaolventa u 8. Ion exchangebhatior of indiiuo 19 v. Dissolutionof MaterlalaContainingIridium 22 VI. RadicassayTechniquesfor IridiumIsotopes 23 VII. Collectionof LktalledRadiochemkalFhoceduma for Indiu.m 25 INTRODUCTION This volume which deals with the radiochemlstry of iridium is one of a series of monographs on radiochemistry of the elements. There is included a review of the nuclear and chemical features of particular interest to the radiochemist, a discussion of prob- lems of dissolution of a sample and counting techniques, and finally, a collection of ~adioche.micalprocedures for the element as found in the literature. The series of monographs will cover all elements for which radiochemi.cal procedures are “pertinent. Plans include revision oi’the monograph periodically as new techniques and procedures warrant. The reader is therefore encouraged to call to the attention of the author any published or unpublished material on the radiochemistry of indiu.mwhich might be included in a revised version of the monograph. vi The Radiochemistry of Iridium D. N. ~ end cm w. ‘lQRnlxY Batte~e Memrial Inatitute Colulrihua, Ohio May 1960 I. GENERALREVIEMSOP Tm INf)RMJCtCAND ANALYTICALCHEKCSTRYOF lNDIJJM Pp. 576-577in Vol. I of ‘AnalyticalChemist@, F. P. Treadwell, ti. ad rev. by UilliamT. Hall,JohnWley and SODS,Inc., New York,tith edition,1937. n Chapter17, pp. 7U-768 h ● InorganicChendst&, T. Moeller, JohnWley ad Sma, Inc.,New York,1952. Page 211 in ‘Solvent&traction in AnalyticalChemistr#, G. H. Morrisonand H. Freiaer,JohnWileyand Sone,Inc., New York,1957. PP. %7-405 h VO1. 5 of ‘A CoqrehensiveTreatiseon Inorganic and TheoreticalChemiat#, J. W. Mellor,Lorgmne, Green,and co., London,1924. aIndiu#, M. T. Ludwlck,Mium Corporationof Amrica, New Ymk, 1950. Pp. 461.-465in “AppliedInorganicAnalysism,W. F. Hillebmnd ati G. E. F. Ltiell, JohnUileyand Sore,Inc., New York, secondedition,1953. II. GENITW REVIJ%lSOF THE RADIOCHEKLSTRYOF INDIUM •MdioH~ separationsof lkdiunP,D. N. Sundez’m% I. B. Ackermnn, and W. W. Whim, Anal@i(xd Qmtitry 3& &O, January1959. mTheDevelopmentad Evaluationof EadiochemicalSeparation fiocedureefor Mrium, Calcium,Strontium,S~ver, and Indiu#, mm N. Sundeman,AECU-3159,February1956. 1 III. TABLE OF ISOTOPESOF INDIOM PrimazgRadiationa Isotope Half Life f Deoay G s Methcdof Preparation In107 2&~ ‘ 0.22amw MaV Cdld (d,n) #08m 0.2~6 4?07 (K, 3n) 2+ 0.330 0.637 0.88 1.05 40 min 0.637 @+ 3“5 @09m 1.3 min IT (m%). 0.658 Daughterof S&09 =1.09 4.2 m. m (94%) 0.058 AE?07(< ,h) , ~’ 0.80 (6%) 0.205 daughterof InlO~ 0.227 0;28$ 0.325’ 0.347 0.427 0:632 #Om 4.9 hrs. EC (99+ %) o.119 4#7 (<, d R’ 0.IL9 (0.6%) 0,.661 0.885 0.935 66 Edn. 0.656 A&$m( ~,n) , Cdno ~“ 2.25 (P,d 2.81 dsya EC 0.172 CdlU (p,n) 0.247 20.7mn. IT 0.155 (loo%) 0.155 Ag109{* ,n),Inu3 (n,2n) 1!5Udn. Daughterof Inu2m *3m 1.74 hrs. ~ 0.392 (100%) 0.392 D&&r of SnU3 =113 Stable(h.33%) ,. 2 III. TABLE (CONTm) Prhbmy Radiation Isotope HalfLife of Decay anmm &thod of hepam tion IT 0.192 (96.5%) 0.19’2Mev #.3 + -t~~~ EC (3.5%) O#g . #b 72 eec. /7 - ::SJ4(:9!EI] 1.30 (0.0%) InU3 + neutrone # + O.h (& : 10-%) Eo (1.9%)- #m L.5 bra. ~ 0.335 (95%) 0.335 Fiaaionproduct, # -0.83,(5%) daughterof odl-1~ #5 6xi#~. @ -0.63 Wne Exiatain nature (95.67%) =116m 54 Irdn. 0.137 (3fi) IrPb + ieutrme 0.406 (25X) 1.085 (54$ 1.271J(75X1 1.487 (~%) 2.090(25%) =116 13 sec. none $5 + neutrozm @h 1.9 bm. @ ‘“1.77.(55%) o.161 FiEShllproduct, 1.62 (23%) o.311 daughterof Cd”7 IT o.3n (225) #7 1.1 bra. /9 -0.74 =118 4s Irdn. /6 -1.5 =m 5.5 sec. d - u =119 17.5J&l. @ -2.6 =120 _ 55 sec. (#-) For nmrecoqlete infmtion on the radiatiomeof the iaotopa of indlumand for refkrenceato the ori@al literature,see ●Tableof Iaotopeam, D. Stromlngar,J. M. Hollander,and G. T. Seabcmg,Reviewsof ModernPhyeice 30, No. 2, Part II,Aprfl1958. 3 IV. REVIEWOF THOSEFEATURESOF INDIDMCHEFfLSTRXOF CHIEFINTERESTTO EUDIOCHEKCSTS 1. NetallicIhdium Mum is a relativelyrare mtal (1 x 10-5% of the earth’a crust) and is never foundin concentrateddepcsits. It vaa diaoovemd h aincores and has also been foundasfloctitidwith tungsten. one of the reaaom for interesth Imiiumchemistryis its high capturecrose-sectionfor therml mutrons whichmakesits ~eeenca in reactormaterialsundes-ble. The phgsi CS1 propartiesof iridiumare intermediatebtween those of galliumand thallium. Ihdiumhas a low maltingpetitof 156 C, a boiling pointof 450 C, and a densityof 7.20 ticc. 1% is a veryBoftand ductile mtal. In appearanceit is whiteand lustrous,reeemlilingplatinum. Iridiumis clcaelyrelatedh its chemistryto aluminum,gallium, and tlMllium. Iktalliciridiummay be preparedby electrodepositionor by thenualreductionof the oxidewith h@rogen or cartin. The mtal is slowly oxidizedin ccmtactwith air,and it b not attackedby water. l’k$tallic i.ndiumdissolvesIn acidswith likmation of hydrogenand formtion of trivdmt hdlum ions. Ths oxidationpotentialin acidicsolutionfor the In(o)- In(III)coupleis O.3hvolts. 2. SolulleSaltsof Iridium The trivalen$Ion of iridium5s the only ton sta~e in aqueous sol~tions.‘The +1 and +2 Statgssxiat as the solidhalj.des.Ths soluble saltsof tidiumincludethe c~oride, nitrate,eulfate,brcndde,icdtie, and perclilonte. 3. InsoluliLeSaltsof Iridiumand Precipitation and CoPrecipitationCharacteristicsof Iridium The commoninsolu~e saltsof Imdiumare listedin Table1. The generalreference listedin PartsI and II describethe insolublecospounds of iridiumand tlalruse in analyses. Quantitativemthods
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Arxiv:1006.4033V2 [Nucl-Ex] 8 Sep 2010
    Discovery of Calcium, Indium, Tin, and Platinum Isotopes S. Amos, J. L. Gross, M. Thoennessen∗ National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Abstract Currently, twenty-four calcium, thirty-eight indium, thirty-eight tin and thirty-nine platinum isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is discussed here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented. arXiv:1006.4033v2 [nucl-ex] 8 Sep 2010 ∗Corresponding author. Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen) Preprint submitted to Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables November 1, 2018 Contents 1. Introduction . 4 2. Discovery of 35−58Ca ................................................................................... 5 2.1. 36Ca ............................................................................................ 5 2.2. 37Ca ............................................................................................ 7 2.3. 38Ca ............................................................................................ 7 2.4. 39Ca ............................................................................................ 7 2.5. 40Ca ............................................................................................ 7 2.6. 41Ca ............................................................................................ 8 2.7. 42;43Ca .........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2006.05774V1 [Nucl-Ex] 10 Jun 2020 Bevddi Observed Aoaois Hl Ie,Cnd 0 1P0 K0J Canada River, Chalk Laboratories, Keywords: Pairs
    Systematic reduction of the proton-removal cross section in neutron-rich medium-mass nuclei J. D´ıaz-Cort´esa, J. Benlliurea, J.L. Rodr´ıguez-S´ancheza, H. Alvarez-Pol´ a, T. Aumannb, C.A. Bertulanic, B. Blankd, E. Casarejosa,1, D. Cortina-Gila, D. Dragosavaca, V. F¨ohre, A. Garganof, M. Gasc´ona, W. Gawlikowiczh, A. Heinzi, K. Helariuttaj, A. Keli´c-Heile, S. Luki´ce, F. Montese,2, D. P´erez-Loureiroa,3, L. Pie´nkowskig, K-H. Schmidte, M. Stanioue, K. Suboti´ck, K. S¨ummerere, J. Taiebl, A. Trzci´nskag aIGFAE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Spain bInstitut f¨ur Kernphysik, Technische Universit¨at Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany cTexas A&M University-Commerce, 75428 Commerce, Texas, United States of America dCentre d’Etudes Nucleaires, F-33175 Bordeaux-Gradignan Cedex, France eGSI Helmholtzzentrum f¨ur Schwerionenforschung, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany fIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy gHeavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland hCardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, PL-01-938 Warsaw, Poland iChalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden jUniversity of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland kInstitute of Nuclear Sciences Vinˇca, University of Belgrade, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia lCEA, DAM, DIF F-91297 Arpajon, France Abstract Single neutron- and proton-removal cross sections have been systematically measured for 72 medium-mass neutron- rich nuclei around Z=50 and energies around 900A MeV using the FRagment Separator (FRS) at GSI. Neutron- removal cross sections are described by considering the knock-out process together with initial- and final-state inter- actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Therapy and Dosing Material Transport Methodology Robert O'brien University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected]
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 12-1-2016 Radiation Therapy and Dosing Material Transport Methodology Robert O'brien University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Biomechanical Engineering Commons, Biomedical Commons, and the Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation Commons Repository Citation O'brien, Robert, "Radiation Therapy and Dosing Material Transport Methodology" (2016). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2891. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/2891 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RADIATION THERAPY AND DOSING MATERIAL TRANSPORT METHODOLOGY By Robert James O’Brien Master of Science, Materials and Nuclear Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2006 Bachelor of Science, Mechanical Engineering University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2005 Bachelor of Science, Applied Physics University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2005 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering – Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas December 2016 Copyright by Robert O’Brien, 2017 All Rights Reserved Dissertation Approval The Graduate College The University of Nevada, Las Vegas November 16, 2016 This dissertation prepared by Robert James O’Brien entitled Radiation Therapy and Dosing Material Transport Methodology is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering – Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering William Culbreth, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Method of Pure 111In Production by Proton-Induced Nuclear Reactions with Enriched 112Sn 19 Consequently with Low Activity)
    NUKLEONIKA 2007;52(1):17−27 ORIGINAL PAPER 111 A new method of pure In production Emil Bìták, Edward Rurarz, by proton-induced nuclear reactions Stefan Mikołajewski, with enriched 112Sn Jolanta Wojtkowska Abstract. We aimed at finding out a simple and reliable way of 111In production with the highest radionuclide purity from its grand parent 111Sb and parent 111Sn nuclei, produced by the 112Sn(p,2n)111Sb and 112Sn(p,pn)111Sn reactions, respectively. The target was a metallic 112Sn sample enriched to 84%. We have measured activation cross sections for seven reactions on an enriched 112Sn sample induced by 23.6 ± 0.8 MeV energy protons. Gamma-ray spectroscopy with 55 60 high-purity germanium detectors has been used. We also identified the activities of Co (T1/2 = 17.5 h) and Cu (T1/2 = 23.7 min) in proton beam monitoring Ni foils, induced in the natNi(p,X)55Co and natNi(p,X)60Cu reactions at 22.8 MeV proton energy. The cross sections determined for these reactions are: σ[natNi(p,X)55Co] = 36.6 ± 4 mb and σ[natNi(p,X)60Cu] = 64.4 ± 7 mb. The measured cross sections of reactions on tin isotopes are: σ[112Sn(p,n)112Sb] = 4 ± 0.8 mb; σ[112Sn(p,2n)111Sb] = 182 ± 26 mb; σ[112Sn(p,pn)111Sn] = 307 ± 35 mb; σ[114Sn(p,2n)113Sb] = 442 ± 52 mb; σ[117Sn(p,n)117Sb] = 15 ± 3 mb; σ[117Sn(p,p’γ)117mSn] = 0.37 ± 0.06 mb; σ[115Sn(p,2p)114m2In] = 0.01 ± 0.002 mb.
    [Show full text]
  • Stdin (Ditroff)
    50Ma02 The Hyper®ne Structure of the Stable Isotopes of Indium A. K. Mann, P. Kusch, Phys. Rev. 77, 427 (1950). 50Ma03 The Beta-Spectrum of Ca45 P. Macklin, L. Feldman, L. Lidofsky, C. S. Wu, Phys. Rev. 77, 137 (1950). 50Ma05 Study of Neodymium and Promethium Activities Induced by Neutron Irradiation of Neodymium J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin, NNES 9, 1264 (1950). 50Ma14 New Isotope of Neptunium L. B. Magnusson, S. G. Thompson, G. T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 78, 363 (1950). 50Ma15 The Fission Yield of Xe133 and Fine Structure in the Mass Yield Curve J. Macnamara, C. B. Collins, H. G. Thode, Phys. Rev. 78, 129(1950). 50Ma27 D. G. E. Martin, H. O. W. Richardson, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 63A, 223 (1950). 50Ma29 Neutron De®cient Isotopes of Iodine L. Marquez, I. Perlman, Phys. Rev. 78, 189 (1950). 50Ma50 A Table of Nuclear Moments, January 1950 J. E. Mack, Revs. Modern Phys. 22, 64 (1950). 50Ma65 R. Malm, W. W. Buechner, Phys. Rev. 80, 771 (1950). 50Ma76 The Natural Radioactivity of In115 E. A. Martell, W. F. Libby, Phys. Rev. 80, 977 (1950). 50Mc12 Radiation from Au197*(7x10-9 sec) F. K. McGowan, Phys. Rev. 78, 325A (1950). 50Mc22 Short-Lived Isomers F. K. McGowan, ORNL-694, p. 19 (1950). 50Mc60 A 5.7 x 10-9 sec Isomeric State in Ir191 F. K. McGowan, Phys. Rev. 79, 404 (1950). 50Mc64 A3x10-9 sec. Isomeric State in Eu153 F. K. McGowan, Phys. Rev. 80, 482 (1950). 50Mc79 A 1.7 x 10-9 sec Isomeric State in Er166 F.
    [Show full text]
  • Stable Isotope Separation in Calutrons
    Printed ill tho llnitzd Statss ot 4mcm 4vailsble frurii Nations' Technical Information Service U S :3ep?rtmelli uf Commerce 5285 Port 4oyal Cosd Spririizflald Viryinis 22161 NTlS ptwiodes P~III~~Copy ,498, Microfiche P,C1 I his rcpoti \*!is prspxed as an account of >,dSi-k sponsored by a3 agsncy of the United Sraies Governr;,ent. Neither thc !J nited Skiics i<n.~cti $IK~: nor any agency th2reof. no? any of thzir employoes, (ciakc?.Aijy ivarranty, express or irripiled, or assunias any legal liability or responsibility for ihe accuracy. compleienass, or usefulness of any inforriraiton. ;p ius, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its usewould not infr privately o-v?d ilghts Rcferencc herein to ai-y specific commercial product, process, or service by trade nziile, Zi'adei*lark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necsssarily constitute or imply its enduisemcat, recorn,n faVOiii-,g by ille United States(;ovc;riiiie!ii 01- any Zgency thereof Th opinions of auiihols cxp:essed here:!: d~ ~iui neccssarily statc or refisc?!host of the United Sta?ezGovernmer:?or any ngcncy therccf. ____ ___________... ..... .____ ORNL/TM-10356 OPERATIONS DIVISION STABLE ISOTOPE SEPARATION IN CALUTRONS: FORTY YEARS OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION W. A. Bell J. G. Tracy Date Published: November 1987 Prepared by the OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 operated by MARTIN MARIETTA ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-840R21400 iti CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................. iv I. INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 11. PROGRAM EVOLUTION ......................................... 1 111. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT .................................. 5 IV. CHEMISTRY ................................................. 8 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Tail As the .:J:J Ref~ Ax; ¥10 'T:"-T Dfgtj..Tl ~ ,..U~ [.!Lt·V
    Anomalies in the Fermi Effect • ... be conbi~e~,.CL bjvsome as equally probable, or even more ~:Sa"b ~ s tfi:aR the fixst=aite"!'f'l'autive •. While we "ffhal.l ~ 4 ~ a.~.a,.fyf---c __.,. emphasize the pas si bili ty o 4his eeeond vie'fvj~we will · t.A----~ . (J ¢::6 d.t"ia: -; ~~.... ~. ,,-..A( ~ not discuss £? in ~ etail as the .:j:j rEf~ ax; ¥10 't:"-t dfGtJ..tL ~ ,..u~ [.!lt·v ...... ~YJ ~- ~. r/ ~ This unequal treatment is not due to a biased opinion in . ~,.,,,~ . ~ !-'. ' 'M·•/. favour of one of e ·· ' views, and seems -t;o-..b€ just'fied (/~A rt• f.-# £r.~- .-/ ~ e.e i.o I~,_,_ "-!- H . .t:/ ,d"~ t~t .vrlk t.~ 1 ~-.. a : . , . - · by t h e fact that the f1Fst VJ:ew- leads \ to a number of p otentially pas si ble ~l r ( • (-(;;-- -~~ "1:1 /experiments wnich may decide / 3:-rr~~~ , ·o-: a ~ n. ~ , I~ - "/Z,_ - /t , .y /I(, " ,. /.. ' . .... I /7<Vt.. (,_.1' ~~ whereas it se5!ms to be diffipul t to think of cn ~. t'- ,.. (, ...... 1 #t.r t~- ....-.~..., "'<../ t<t.,.-< ""'"' t t( /'l'n J ( "t·C experiments,. ~t'O a:mc t · decision o·n-~ a - - - "' ANOMALIB.S IN TilE FERMI EFFECT 1) Amaldi, D'Agostino and Segre have found that neutrons Which have been slowed down by paraffin wax induce in indium two radio­ active half-life periods (16 eea. and 54 min.). T.A. Cha~ers and 2) I have subsequently reported that indium can also be comparatively strongly activated with a third period of several hours if irradiated by neutrons from a radon alpha-particle beryllium source in the ab- sence of hydrogen-containing substances, and we raised the question whether its existence can be satisfactorily explained without a new assumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Natl:JRE-Ko 765-CORRES R27 Anomalies in Radioactivity Induced
    ! .. ( NATl:JRE-Ko 765-CORRES R27 Anomalies in Radioactivity Induced by Neutrons iDL\LDL D "Agostino and 'eg1·e1 ha ve fonnd that n<>ut rolls which have bE'cn . lowed down by paraffin wax indnc·<> in indium radioactivity decaying with Lwo half-li~ perio<Ls (16 sec. and 54 min.). These half-lif<' p<'riods aris<', to all appearanccs2, from the two stable i»otopes of inclium-113 and 115--by a proces:'l in whirh th<' neutron is captured and added to the indium nuclem; (t·adiat iYe capture), and th<.'y are accordingly attributed t o two radioactive isotop<'s of indium, 114 and 116. T. A . Chalmers and I han• r eported 3 th at inditun can also be activated with n third p eriod of several hours by fast neutrons. a nd we raised the question whether this fact can be ::;atisfactorily expla in<'d without a new asstunption. In the present experiment:;, the behaYiour of thi"' third period-the half-life of whi<'h I have now fonnd to be 4} hr.-has been investigated, using various sources of neutrons. This period apparently h<>longs to a radioactive isotope of indiwn 1• 2 and chemical eparations c arried out by F. M. Brewer of the old Chemistry Department, Oxford. ha,·e confirmed thnt it docs not b elong to radioactive isotopes of caclmimn, silver or tin. If this radioactive indium isotope arises through radiative c apture from a stable indium isotopP, slow neutrons would be expected to excite to some extent its 4t hr.
    [Show full text]
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title INTERACTION OF HIGH-ENERGY PROTONS WITH INDIUM Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30s0b3hk Authors Nethaway, David R. Winsberg, Lester. Publication Date 1959-12-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UCRL-?~~tf UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA TWO-WEEK LOAN COPY This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks. For a personal retention copy, call • _Tech. Info. Division, Ext. 5545 BERKELEY. CALIFORNIA DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor the Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or the Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof or the Regents of the University of California. 1 "1 1 1 UNIVERSITY o:l!' c.AL'!FORNiA-:---_...__..:_...:... _.,,_-.:__;~_j 1 Lavrrence Radiation Laboratory Berkeley, California 1 Contract No.
    [Show full text]
  • Optimization of Transcurium Isotope Production in the High Flux Isotope Reactor
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2012 Optimization of Transcurium Isotope Production in the High Flux Isotope Reactor Susan Hogle [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Nuclear Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Hogle, Susan, "Optimization of Transcurium Isotope Production in the High Flux Isotope Reactor. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1529 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Susan Hogle entitled "Optimization of Transcurium Isotope Production in the High Flux Isotope Reactor." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Nuclear Engineering. G. Ivan Maldonado, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Lawrence Heilbronn, Howard Hall, Robert Grzywacz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Optimization of Transcurium Isotope Production in the High Flux Isotope Reactor A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Susan Hogle December 2012 © Susan Hogle 2012 All Rights Reserved ii Dedication To my father Hubert, who always made me feel like I could succeed and my mother Anne, who would always love me even if I didn’t.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectroscopic Investigation of Indium Halides As Substitutes of Mercury in Low Pressure Discharges for Lighting Applications
    Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Plasmaphysik Spectroscopic Investigation of Indium Halides as Substitutes of Mercury in Low Pressure Discharges for Lighting Applications Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Augsburg vorgelegt von Stefan Briefi am 23. Dezember 2011 Vorgelegt am 23. Dezember 2011 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 22. Mai 2012 Erster Gutachter: apl. Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Fantz Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Brütting 3 Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 Finding Substitutes for Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps 7 2.1 The Role of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamps . 7 2.2 The Role of Background Gases in Low Pressure Discharge Lamps 9 2.3 Requirements for Substitutes and Potential Candidates . ..... 10 2.4 Spectral and Molecular Properties of InBr and InCl . 12 3 Properties of Low Temperature Low Pressure Plasmas 17 3.1 Plasma Generation and Heating Mechanisms . 17 3.2 Population Processes, Models and Balances . 20 3.2.1 Population of Electronic States . 21 3.2.2 Ionization and Ambipolar Diffusion . 23 3.2.3 Population of Vibrational States in Molecules . 25 3.2.4 Population of Rotational States in Molecules . 26 3.2.5 Corona Model and Collisional-Radiative Model . 28 3.2.6 Ionization Balance and its Impact on Te .......... 30 3.2.7 Power Balance and its Impact on ne ............ 32 3.3 Opacity and Radiation Transport . 36 3.3.1 LineProfiles.......................... 37 3.3.2 The Escape Factor Concept . 39 4 Diagnostic Methods 43 4.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopy . 43 4.1.1 Optical Emission Spectroscopy of Molecules . 44 4.1.2 Correction of Reabsorption Effects .
    [Show full text]
  • Research Reactor Utilization
    ATOMIC EEttEY AGEECY STUDY GROUP oar KSSSARCII RSACTOR UTILIZATION -."Casa'ccia, Italy, 2-6 February 19?0 PRODUCTION 01? RAJDIOISOTOSCS IK RESEARCH REACTORS V.V. Bochkarev, V.i. Levin Radioactive isotope producee sar researcn di h reactorr sfo nearly a quarter of a centurjr* Is addition to the increase in number of these reactors their geographic location has been rapid- ly expanded* At present in the whole world we count already several hundreds of research reactors, many of them having neutron from'1012 to 5-10*15 c/cm2.scc. The proble researcf mo h reacto productioe th r usr efo f no radioisotopes and labelled compounds is therefore of much signi- ficance especially as related to short-lived isotopes and to medi- cal preparations of these isotopes primarily for countries and areas remoted from the main v/orld centers of isotope production* Recently many countries have commenced isotope production, organi- sing isotope radio chemi-cal laboratorie theit sa r research reactors Production of isotopes in research reactors (as a rule being mul- tipurpose) however is not -she only task of these facilities and even usually not the forst one. Taking account of all said above IAEA already in November 1962 held a seminar on short-lived isotopes production in small research reactors and their use. In 1966 IAEA, published a special manua isotopn lo e production (Manua Radioisotopf lo e Production, Technical Reports, Serie s6J)N whicn , i basi e hth c aspectf so this problem arc discussed* Radioisotope productio researcn ni h reactor mans sha y diffe- rent aspects whicf o l h ,al canno discussee tb singla n di e paper* 243 However, some "basic aspects might be difined and illustrated by examples* In the p^eofcnt paper we do not consider purely engineering problems connected with desig maintenancd nan variouf eo s auxi- liary loadin unloading- g (and other) devices.
    [Show full text]