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01 Inizio Tavola Rotonda XXII Tavole Rotonde sui maggiori problemi riguardanti l’Entomologia Agraria in Italia Sotto gli auspici del MIPAAF XXII. IL CONTRIBUTO DELLA RICERCA NEL CONTROLLO DELLA TIGNOLA DEL POMODORO TUTA ABSOLUTA (MEYRICK) ISBN 978-88-96493-05-2 Estratto da: ATTI DELLA ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE ITALIANA DI ENTOMOLOGIA Rendiconti Anno LX - 2012 Tavole Rotonde sui maggiori problemi riguardanti l’Entomologia Agraria in Italia Sotto gli auspici del MIPAAF XXII. IL CONTRIBUTO DELLA RICERCA NEL CONTROLLO DELLA TIGNOLA DEL POMODORO TUTA ABSOLUTA (MEYRICK) Estratto da: ATTI DELLA ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE ITALIANA DI ENTOMOLOGIA Rendiconti Anno LX - 2012 © 2013 Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia 50125 Firenze - Via Lanciola 12/a ISBN 978-88-96493-05-2 PRESENTAZIONE La giornata scientifica che l’Accademia Nazionale il suo stato tassonomico. Sono stati altresì individuati Italiana di Entomologia ha organizzato è dedicata i possibili parassitoidi da diffondere per limitare l’e- all’attuale stato delle conoscenze sulla Tignola del spansione del fitofago, e le prospettive ed i limiti del- pomodoro, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). L’interesse per l’impiego dei feromoni sessuali per il controllo del questo fitofago è conseguente alla crescente diffusione parassita. Infine, sono stati indicati gli orientamenti del parassita, che da specie aliena introdotta acciden- per una lotta integrata efficace per contrastare la dif- talmente, sta invadendo le colture del nostro Paese, fusione della Tignola. provocando danni a diverse parti della pianta, ridu- Tutti questi dati offrono agli addetti del settore un utile aggiornamento per operare correttamente nel cendo notevolmente il prodotto, con perdite econo- controllo di questo parassita. miche significative. Gli interventi previsti hanno messo in evidenza l’o- ROMANO DALLAI rigine e la diffusione della Tignola del pomodoro ed Presidente Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia INDICE LA TIGNOLA DEL POMODORO, TUTA ABSOLUTA (MEYRICK) CARMELO RAPISARDA, GAETANO SISCARO, GIOVANNA TROPEA GARZIA, LUCIA ZAPPALÀ – Origine, dif- fusione e valenza fitosanitaria della Tignola del pomodoro, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) . Pag. 61 LUIGI SANNINO – Inquadramento sistematico e aspetti morfo-biologici di Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) . »67 MASSIMO GIORGINI, UMBERTO BERNARDO, PAOLO ALFONSO PEDATA – Il complesso dei parassitoidi di Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Italia . »77 LUCIA ZAPPALÀ, ANTONIO BIONDI, GAETANO SISCARO, GIOVANNA TROPEA GARZIA, KEES VAN ACHTERBERG, NICOLAS DESNEUX – Adattamento di limitatori indigeni di Tuta absoluta in Italia: il parassitoide Bracon nigricans . »85 LUCIANA TAVELLA, CHIARA FERRACINI, BARBARA LETIZIA INGEGNO, MARCO MOSTI, PAOLO NAVONE, ALBERTO ALMA – Adattamento di limitatori indigeni: i parassitoidi del genere Necremnus e il pre- datore Dicyphus errans . »95 GAVINO DELRIO, ARTURO COCCO, SALVATORE DELIPERI – Prospettive e limiti dell’impiego di feromoni sessuali per la lotta contro la Tignola del pomodoro . » 103 GAETANO SISCARO, ANTONIO BIONDI, KHALID HADDI, CARMELO RAPISARDA, GIOVANNA TROPEA GARZIA, LUCIA ZAPPALÀ – Orientamenti di lotta integrata per il contenimento di Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Italia . » 111 LUIGI PONTI, ANDREW PAUL GUTIERREZ, MIGUEL A. ALTIERI – Holistic management of invasive species: the case study of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) . » 125 MIGUEL A. ALTIERI – Insect pest Management in the agroecosystems of the future . » 137 SEDUTA PUBBLICA, FIRENZE 17 FEBBRAIO 2012 Tavola Rotonda su: LA TIGNOLA DEL POMODORO, TUTA ABSOLUTA (MERICK) Coordinatore: CARMELO RAPISARDA, Accademico Atti Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia Anno LX, 2012: 61-65 ORIGINE, DIFFUSIONE E VALENZA FITOSANITARIA DELLA TIGNOLA DEL POMODORO, TUTA ABSOLUTA (MEYRICK) CARMELO RAPISARDA (*) - GAETANO SISCARO (*) - GIOVANNA TROPEA GARZIA (*) LUCIA ZAPPALÀ (*) (*) Dipartimento di Gestione dei Sistemi Agroalimentari e Ambientali (DiGeSA), Sezione Entomologia applicata, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 100 - 95123 Catania; e-mail: [email protected] Lettura tenuta durante la Tavola Rotonda “La Tignola del pomodoro, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)”. Seduta pubblica dell’Accademia - Firenze, 17 febbraio 2012. Origin, diffusion and economic importance of the Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) In the context of alien species which are invading Europe and the Mediterranean basin with increasingly higher frequency, the Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), takes on major importance for its harmfulness to the aerial organs of plants, resulting in substantial reductions of the product and leading to significant economic losses. The insect, of South American origin, appeared for the first time in the Mediterranean Region in 2006 and in a period of about five years it has spread very rapidly in all coastal areas of the basin as well as in Europe, in North Africa and the Middle East, probably facilitated by passive transports mainly caused by the trading of infested tomato fruits. Its invasiveness and the speed with which this insect is able to expand its presence in new territories leave now to predict its forthcoming spread to other major tomato-producing countries, with serious economic consequences. KEY WORDS: South American tomato pinworm, diffusion, phytosanitary importance. INTRODUZIONE Con specifico riferimento all’Italia, in una signifi- cativa anche se non completa rassegna delle specie In un ambiente già ecologicamente stabile, l'in- di insetti segnalate dal 1970, EÖRDEGH et al. (2009) troduzione di insetti fitofagi esotici che, inizialmente riportano ben 322 entità. Suddividendo tali rinve- in assenza di fattori di contenimento, cercano di con- nimenti per classi di dieci anni, tenendo esclusiva- quistare un proprio spazio vitale a scapito dell’e- mente conto della prima individuazione in Italia e quilibrio preesistente, produce quasi sempre non dell’anno di effettiva pubblicazione della segna- interferenze di notevole rilievo. Nel tempo si sono lazione, si nota come negli anni ’70 siano state inter- verificati casi di simili invasioni e alcuni di essi hanno cettate 25 specie, negli anni ’80 tale numero è stato assunto rilevanza storico-economica. Basti pensare di 42 specie, quindi, durante i decenni successivi, al dilagare in Europa della Fillossera della vite sono state riscontrate 177 specie negli anni ’90 e [Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch)] sul finire dell’Otto - 78 specie nel primo decennio del 2000 (non ancora cento o della Dorifora della patata (Leptinotarsa concluso alla data di pubblicazione della rassegna). decemlineata Say) durante la seconda guerra mon- Chiaramente, il rilevante numero complessivo di diale. Tuttavia, negli ultimi decenni, nonostante la tali segnalazioni è anche la conseguenza dell’inten- crescente organizzazione dei controlli fitosanitari sificazione delle ricerche, strettamente correlato alla alle frontiere, le introduzioni accidentali di insetti e crescita numerica degli studiosi di entomologia vari altri artropodi sono divenute sempre più fre- cui nei decenni scorsi si è assistito in varie istituzioni quenti, a causa dell’intensificarsi degli scambi com- di ricerca e università italiane, che ha determinato merciali tra i vari paesi e, più in generale, della una migliore conoscenza faunistica del nostro ter- incrementata capacità di movimento di merci e per- ritorio, con intercettazione di specie mai prima segna- sone in ogni parte del nostro pianeta. Il riscalda- late anche se probabilmente da tempo presenti. In mento globale, inoltre, sta facilitando l’aumento di ogni caso, esso rivela in buona misura anche il specie invasive di nuova introduzione, consentendo progressivo aumento delle nuove introduzioni di possibilità di adattamento e sviluppo a insetti fito- specie “aliene” di insetti. fagi di origine tropicale o subtropicale per i quali Non a tutte le specie entomatiche introdotte nel condizioni climatiche più continentali sarebbero nostro paese negli ultimi decenni può attribuirsi l’ap- state un tempo proibitive. pellativo di “invasive” e non tutte costituiscono, for- – Pubblicato maggio 2013 –62– tunatamente, una seria minaccia per le piante di inte- allorquando T. absoluta è stata segnalata in Spagna resse agrario, forestale e ornamentale. Alcune di esse, orientale, nella provincia di Castellón de la Plana tuttavia, assumono particolare rilievo fitosanitario (URBANEJA et al., 2007). Da quel momento, la specie ed economico e la loro diffusione in Italia ha deter- ha iniziato una rapida colonizzazione di tutto il bacino minato una modificazione spesso profonda nelle del Mediterraneo (Albania, Algeria, Bosnia, Bulgaria, strategie applicate per la difesa delle piante e delle Cipro, Croazia, Egitto, Erzegovina, Francia, Grecia, colture da esse infestate. Basti ricordare, tra quelli Israele, Italia, Kosovo, Libia, Malta, Marocco, più recenti, i casi delle introduzioni di Anoplophora Montenegro, Portogallo, Romania, Serbia, Spagna, spp. [chinensis Förster e glabripennis (Motschulsky)] Tunisia), altresì rivelando forte capacità di invasione (COLOMBO & LIMONTA, 2001; MASPERO et al., 2007), di pressoché tutto il continente europeo (Danimarca, Cacyreus marshalli Butler (TREMATERRA et al., 1997), Germania, Gran Bretagna, Lituania, Paesi Bassi, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte (FURLAN et Russia, Svizzera, Ungheria, con possibile presenza al., 1998), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (GRASSI anche in Austria, Belgio, Estonia, Finlandia, Irlanda, et al., 2009), Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu Lettonia, Lussemburgo, Polonia, Repubblica
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