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Biological Screening of Cyanobacteria and Phytochemical Investigation of Nostoc Commune and Tolypothrix Byssoidea

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Biological Screening of Cyanobacteria and Phytochemical Investigation of Nostoc Commune and Tolypothrix Byssoidea Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Biological screening of cyanobacteria and phytochemical investigation of Nostoc commune and Tolypothrix byssoidea Author(s): Jaki, Birgit Publication Date: 2000 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-003926384 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Diss. ETH No. 13582 Biological Screening of Cyanobacteria and Phytochemicai Investigation of Nostoc commune and Tolypothrix byssoidea A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ZURICH for the degree of Doctor of Natural Science Presented by Birgit Jaki Pharmacist Born May 4, 1970 Karlsruhe, Germany accepted on recommendation of Prof. Dr. Otto Sticher, examiner Dr. Jörg Heilmann, co-examiner Dr. Hans-Rudolf Bürgi, co-examiner Zürich 2000 Acknowledgements and This study was carried out at Division of Pharmacognosy Phytocbemistry, Department of Applied BioSiences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland. excellent I am most grateful to Prof. Sticker for being supervisor, providing working facilities and his interest throughout all phases of this work. me to this his I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Jimmy Orjala for introducing project, helpful and intensive discussions and his continuous motivation Great thanks are due to Dr. Jörg Heilmaim for many stimulating discussions, his encouragement and for being co-examiner. and T also wish to express my gratitude to Dr 11ans-Rudolf Bürgi for fruitful discussions being co-examiner. of I am highly appreciated to Dr. Oliver Zerhe for introducing me to basic techniques NMR spectroscopy and structure determination of peptides, as well as excellent discussions concerning structural problems. Special thanks go to Dr. Anthonv Linden for perfonning X-ray crystallographic analysis and his fruitful collaboration. I owe a special word of appreciation to Dr. Bernhard Vogler for performing LC-NMR experiments. 1 am especially indebted to Dr. Marianne Bosh and Frank Sunder for providing, identifying and cultivating the algal material. I also wish to thank Drs. Walter Amrein and Peter James as well as Oswald Greter and Manfredo Quadroni for recording mass spectra and Dr. Engelbert Zass for performing literature searches. Special thanks for support m informatics and patience are due to Daniel Förderer, Phillip Stalder, andlvo Fähnle. I wish to thank all my colleagues and staff at the Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences for the pleasant working affair they afforded me. Special thanks are due to Eva Hoberg, Carmen Volken, Tulla Spineili, Wolfgang Schiihly, and Michael Wasescha (the staff of the 'Chaos Laboratory') for their friendship and our not always phytochemicai discussions. Finally, I want to express my warmest thanks to mv family and friends for their encouragement, support and patience during this study. Contents Page list of Abbreviations 1 Summary 4 Zusammenfassung 5 Preface 7 Ï THEORETICAL PART 1 General Introduction 1.1 Introduction I * Ai References 2 Aim of the Present Investigation 10 3 Introduction to the Cyanobacterial Biology 11 3.1 Taxonomy 11 3.1.1 Botanical Approach 12 3 1.2 Bacteriological Approach 13 3.2 Anatomy, Morphology, and Physiology 16 3.2.1 Cellular Organization 16 3.2.2 Surface Structures 16 3.2.3 Nuclear Apparatus 18 3.2.4 Cyloplasnuitic Inclusions and Reserve Products 18 3.2.5 Ileterocysts 21 3.2.6 Motility 21 3.2.7 Modes of Reproduction 22 3.2.8 Cyanobacteria in Svmbiotic Associations 23 3.2.8.1 Cyanelles and the Origin of Chloroplasts 23 3.2.8.2 Casual Associations 23 2.8.3 Associations between Fungi and Cyanobacteria 2.8.4 Associations between Liverworts and Cyanobacteria .2.8.5 Association between a Fern and a Cyanobacterium 2.8.6 Associations between Higher Plants and Cyanobacteria 2.8.7 Associations between Invertebrates and Cyanobacteria 3 Metabolism 3.1 Nitrogen-Fixation 3.2 Photosynthesis 3.2.1 Photosynthetic Membrane System 3.2.2 Photosynthetic Metabolism 3.3 Heterotrophic Growth 4 Ecology .4.1 Flabitats 4.2 Public Health .4.2 Detection of Toxins and Cyanobacteria! Growth Control 4.3 The Use of Cyanobacteria as Bio fertilizer 5 Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Interest of Cyanobacteria 6 References Secondary Metabolism 1 Introduction 1.1 Secondary Metabolism of Marine Cyanobacteria 1.2 Secondary Metabolism of Freshwater and Terrestrial Cyanobacteria 2 Bioactive Compounds Produced by Cyanobacteria 2.1 Cyanobacterial Toxins 4.2.1.1 Cytotoxics 42 4.2.1.2 Biotoxins 42 4.2.1.2.1 Neurotoxins 42 4 2 1 2 '? Hepatotoxins 44 as a Source of Medicinal 47 *" jC* . ^W . Cyanobacteria Agents 4.2.2.1 Antimicrobial Compounds 47 4 22'^ Antiviral Compounds 50 with 52 I* Jl^ . ,w • Jj , Compounds Multidrug-Resislance Reversing Activity 4.2.2.4 Cytotoxic Compounds 54 4.2,2.5 Enzyme Inhibitory Compounds 59 4.2.2.6 Cardioactive Compounds 67 4.2.2.7 Anti -In f] am m atoiy Compounds 69 43 References 70 5 The Genera Nostoc and Tolypothrix 77 5. / The Genus lYostoc 77 5.2 The Genus Tolypothrix 79 5.3 References 80 6 Collection and Cultivation 81 6.1 Collection 81 6.2 Isolation 81 6.2.1 Isolation by Liquid Enrichment 82 6.2.2 Direct Manual Isolation 82 63 Culturing 82 6.3.1 Stock-Cultures 82 6.3.2 Large-Scale-Cultures 83 6.3.3 Composition of the Culture Media 83 6.4 References 87 7 Methodology of Isolation Procedure 88 7.1 General Isolation Strategy 88 7.1.1 Isolation of Intracellular Compounds 88 7.1.2 Isolation of Extracellular Compounds 88 7.1.2.1 Solid Phase Extraction 89 7.2 Chromatographic Methods 90 7.2.1 Normal Phase Chromatography 90 7.2.2 Reverse Phase Chromatography 90 7.2.3 Thin Layer Chromatography (TEC) 90 7.2.4 Vacuum-Liquid Chromatography (VLC) 91 7.2.5 Open Column Chromatography 91 7.2.6 Gel Permeation Chromatography 93 7.2.7 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 93 73 References 95 8 Methodology of Structure Elucidation 96 8.1 Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Methods 96 8.1.1 Ultraviolet (EV) Spectroscopy 96 8.1.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy 96 8.1.3 Mass Spectrometry (MS) 96 8.1.3.1 Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry (ELMS) 97 8.1.3.2 Fast-Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS) 97 8.1.3.3 Matrix Laser Desorption/Ioni/ation 98 Mass Spectrometry (MALDEMS) 8.1.3.4 Electron Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) 98 8.1.3.5 Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CI-MS) 98 8.1.3.6 Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (MS-MS) 99 8.1.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 101 8.1.4.1 One-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 101 8.1.4.2 Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy 102 8.1.4.2.1 Hornonuclear Experiments 102 8.1.4.2.2 Fleteronuclear Experiments 10:.1 8.1.4.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 103 Proton Nuclear Resonance On-Line Coupling (LC-NMR) 8.2 Physical Methods 107 8.2.1 X-ray Crystallography 107 8.2.2 Optical Rotation 107 8.3 Chemical Methods 107 8.4 References 108 9 Biological Investigation 9.1 Screening for Biological A ctive Metabolites and Determination of Pure Compounds 9.1.1 Introduction 9.1.2 Brine Shrimp Lethality Test 9.1.3 Bioassay for Antibiotic Activity 9.1.3.1 Diffusion Method 9.1.3.2 Agar Overlay Method 9.1.3.3 MIC Determination of Pure Compounds 9.1.3.4 Assay for Molluscicidal Activity 9.1.3.5 Assay for Cytotoxic Activity 9.1.3.6 Assay for Antiplasmodial Acthity 9.2 References 10 Diterpenoids 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Biosynthesis 10.2.1 Acetate/Meval onatc Pathw ay 10.2.2 Cyclization 10.2.3 Triose Phosphate/Pymvate Pathway 103 References 11 Anthraquinones 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biosynthesis 11.2.1 Shikimi Acid'Mevalonate Pathway 11.2.2 Polyketide Pathway 113 References 12 Cyclic Peptides 12.1 Introduction 135 12.2 Biosynthesis 135 12.2.1 Nonribosomal Biosynthesis of Unusual Peptides 135 (Thiotemplate Pathway) 123 References 139 II EXPERIMENTAL PART 141 13 Introduction 141 14 Extraction 142 14.1 Materialfor Biological Investigation 142 14.2 Materialfor Phytochemicai Investigation 142 15 Biological Screening 143 16 Phytochemicai Investigation of Nostoc commune (EAWAG 122 b) 147 16.1 Fractionation and Isolation 147 16.1.1 Fractionation o f Extract B 147 16.1.2 Fractionation of Extract C 147 16.2 Structures of the Isolates 15 0 163 Structure Determination 153 16.3.1 Structure Determination of NC-1 153 16.3.2 Structure Determination of NC-2 160 16.3.3 Stracrare Determination of NC-3 - NC-7 166 16.3.4 Structure Determination of NC-8 180 16.3.5 Structure Determination of NC-9 183 16.3.6 EC-NMR Experiments 187 16.4 Biological Testing 189 17 Phytochemicai Investigation of 190 Tolypothrix byssoidea (EAWAG 195) 17.1 Fractionation and Isolation 190 17.2 Structures of the Isolates 192 17.3 Structure Determination 194 17.3.1 General Structure Determination Strategy of Peptides 194 by means of NMR I/.,3.1.1 Choice of the NMR Solvent 194 17.,3.1.2 Sequence Speci fic Resonance Assignment of Peptides 194 17.,3.2 Residue Masses of Neutral Amino Acids 195 17..3.3 Structure Determination of TB-1 and TB-2 196 17.,3.4 Determination of the Absolute Stereochemistry of the 221 Amino Acid Residues according to Marfey 17.,3.4.1 Introduction 221 17.,3.4.2 Acid Hydrolysis of EB-1 and TB-2 222 17. 3.4.3 HPLC Analysis of the Marfey Derivatives 222 17.
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