Perspektívy Školskej Telesnej Výchovy a Športu

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Perspektívy Školskej Telesnej Výchovy a Športu PERSPEKTÍVY KOLSKEJ TELESNEJ VÝCHOVY A PORTU Z ASPEKTU ZDRAVÝCH A ZDRAVOTNE OSLABENÝCH IAKOV POZVANÉ REERÁTY 253 TRENDY ROZVOJE KOLNÍ TÌLESNÉ VÝCHOVY A SPORTU V MEZINÁRODNÍM KONTEXTU Karel römel AKULTA TÌLESNÉ KULTURY UNIVERZITY PALACKÉHO, OLOMOUC, ÈESKÁ REPUBLIKA Abstrakt Výrazné politické a spoleèenské zmìny neoslabily význam povinné kolní tìlesné výchovy pro ivotní styl dìtí a mládee. V prùbìhu posledních let ne- dolo u ákù základních kol k podstatným zmìnám v preferencích zamìøení tìlesné výchovy a v hodnocení hodin TV. U dìvèat dominuje estetické a kon- diènì rekreaèní pojetí pohybové aktivity a u chlapcù kondièní a sportovní poje- tí. Dìvèata i chlapci na základních a støedních kolách hodnotí hodiny TV pozitivnì. Z hlediska úrovnì tìlesného zatíení ákù v hodinách TV jsou tyto hodiny v ivotním stylu ákù nezastupitelné. Celkovì je vak pohybová aktivi- ta kolní mládee nedostaèující. V celosvìtové konkurenci je nezbytné prohlo- ubit a zintensivnit støedoevropskou mezinárodní spolupráci v oblasti kolské TV, a to zejména v edukaèní, výzkumné a informaèní politice. Hlavní trendy v souèasné kolní TV: K mnohaúrovòové integraci v edukaèním procesu Ke kontinuitì tìlesné, sportovní, taneèní a zdravotní výchovy K celoivotní pohybové aktivitì a jednotì TV s pohybovou aktivitou ákù ve volném èase K zvýení kvality ivota K zøetelným, uspokojujícím a bezprostøedním efektùm TV K iroce chápané kompenzaèní úèinnosti K individuální odpovìdnosti ákù za zdraví a tìlesný stav Ke sportovnì vzdìlanostní gramotnosti ákù K individualizaci a kooperaci K vyí dynamiènosti a pøizpùsobivosti TV ákùm ÚVOD Není pochyb o tom, e kolní TV je v systému tìlesné kultury nezastupitel- ná. Pøesto se názory na TV v souèasném svìtì velmi rùzní. Celosvìtovì je moné v úvodu uvést volnì nejtypiètìjí hlasy: kolní TV nemá anci splnit to co se od ní oèekává. Poadavky na kolní TV se musí zreálnit. kolní TV nestaèí reagovat na zmìny zpùsobu ivota. 254 kolní TV ´dobíhá´ zmìny v ivotním stylu mládee. kolní TV neuspokojuje potøeby a pøání dìtí a mládee. kolní TV ta je v krizi. kolní TV - dìkuji nechci. Anebo také: Zajistìme dìtem denní TV. Vrame vyuèovacímu pøedmìtu TV jeho pùvodní edukaèní význam. Jediná ance na zlepení zdravotních a edukaèních trendù je kolní TV, kterou mohou procházet vechny dìti. Jedinì kola mùe vytvoøit základ pro zmìnu ivotního stylu a pro celo- ivotní pohybovou aktivitu. Nejvíce diskutovaná je v posledních letech problematika: Pojetí, koncepcí a kvality TV - didaktické koncepce a modely, kolská poli- tika, transformace systému, spjatost TV a volnoèasových aktivit apod. (Lee, 2002; Mohnsen, 1997; Penney & Chandler, 2000; Söll, 2000; Stirling & Belk, 2002; Walker, Ross, & Gray, 1999). Kurikul a standard TV - kurikulární kontinuita, cross-currikularita, redukce cílù a obsahu apod. (Aaaron et al., 2002; Darst & Pangrazi, 2002; Ennis, 1999; Oslin, Collier, & Mitchell, 2001; Stibbe, 2000; Williams, Bedward, & Wood- house, 2000) Integrace - koedukace, integrace oslabených, integrace osvobozených, mezipøedmìtová a interdisciplinární integrace apod. (Mustafa, 1999; Greenwood & Wrench, 2000; Pangrazi, 2001; Wright, 2001). Role áka - seberealizace, samostatnost, odpovìdnost, osobní zpùsobilost, kooperace apod. (Chase, 2001; Dyson & Grineski, 2001; Escartí & Gutiérrez, 2001) Pohybové aktivity a ivotního stylu - TV a celoivotní aktivity, TV a ivot- ní styl, celoivotní pohybové aktivity apod. (Butler & Anderson, 2002; Corbin, 2002; Daley, 2002; Hoffman, 2000; King et al., 2002; Wallace, 2003; Wetter et al., 2001). Tìlesné výchovy a zdraví - obezita a pohybová aktivita, zdravotní výchova, monosti TV v rozvoji kondice apod. (Booth et al., 2001; Burgeson et al., 2003; Ebbeling, Pawlak, & Ludwig, 2002; McKenzie, 1999; Strauss et al., 2001). Sociokulturní a psychosociální aspekty TV - multikulturalita, TV a negativ- ní sociální jevy apod. (Harris, 2000; Kirk, 1999; Lewis et al., 2002; Roberts & Rodriguez, 1999). 255 Komplexní pøístupy k øeení problematiky kolní TV jsou charakterizovány pøedevím následujícími aspekty: Kognitivní Sociální Zdravotní PsychologickéEkonomické Edukaèní Legislativní WilosofickéDemografické kolní TV Globální Ekologické Regionální Etické PolitickéKulturní Národní Etnické Religiózní Nejkomplexnìjí pøístupy ke kolní TV jsou aplikovány zejména v USA (Baranowski et al., 1997; Darst & Pangrazi, 2001) a v Evropì pak v posledních letech zejména v Nìmecku (Aschebrock, 1999). Pouze podle tìchto pøístupù vak nelze hodnotit kvalitu kolní TV. Pøes tyto pozitivní snahy není problematika kolní TV systematicky diagnos- tikována a vìtina diagnostických èi výzkumných technik není dostateènì me- zinárodnì kompatibilní. V tomto smyslu je výraznì lepí situace ve zkoumání pohybové aktivity dìtí a mládee, co dokumentují èetné metanalytické studie (Ringuet & Trost, 2001; Sallis, Prochaska, & Taylor, 2000). Vybrané charakteristika stavu a trendù v TV v minulém desetiletí a v souèasnosti Zmìny v sportovnì zájmové orientaci Pøes rozsáhlé spoleèenské zmìny a transformaci edukaèní soustavy nedolo u ákù základních kol v minulém desetiletí k výrazným zmìnám v preferen- cích zamìøení pohybové aktivity (Obrázek 1, 2). U dìvèat dominuje estetické a kondiènì rekreaèní pojetí pohybové aktivity a u chlapcù kondièní a sportovní pojetí. Pozornost vyaduje zvýení preference kondièního a sportovního zamìøe- ní pohybové aktivity u dìvèat a dále také naznaèený trend pøístupu ákù k spor- tovnímu zamìøení pohybové aktivity. Klademe si proto otázky: Zlepila se na 256 kolách prezentace a realizace typických sportovních aktivit a sportovní výcho- vy? Nespojují áci sport více ne døíve s tzv. sportem pro vechny? 25 22 estetické kondièní 19 sportovní 16 rekreaèní 13 zdravotní tvùrèí 10 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (n=1063) (n=784) (n=628) (n=475) (n=456) (n=551) (n=397) Obrázek 1 Preference (%) v zamìøení pohybové aktivity dívek ze základních kol v Èeské republice v období 1994-2000 27 kondièní 22 sportovní rekreaèní 17 tvùrèí 12 zdravotní estetické 7 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 (n=862) (n=587) (n=508) (n=479) (n=426) (n=326) (n=397) Obrázek 2 Preference (%) v zamìøení pohybové aktivity chlapcù ze základních kol v Èeské republice v období 1994-2000 Nejzávanìjí charakteristiky pohybové aktivity kolní mládee (podle na- ich a zahranièních výzkumù - Corbin & Pangrazi, 1996; Wrömel, Novosad, & Svozil, 1999; McKenzie, Marshall, Sallis, & Conway, 2000; Prior, 1999; Sallis & Owen, 1999): 257 Zhoruje se zdravotní a kondièní stav dìtí a mládee. S vìkem ákù klesá pohybová aktivita. Dìvèata jsou ménì pohybovì aktivní ne chlapci. Dìvèata i chlapci jsou ménì pohybovì aktivní ve víkendových dnech. S rostoucím vìkem ubývá u dìvèat i chlapcù typických sportovních ak- tivit. Sniující se doba pohybové aktivity není nahrazena vyí intenzitou po- hybové aktivity. S vìkem se zhoruje struktura pohybové aktivity a podíl organizované pohybové aktivity. Zuuje se íøe fondu pohybových dovedností typického pro kolní TV. Vìtina naich výzkumných studií, v rùzných podmínkách a u ákù rùzné- ho vìku a pohlaví, podporuje uvedená fakta (viz pøíklad Obrázek 3) kcal/hod Dìvèata Chlapci 50 45 49,3 48,2 40 47,8 35 38,1 30 35,2 25 32,2 20 15 10 5 0 14-15 16-17 18-19 vìk Obrázek 3 Aktivní energetický výdej (kcal·hod-1) 14-19letých dìvèat (celkem n=468) a chlapcù (celkem n=280) v habituálním kolním týdnu Tìlesné zatíení dìvèat a chlapcù ve vyuèovacích jednotkáchTV (Wrömel, Lehnert, & Vasendova, 2000; Wrömel, Novosad, & Svozil, 1999; Wrömel, Sig- mund, kof, & Murer, 1999; Wrömel, Vaendova, Stratton, & Pangrazi, 2002; Stratton, 1997): Vyuèovací jednotky TV jsou vìtinou z hlediska tìlesného zatíení ákù úèinným adaptaèním impulsem a vytváøí základní pøedpoklady alespoò pro udrení minimální tìlesné kondice. Vyí zatíení ákù ve vyuèovacích jednotkách TV mají v souèasné kole chlapci a z hlediska typu koly dívky a chlapci na støedních kolách. 258 Chlapci a dìvèata pohybovì aktivnìjí ve vyuèovacích jednotkách TV jsou i celkovì pohybovì aktivnìjí v týdenním pohybovém reimu. Zvyování tìlesného zatíení dívek ve vyuèovacích jednotkách TV zhor- uje hodnocení a vztah dívek k tìmto vyuèovacím jednotkám. Chlapci na rozdíl od dívek hodnotí lépe vyuèovací jednotky TV s vyím zatíením. Výsledky monitorování tìlesného zatíení dìvèat a chlapcù v rùzných vyu- èovacích jednotkách TV jsou v souladu s uvedenými východisky (Obrázek 4). Prùmìrná intenzita pohybové aktivity mezi 4-6 METs, stejnì jako dalí charak- teristiky, jsou na úrovni støednì vysokého tìlesného zatíení ákù (Corbin & Pangrazi, 1996; Pate et al., 1995). 8 7 Dìvèata Chlapci 7,36 6 6,33 5 5,31 4 4,74 3 3,183 2,78 2 2,929 1 2,48 0 Energetický Intenzita PA Kroky, Vysoké zatíení výdej pøi PA (METs) poskoky, (min - nad 85% (kcal/kg/45min) zmìny poloh MS5) (tisíce) Obrázek 4 Vybrané charakteristiky tìlesného zatíení dìvèat (n=2126) a chlapcù (n=756) v rùzných vyuèovacích jednotkách TV Hodnocení vyuèovacích jednotek TV souèasnou kolní mládeí V posledním desetiletí nedocházelo k podstatným zmìnám v hodnocení vyuèovacích jednotek TV áky základních a støedních kol (Tabulka 1). Dìv- èata i chlapci hodnotí vyuèovací jednotky TV pozitivnì. Kladný vztah k vyu- èovacím jednotkám vyjadøuje po celou dobu sledování 70-80 % ákù. Pozitivnìjí vztah vyjadøují dìvèata, zatímco chlapci jsou v hodnocení kritiè- tìjí. Hlubí analýzu a didaktickou pozornost vyaduje zejména zhorení hod- nocení ve zdravotní dimenzi vyuèovacích jednotek. 259 Tabulka 1 Hodnocení vyuèovacích jednotek TV na základních a støedních kolách dìvèaty (n = 13821) a chlapci (n = 8645) v letech 1991-2003 Dimenze Období
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