Scientific Papers. Series D. Science. Vol. LIX, 2016 ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN Online 2393-2260; ISSN-L 2285-5750 artificial fertilization and the repopulation of apparatus in dark rooms, the constant water the lake, already in Macedonia and flow and the monitoring of temperature, pH, ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION OF THE OHRID respectively. Since then, the lake reinhabited water purity showed optimal development AND THE PRESENCE OF ITS SUMMER FORM IN THE LAKE each year with about 1 million fingerlings from conditions of eggs in the same way and as well Macedonian and Albanian side as well. The as the tanks premises where the fingerlings Viola PRIFTI lake restocking with fingerlings from Koran growed until they weigh about 3 gram. Based artificial fertilization is significantly reflected on the observations and calculations we have “Fan S. Noli” University, Shëtitorja Rilindasit, Korçë, Albania by the increasing of the fish’s number in the done, we predicted the possible conditions of Corresponding author email: [email protected] fishermen catches and at the other side this artificial fecundation, cultivation and avoid the endangerment of a particular fish conservation of Koran summer form, Abstract specie such as Salmo letnica. But this artificial letnica aestivalis, that follows the same Management and conservation of Ohrid trout, the most important endemic species of this lake, is one of the main issues fertilization, mainly is realized for the Koran development stages as Koran winter form. In of collaboration between the two transboundary states. The decline of fishing amount during the years is improved by winter form in November- February, its our work, a very important information has the artificial fertilization of koran applied both in Macedonia and Albania. Thereby, reinhabited with about reproduction period. Years ago, in Struga is been obtained from several meetings with the one million offsprings of Salmo letnica per year, only from the Albanian part. The technical enhancement of artificial realized the artificial fertilization of the Koran old fishermans, to create a final screen of the fertilization makes possible the considerable increase of the koran amount in the hunting period. Meanwhile, the koran summer form, but in a small amount. The main Koran summer form catches. The fish catches summer form, Salmo letnica aestivalis has resulted in a decrease of the fishing amount according to data fishermen. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the management of koran artificial fertilization is directly connected purpose of this paper is to show that the declining of the Salmo letnica aestivalis with the fishing amount. So the enlargement of artificial fertilization even in summer time, for the Albanian part, will artificial fertilization of Salmo letnica aestivalis amount, are a strong appeal to establish result in the fishing summer form increased. would help the conservation and protection of coordination and management mechanisms in the Koran summer form as one of two its intensive conservation through the artificial Key words: artificial fertilization, conservation, Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica aestivalis. genetically distinct forms of Ohrid trout. fertilization and cultivation techniques that till INTRODUCTION has been considered as a polymorphic specie now are used for the winter form cultivation. regarding to the and ecological MATERIALS AND METHODS Lake Ohrid, a lake of tectonic origin is characteristics. According to the authors above, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS localized in Balkan region, in the transborder based on various data there are four forms of The realization of this paper is based on data area between the two countries; Macedonia and Ohrid trout that can be distinguished by the collected over the amount of fishing for several Figure 1 is a graph showing the quantity of Albania. According to many authors the period different intralacustrine environments, by the years and the cultivation techniques of Koran Koran catched from licensed fishermen over of its existence exceed 2-3 million years time and the different substrates that they use on the Lake Ohrid Albanian side. We provide the years. The Inspectorate of fishing in (Satankovic, 1960), making it one of the long- for spawning. There is an absence of the studies quantitative data through the inspectorate office Pogradec possesses data from 1947 to 2013. lived lakes in the world, that for more than 1 that determine the genetic differences of these of fisheries in Pogradec, on Koran catches from million years has provided a freshwater habitat forms, however Sell and Spirkovski have 1947 to 2013. The processing in Microsoft for its species. Despite the fact that some biotic shown that Salmo letnica typicus and Salmo Office Excel of catches quantities in quintal groups are poorly studied or not studied at all, letnica aestivalis are two genetically distinct [metric] (1 quintal = 100 kg) over the years approximately 1200 native species are known forms based on the sympatric differentiation gave us a development trend in the graphical from the lake, including 586 and at results. To preserve and protect natural representation of these measurements. These least 212 are endemic. With these endemic resources and biodiversity of Lake Ohrid, the data are collected by licensed boats that species and a surface area of 358 km2, Lake Lake Ohrid Conservation Project is applied accurately respect the allowed fishing periods Ohrid is probably the most diverse lake in the (LOCP). The realization of the project for Ohrid trout. It is important mentioning here world, taking surface ares into account (Albreht objective has developed and supported that in addition to licensed individuals there are & Wilke, 2008). Ten of 17 fish species and 34 effective cooperation between Albania and unlicensed fishermen that for several years Figure 1. The annual quantity of Ohrid trout catched by of 38 kinds of mollusks that populate the lake, Macedonia for joint environmental have done abusive catches who have influenced the lincensed fishemen in Albanian side thought to be endemic (Stankovic, 1960). management of the watershed. The project in the quantity mismatches of Ohrid Trout in Among salmonoids, Lake Ohrid trout, Salmo began in late 1998 and early 1999, with an the lake. In contact with the Specialist of Ohrid According to figures refer we notice a lower letnica (Karaman, 1924) or Koran, is an expected duration of three years. One of the trout growing economy, in Lin, Pogradec, we pace of the amount of fishing during the years important element of the freshwater fauna and most important points of Lake Ohrid have followed the work realized in different 1947- 1993, ranging from 16 quintal up to 140 as it is placed clearly on the phylogenetic Monitoring Program has been the conservation development stages and the growth quintal koran per year. For 1965, 1970 and Adriatic group S. trutta mtDNA (S. trutta, of the most important species of this lake. But environments until the fishes reached the 2005 and 2006 there are no data on Koran Bernatchez, 2001 dhe Apostolidis, et al. 1997, while the Koran or Lake Ohrid trout, is also fingerling stage. From the data collected we catches amount for albanian side. If we see S. letnica, Sell & Spirkovski, 2004). The so- subject to important fisheries, in order to have estimated the eggs quantity losses in further in 1994 noticed a trend of increased called Ohrid trout or Koran, Salmo letnica, by maintain the natural lake population in stable different cultivation stages and the offspring amount of the Koran catches, which continues different authors (Stefanovic, 1948; Stankovic, conditions, and to allow fishing at the same effectiveness which released in the lake, in the until 2000 and where the amount of fish caught 1960; Dimovski, Grupce and Spirkovski, 1992) time, since 1935 is established the process of period of September - October. The laying eggs varies from 800 to 1200 quintals per year. This 342 artificial fertilization and the repopulation of apparatus in dark rooms, the constant water the lake, already in Macedonia and Albania flow and the monitoring of temperature, pH, ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION OF THE OHRID TROUT respectively. Since then, the lake reinhabited water purity showed optimal development AND THE PRESENCE OF ITS SUMMER FORM IN THE LAKE each year with about 1 million fingerlings from conditions of eggs in the same way and as well Macedonian and Albanian side as well. The as the tanks premises where the fingerlings Viola PRIFTI lake restocking with fingerlings from Koran growed until they weigh about 3 gram. Based artificial fertilization is significantly reflected on the observations and calculations we have “Fan S. Noli” University, Shëtitorja Rilindasit, Korçë, Albania by the increasing of the fish’s number in the done, we predicted the possible conditions of Corresponding author email: [email protected] fishermen catches and at the other side this artificial fecundation, cultivation and avoid the endangerment of a particular fish conservation of Koran summer form, Salmo Abstract specie such as Salmo letnica. But this artificial letnica aestivalis, that follows the same Management and conservation of Ohrid trout, the most important endemic species of this lake, is one of the main issues fertilization, mainly is realized for the Koran development stages as Koran winter form. In of collaboration between the two transboundary states. The decline of fishing amount during the years is improved by winter form in November- February, its our work, a very important information has the artificial fertilization of koran applied both in Macedonia and Albania. Thereby, lake Ohrid reinhabited with about reproduction period. Years ago, in Struga is been obtained from several meetings with the one million offsprings of Salmo letnica per year, only from the Albanian part. The technical enhancement of artificial realized the artificial fertilization of the Koran old fishermans, to create a final screen of the fertilization makes possible the considerable increase of the koran amount in the hunting period. Meanwhile, the koran summer form, but in a small amount. The main Koran summer form catches. The fish catches summer form, Salmo letnica aestivalis has resulted in a decrease of the fishing amount according to data fishermen. The main purpose of this paper is to show that the management of koran artificial fertilization is directly connected purpose of this paper is to show that the declining of the Salmo letnica aestivalis with the fishing amount. So the enlargement of artificial fertilization even in summer time, for the Albanian part, will artificial fertilization of Salmo letnica aestivalis amount, are a strong appeal to establish result in the fishing summer form increased. would help the conservation and protection of coordination and management mechanisms in the Koran summer form as one of two its intensive conservation through the artificial Key words: artificial fertilization, conservation, Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica aestivalis. genetically distinct forms of Ohrid trout. fertilization and cultivation techniques that till INTRODUCTION has been considered as a polymorphic specie now are used for the winter form cultivation. regarding to the taxonomy and ecological MATERIALS AND METHODS Lake Ohrid, a lake of tectonic origin is characteristics. According to the authors above, RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS localized in Balkan region, in the transborder based on various data there are four forms of The realization of this paper is based on data area between the two countries; Macedonia and Ohrid trout that can be distinguished by the collected over the amount of fishing for several Figure 1 is a graph showing the quantity of Albania. According to many authors the period different intralacustrine environments, by the years and the cultivation techniques of Koran Koran catched from licensed fishermen over of its existence exceed 2-3 million years time and the different substrates that they use on the Lake Ohrid Albanian side. We provide the years. The Inspectorate of fishing in (Satankovic, 1960), making it one of the long- for spawning. There is an absence of the studies quantitative data through the inspectorate office Pogradec possesses data from 1947 to 2013. lived lakes in the world, that for more than 1 that determine the genetic differences of these of fisheries in Pogradec, on Koran catches from million years has provided a freshwater habitat forms, however Sell and Spirkovski have 1947 to 2013. The processing in Microsoft for its species. Despite the fact that some biotic shown that Salmo letnica typicus and Salmo Office Excel of catches quantities in quintal groups are poorly studied or not studied at all, letnica aestivalis are two genetically distinct [metric] (1 quintal = 100 kg) over the years approximately 1200 native species are known forms based on the sympatric differentiation gave us a development trend in the graphical from the lake, including 586 animals and at results. To preserve and protect natural representation of these measurements. These least 212 are endemic. With these endemic resources and biodiversity of Lake Ohrid, the data are collected by licensed boats that species and a surface area of 358 km2, Lake Lake Ohrid Conservation Project is applied accurately respect the allowed fishing periods Ohrid is probably the most diverse lake in the (LOCP). The realization of the project for Ohrid trout. It is important mentioning here world, taking surface ares into account (Albreht objective has developed and supported that in addition to licensed individuals there are & Wilke, 2008). Ten of 17 fish species and 34 effective cooperation between Albania and unlicensed fishermen that for several years Figure 1. The annual quantity of Ohrid trout catched by of 38 kinds of mollusks that populate the lake, Macedonia for joint environmental have done abusive catches who have influenced the lincensed fishemen in Albanian side thought to be endemic (Stankovic, 1960). management of the watershed. The project in the quantity mismatches of Ohrid Trout in Among salmonoids, Lake Ohrid trout, Salmo began in late 1998 and early 1999, with an the lake. In contact with the Specialist of Ohrid According to figures refer we notice a lower letnica (Karaman, 1924) or Koran, is an expected duration of three years. One of the trout growing economy, in Lin, Pogradec, we pace of the amount of fishing during the years important element of the freshwater fauna and most important points of Lake Ohrid have followed the work realized in different 1947- 1993, ranging from 16 quintal up to 140 as it is placed clearly on the phylogenetic Monitoring Program has been the conservation development stages and the growth quintal koran per year. For 1965, 1970 and Adriatic group S. trutta mtDNA (S. trutta, of the most important species of this lake. But environments until the fishes reached the 2005 and 2006 there are no data on Koran Bernatchez, 2001 dhe Apostolidis, et al. 1997, while the Koran or Lake Ohrid trout, is also fingerling stage. From the data collected we catches amount for albanian side. If we see S. letnica, Sell & Spirkovski, 2004). The so- subject to important fisheries, in order to have estimated the eggs quantity losses in further in 1994 noticed a trend of increased called Ohrid trout or Koran, Salmo letnica, by maintain the natural lake population in stable different cultivation stages and the offspring amount of the Koran catches, which continues different authors (Stefanovic, 1948; Stankovic, conditions, and to allow fishing at the same effectiveness which released in the lake, in the until 2000 and where the amount of fish caught 1960; Dimovski, Grupce and Spirkovski, 1992) time, since 1935 is established the process of period of September - October. The laying eggs varies from 800 to 1200 quintals per year. This 343 period, which discerns with the increased of quantities. Contacting the fishermans that have analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation. Evolution their reproductive isolation. Mol. Ecol. 13, 3633– Koran catches quantity, coincide with the fished for decades in Lake Ohrid, we took the 55,351–379. 3644. Dimovski A., Grupce R., Spirkovski Z., 1992. Spirkovski Z., Talevski T., 2002. Investigations of Lake important activity of the Koran cultivation unanimous opinion of the reduction trend in the Taxonomical investigations of Lake Ohrid trout. The Ohrid fishes. Conference: Lake Ohrid Conservation impiant in Lin economy. So, the improving of Koran summer form caught amount. The compilation of scientific works from the symposium Project, At Ohrid, Volume: Lake Ohrid Monitoring technological equipment and eggs cultivating specialists of offspring cultivation in Lin in Ohrid “The conditions and the perspectives for Program 2. environments in this economy associated with a economy, now with perennial experience, have protection of the Lake Ohrid and its surroundings” Stankovic S., 1960. The Balkan Lake Ohrid and its living ranked production of 180 000 -700 000 the necessary potential to realised the Karaman S., 1926. Salmonidi Balkana. Glasnik world. W.Junk, Den Haag, Monogr.biol.9, pp 357. Skopskog Naucˇnog Drusˇtva 2, 253–268. Stefanovic D., 1948. Race and ecological investigations fingerlings annually. In the following years and possibility of applying the artificial cultivation Sell J., Spirkovski Z., 2004. Mitochondrial DNA on Ohrid salmonids. SAN, Beograd, Posebna izdanja nowadays the amount of fingerling stage also for the Koran summer form, Salmo letnica differentiation between two forms of trout Salmo 139/38: 1-207. produced annually by this economy goes about aestivalis. letnica, endemic to the Balkan Lake Ohrid, reflects 1 million fingerlings. Despite this, in the years 2002-2012 the amount of Koran catches comes CONCLUSIONS declining with an annual quantity account of about 300- 480 quintal. The main reason for By the quantitative data and the realised this decrease in the quantity of fish catches is statistical processing we noted a link between the overfishing or abusive fishing of Koran. the activity of Koran artificial breeding The number of unlicensed boats in recent years economy in Lin and the quantity of Koran has come increased and consequently the caught by licensed fishermen. The development activity of undeclared fish catches gives us of fish conservation and cultivation techniques lower values of the Koran catches amount . If from this economy has led to increased we compare the data of the Koran captured in efficiency of lake repopulation with fingerlings, the Ohrid and Struga area, in recent years which is presented by the growing trend of the appear a decrease of fish caught amount fish caught amount. (Spirkovski & Talevski, 2002). The highest By the fishermen data based on their activity quantity catches appear in the years 1987-1990 for tens of years in the Lake Ohrid water, we which coincides with an intensive activity on conclude in the decrease of caught quantity of Ohrid trout cultivation by the Hydrobiological Koran summer form, Salmo letnica aestivalis. Institute of Ohrid. The followed years We suggest that the management and presented the need for a cross-border water coordination of the artificial cultivation of management plan of the lake and the Lake Salmo letnica aestivalis will lead not only to Ohrid Conservation Project (LOCP) was the the caught amount increase of this form, but result of specialists discussions from both also in its optimal conservation status. countries; Albania and Macedonia. The Koran cultivation impiant in Lin, Following the artificial fecundation and Pogradec has the necessary specialists, cultivation steps of Ohrid trout in Lin economy, experience and facilities in which it would in Pogradec, we concluded on the effectiveness could be realized the cultivation of Ohrid trout of breeding techniques used by specialists. So, summer form, Salmo letnica aestivalis that the embryonic mortality during the fertilized today appears as a very important issue of its eggs incubation and the next steps is even conservation. lower depending on the apparatus used for laying eggs. The values vary from 5.5% in the REFERENCES groove form apparatus, 6.8% in the William apparatus and 8.3% in the Mc Donald Albrecht Ch., Wilke Th., 2008. Ancient lake Ohrit: apparatus. So the survival of the fertilized eggs biodiversity and evolution, Developments in Hidrobiology 205, Springer, Volume 615, 103-140. until the fingerlings stage is 91.7% - 94.5%, Apostolidis A. P., Triantaphyllidis C., Kouvatsi A., that in the number language translates into Economidis P. S., 1997. Mitochondrial DNA about 1 million fingerlings issued annually in sequence variation and phylogeography among the lake. This Ohrid trout artificial cultivation Salmo trutta L. (Greek ) populations. economy, only proceed with his winter form Molecular Ecology 6, 531–542. Bernatchez, L., 2001. The evolutionary history of brown with a considerable effectiveness that not only trout (Salmo trutta L.) inferred from helps in the Koran conservation but also phylogeographic, nested clade, and mismatch creates significant opportunities for fishing

344 period, which discerns with the increased of quantities. Contacting the fishermans that have analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation. Evolution their reproductive isolation. Mol. Ecol. 13, 3633– Koran catches quantity, coincide with the fished for decades in Lake Ohrid, we took the 55,351–379. 3644. Dimovski A., Grupce R., Spirkovski Z., 1992. Spirkovski Z., Talevski T., 2002. Investigations of Lake important activity of the Koran cultivation unanimous opinion of the reduction trend in the Taxonomical investigations of Lake Ohrid trout. The Ohrid fishes. Conference: Lake Ohrid Conservation impiant in Lin economy. So, the improving of Koran summer form caught amount. The compilation of scientific works from the symposium Project, At Ohrid, Volume: Lake Ohrid Monitoring technological equipment and eggs cultivating specialists of offspring cultivation in Lin in Ohrid “The conditions and the perspectives for Program 2. environments in this economy associated with a economy, now with perennial experience, have protection of the Lake Ohrid and its surroundings” Stankovic S., 1960. The Balkan Lake Ohrid and its living ranked production of 180 000 -700 000 the necessary potential to realised the Karaman S., 1926. Salmonidi Balkana. Glasnik world. W.Junk, Den Haag, Monogr.biol.9, pp 357. Skopskog Naucˇnog Drusˇtva 2, 253–268. Stefanovic D., 1948. Race and ecological investigations fingerlings annually. In the following years and possibility of applying the artificial cultivation Sell J., Spirkovski Z., 2004. Mitochondrial DNA on Ohrid salmonids. SAN, Beograd, Posebna izdanja nowadays the amount of fingerling stage also for the Koran summer form, Salmo letnica differentiation between two forms of trout Salmo 139/38: 1-207. produced annually by this economy goes about aestivalis. letnica, endemic to the Balkan Lake Ohrid, reflects 1 million fingerlings. Despite this, in the years 2002-2012 the amount of Koran catches comes CONCLUSIONS declining with an annual quantity account of about 300- 480 quintal. The main reason for By the quantitative data and the realised this decrease in the quantity of fish catches is statistical processing we noted a link between the overfishing or abusive fishing of Koran. the activity of Koran artificial breeding The number of unlicensed boats in recent years economy in Lin and the quantity of Koran has come increased and consequently the caught by licensed fishermen. The development activity of undeclared fish catches gives us of fish conservation and cultivation techniques lower values of the Koran catches amount . If from this economy has led to increased we compare the data of the Koran captured in efficiency of lake repopulation with fingerlings, the Ohrid and Struga area, in recent years which is presented by the growing trend of the appear a decrease of fish caught amount fish caught amount. (Spirkovski & Talevski, 2002). The highest By the fishermen data based on their activity quantity catches appear in the years 1987-1990 for tens of years in the Lake Ohrid water, we which coincides with an intensive activity on conclude in the decrease of caught quantity of Ohrid trout cultivation by the Hydrobiological Koran summer form, Salmo letnica aestivalis. Institute of Ohrid. The followed years We suggest that the management and presented the need for a cross-border water coordination of the artificial cultivation of management plan of the lake and the Lake Salmo letnica aestivalis will lead not only to Ohrid Conservation Project (LOCP) was the the caught amount increase of this form, but result of specialists discussions from both also in its optimal conservation status. countries; Albania and Macedonia. The Koran cultivation impiant in Lin, Following the artificial fecundation and Pogradec has the necessary specialists, cultivation steps of Ohrid trout in Lin economy, experience and facilities in which it would in Pogradec, we concluded on the effectiveness could be realized the cultivation of Ohrid trout of breeding techniques used by specialists. So, summer form, Salmo letnica aestivalis that the embryonic mortality during the fertilized today appears as a very important issue of its eggs incubation and the next steps is even conservation. lower depending on the apparatus used for laying eggs. The values vary from 5.5% in the REFERENCES groove form apparatus, 6.8% in the William apparatus and 8.3% in the Mc Donald Albrecht Ch., Wilke Th., 2008. Ancient lake Ohrit: apparatus. So the survival of the fertilized eggs biodiversity and evolution, Developments in Hidrobiology 205, Springer, Volume 615, 103-140. until the fingerlings stage is 91.7% - 94.5%, Apostolidis A. P., Triantaphyllidis C., Kouvatsi A., that in the number language translates into Economidis P. S., 1997. Mitochondrial DNA about 1 million fingerlings issued annually in sequence variation and phylogeography among the lake. This Ohrid trout artificial cultivation Salmo trutta L. (Greek brown trout) populations. economy, only proceed with his winter form Molecular Ecology 6, 531–542. Bernatchez, L., 2001. The evolutionary history of brown with a considerable effectiveness that not only trout (Salmo trutta L.) inferred from helps in the Koran conservation but also phylogeographic, nested clade, and mismatch creates significant opportunities for fishing

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