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Plant Parasitic and Virus Vector Nematodes Associated 866 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Pakistan, Economic trade and investment wing, Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 46(3), pp. 866-870, 2014. Islamabad, pp. 23. Chhabra, K.S. and Kooner, B.S., 1991. Lugume Res., 14: 175- Plant Parasitic and Virus Vector 184. Chhabra, K.S. and Kooner, B.S., 1993. Pest Manag. Econ. Nematodes Associated with Vineyards Zool., 6: 215-218. in the Central Anatolia Region of Chhabra, K.S. and Kooner, B.S., 1994. Pest Manag. Econ. # Zool., 2; 11-14. Turkey Fargali, M.A., Ali, A.G. and Hussein, H.A., 1996. Assiut J. 1 2 agric. Sci., 27: 125-134. İlker Kepenekci, * Halil Toktay and Emre Evlice 3 Hafeez, F.Y., Aslam, Z. and Malik, K.A., 1988. Plant and Soil, 1 106: 3-8. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Khattak, M.K., Ali, S. and Chishti, J.I., 2004. Pak. Ent., 26: 9- Agriculture, Gaziosmanpaşa University, 60250 12. Tokat, Turkey 2 Lal, S.S., 1985. Trop. Pest Manag., 31: 105-114. Department of Plant Production and Technologies, Naqvi, S.H., Talpur, M.A., Rustamani, M.A., Khan, M.M. and Niğde University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Hussain, T., 1995. Proc. Pakistan Congr. Zool., 15: and Technologies, 51240 Niğde, Turkey 247-251. 3Department of Entomology, Plant Protection Nazir, M.S., 1994. Crop Production. NBF, Islarnabad, pp. 51. Central Research Institute, 06172 Ankara, Turkey Sahoo, B.K. and Hota, A.K., 1991. Madras agric. J., 78: 84-86. Shafique, M., Nadeem, S., Hamed, M., Atta, B.M. and Shah, Abstract.- Grapevines is host for many T.M., 2009. Pakistan J. Zool., 41: 277-280. plant parasitic nematode species and virus Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H. and Dickey, D.A., 1997. Principles transmission species. Surveys were undertaken and procedures of statistics. A biometrical approach. in 15 vineyards in Turkey. Samples were taken 3rd ed. McGraw Hill Inc., New York. from each vineyard older than 10 years, from depth of 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. Totally 300 (Received 20 February 2014, revised 20 March 2014) subsamples were examined. In this study, 22 species were identified belonging to 16 genus within Tylenchida, Aphelenchida, Dorylaimida and Triplonchida orders from soil and root samples of vine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Central Anatolia Region (Nevşehir, Karaman, Konya, Isparta and Burdur provinces). Malenchus fusiformis, Aphelenchoides clarus, A. confusus, Rotylenchus (R.) colbrani, Xiphinema diversicaudatum and Trichodorus similis were found for the first time in Turkey. The species most frequently encountered were X. pachtaicum and Helicotylenchus crenacauda. Key words: Plant parasitic nematodes, virus vector nematodes, vineyards. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most extensive fruit crop grown worldwide. Approximately 7,086,022 hectares of grapevine are grown in the worldwide and Turkey where takes the ________________________________ # This study was presented in the 28th International Symposium of the European Society of Nematologists. * Corresponding author: [email protected] SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 867 5th order for grapevine growing areas in the world (1969), in another study on different populations of covers 472,545 hectares mainly in Aegean, X. americanum, the analyses were performed in the Southeast Anatolia and Central Anatolia region populations available in Adapazarı, Söke, Amasya (Anonymous, 2013) and Gaziantep, some cities of Turkey. Some Crop losses caused by plant parasitic researchers stressed out the fact that the species nematodes are increasing in Turkey, but the defined as X. americanum and detected in some economic significance of the damage caused by Mediterranean countries should be a separate these parasites is not well-understood or recognised species (Dalmasso and Younes, 1970; Coomans and by growers. Basic information about plant parasitic Loof, 1969). Lamberti and Martelli (1971) claimed nematodes, their host associations, and occurrence that this species should be X. mediterraneum. It is in different localities in Turkey was recently claimed that this species was the same as the one reviewed by Kepenekci (2012), who listed 240 previously detected in the surveys on Aegean and nematode species associated from different Marmara and defined as X. americanum and great localities in the country. possibly this species was X. mediterraneum (Arınç, Grapevines are hosts for many nematode 1982). It is apparent that different and similar species. The most serious direct damage is caused nematode was confused by another nematode by Meloidogyne, Xiphinema and Pratylenchus spp belonging to X. americanum of which presence is (Brown et al., 1993). Less important species are still not known in Turkey and Europe. The presence Criconemoides, Paratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, of this species is not known in our country Rotylenchus, Longidorus, Paralongidorus and (Kepenekci, 2012). Trichodorus in the world grapevine areas (Boubals The first study held on nematode-virus and Dalmasso, 1964; Raski and Krusberg, 1984; relations in Turkey carried out by Arınç (1982) was Tacconi and Mancini, 1987; Raski, 1988). One of associated with “Aegean Region vineyard sites in the most serious problem is grapevine fanleaf Xiphinema species (Nematoda: Longidoridae), as nepovirus, transmitted by Xiphinema index. This well as their separation, hosts and damages". In this problem is covered in the section on nematode research, the studies were performed between 1971- transmitted viruses. However, little information is 1974 in order for detecting the Xiphinema species available on the plant parasitic nematodes associated associated with nematodes in Aegean Region with grapevine in Turkey and no information is including İzmir, Manisa, Balıkesir, Çanakkale, available for Central Anotolia. Aydın, Denizli, Muğla and Uşak cities. According Studies associated with Xiphinema species to the results of the study, X. turcicum, X. were carried out in Turkey (Ertürk and Özkut, 1974; mediterraneum, X. index, X. italiae, X. brevicolle, X. Arınç, 1982; Elekçioğlu, 1992) while studies related ingens and X. pyrenaicum were detected. In addition to other virus vector nematodes i.e. Longidorus, to morphological and morphometric properties, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species were very synonyms, variations detected, the separation in few (Öztürk and Enneli, 1994). The Longidorus, research area, and in literature as well as habitats are Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species are the demonstrated. Of this X. index and X. italiae species substantial virus vector nematodes as they carry are virus vector nematodes. These two viruses are viral diseases. available in the vineyards of our country where The first detection of virus vector nematodes Grapevine fanleaf nepovirus are also available. in Turkey was initiated with detection of X. index Grapevines are hosts for many plant parasitic and Longidorus sp. of vine short virus (Kaşkaloğlu nematode species and some of the species can and Türkmenoğlu, 1965; Kaşkaloğlu, 1965). In transmit viruses. In this study, virus vector another study, X. index and X. americanum were nematode species of Dorylaimida in grapevines detected to be dominant in Izmir vineyard (Yüksel, growing areas of The Central Anatolia of Turkey 1966). In our country, X. mediterraneum was firstly were examined considering their two main aspects, detected in the grapevine sites by Arınç (1982). namely faunistic and taxonomic. According to the statement of the analyst, Tarjan 868 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS Fig. 1. Map of Turkey showing sampling sites in the Central Anatolia Region. Material and methods Aphelenchida, Dorylaimida and Triplonchida. Most Soil samples and grapevine roots were of them are new records for vineyards in Turkey. collected from vineyards of five provinces in the Malenchus fusiformis (Thorne and Malek); Central Anatolia Region during July and August Aphelenchoides clarus Thorne and Malek, A. 2004-2005. Fifteen vineyards, older than ten years, confusus Thorne and Malek, Rotylenchus (R.) from Nevşehir, Karaman, Konya, Burdur and colbrani Brzeski and Choi; Xiphinema Isparta provinces were sampled (Fig. 1). Soil diversicaudatum (Micoletzky) and Trichodorus samples were collected with a spade or a 70 mm similis Seinhorst were found for the first time in the auger (800-1500 cm3) from depths of 0-30 cm and nematofauna of Turkey. The species most 30-60 cm. Ten subsamples were taken from each frequently encountered were X. diversicaudatum vineyard and each depth. Totally 300 subsamples and Helicotylenchus crenacauda (Table I). were collected. Root samples were collected from Root-knot nematodes occurring in vineyards ten vine plants in each vineyard (approximately 50 in some provinces of Turkey (Ertürk and Özkut, gram of roots for each sample). 1974; Lamberti et al., 1994) were not found in the In laboratory studies, sieve and funnel present survey. X. index, the most important methods were used to obtaining active nematodes nematode species in vineyards was not also found in from soil (Hooper, 1986a). Incubation method was the present survey. used to extract the nematodes from plant roots A preliminary experiment was undertaken to (Young, 1954). For identification, nematodes were evaluate the changes in nematode levels by soil fixed according to De Grisse (1969). The slides depth. Soil samples from 15 vineyards of five were prepared by the paraffin ring method (Hooper, different provinces were taken at depths 0-30 cm 1986b). Taxonomic status was given according to and 30-60 cm. Paratylenchus (P.) variabilis, Hunt (1993) and Siddiqi (2000). Filenchus filiformis, Safianema lutonense, Rotylenchus (R.) colbrani, Ditylenchus
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