The Four Principles of Dynamic Pricing in Transportation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Four Principles of Dynamic Pricing in Transportation The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation How to adjust tolls and parking rates for faster, more efficient roadways The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation 30% of cars in congested downtown traffic are Get a grip on your looking for parking traffic flows Traffic planners and transport As the morning progresses, many of those cars Dynamic pricing can help. The idea is simple: decision-makers are stuck in a rut. will be clogging city roads looking for a place to by adjusting toll and parking rates to demand, park. An average across several studies suggests traffic planners gain a powerful tool for managing The same situation repeats itself daily: at rush that 30% or more of drivers in congested traffic flows. Many cities have proven it. Thinking hour, an overwhelming number of cars will downtown traffic are looking for parking. about pricing in a new way can: inevitably clog toll roads, free- and expressways. Every day, this stop-and-go causes frustration, For transportation authorities in particular, these • Increase car occupancy congestion, stress, and pollution, as well as realities translate into many challenges – not • Promote alternatives to driving dangerous conditions for vulnerable road users enough space for additional infrastructure and • Maximize your existing infrastructure such as bicyclists and pedestrians. limited funding among them. And even if funds • Encourage drivers to travel outside peak times are there, a growing consensus is that more – • Guide drivers to more available spaces more roads, more lanes, more parking • Make journeys more predictable – doesn’t necessarily solve the problem. • Reduce emissions Yet, the truth is, planning organizations and elected officials have the ability to change people’s behavior. conduent.com 2 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Get a grip on your traffic flows Ultimately, done well, the result can be an Two important points upfront improved quality of life. Dynamic Pricing is about value It’s a tool for maximizing efficiency At Conduent, we’ve implemented demand- Through price, you can attach a value to Dynamic pricing helps municipalities based tolling and parking systems all across the a road or parking spot. A toll road is more orchestrate traffic flows and effect behavioral world. We’ve seen what works and what doesn’t. valuable at 5:30pm than it would be at 3am. change among anybody who drives in your Without demand-based prices, you imply that community. With less congestion comes more This eBook concerns the four basics you need the value does not vary with time or demand. throughput and real change. to understand to make dynamic pricing a success. As a result, you encourage consumption, as We’ll tell you straight away that it won’t make all the service is underpriced. of your traffic problems magically disappear. But do it right, and it will prove a powerful tool for managing congestion. conduent.com 3 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Use smart data to balance supply and demand conduent.com 4 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Use smart data to balance supply and demand Dynamic pricing 101: what’s normal The idea behind dynamic pricing is to spread How to gauge the status quo occupancy and traffic flow? the load of peak driving and parking to change behaviors and promote: An accurate assessment of usage by block, When on-street parking rates and highway tolls highway segment, and time of day is crucial are static, people have little reason to consider • Increased occupancy-per-car to getting dynamic pricing right. Here are price in their driving decisions – to travel at a (e.g. car-sharing and ride-sharing) some ways to collect that data: different time, or park a little further away. And that inevitably leads to congestion. • Less travel during busy times • Manual surveys • Parking in underutilized spaces • Sensors (cheaper or free spaces further away) • Collecting spatial and temporal samples (a lean method that uses fewer sensors) • Alternative modes of travel (public transportation, cycling, walking) • Evaluating CCTV footage manually or using computer vision Setting up your “traffic thermostat” • Automatic License Plate Recognition The first thing you need to do to adjust rates (ALPR) according to demand – and manage congestion – is assess how and when drivers are using your • Cellular data and other nascent roads and parking spots right now. technologies conduent.com 5 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Use smart data to balance supply and demand Optimal usage Managed lanes: what’s what? For on-street parking, planners should drive Once you’ve collected the data, you should for a 70% to 90% occupancy rate on a given determine what’s “normal” and when it’s time HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lanes: block. This rate allows drivers to find an empty to adjust. Here are the important benchmarks: As opposed to general purpose lanes, spot quickly, then park if they find the rate only cars with a certain number of people acceptable – and if not, they can park further (usually two+) are allowed in HOV lanes. away. In any case, they’re not repeatedly circling the block, causing noise, pollution, HOT (High Occupancy Toll) lanes: and congestion. Further, they’re not distracted For highways it’s relatively easy: normal means These are just like HOV lanes, but open to by the search for a space and pose less of a free-flow traffic, i.e. all vehicles can drive at the single-occupancy vehicles for an extra toll. threat to pedestrians and bicyclists. maximum speed allowed. If that is the case, the toll rate on your HOT or Express lane should be Express lanes: set to the lowest rate. But as demand soars Available to any vehicle for a toll. The toll 70% – 90% during rush hours, your system needs to adjust amount is determined by traffic flow on the prices upward. Drivers can then decide, based on general purpose lane. Planners should aim for 70%-90% their own sensitivity to prices, whether to travel occupancy per block at a different time or pay for the toll lane. For a user who needs to get to their child’s soccer practice on Wednesdays, that may be the day that paying the toll makes sense. On other days, their time may be more flexible. But it all starts with a careful data analysis. conduent.com 6 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Understand the rules for setting reasonable rates REASONABLE TOLL RATES conduent.com 7 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Understand the rules for setting reasonable rates Traffic management works best One of the biggest challenges that come with For on-street parking, actual occupancy when you get the price just right. dynamic rates is making sure the price actually is your best indicator. Economists say that reflects the value in the driver’s mind of the 15% of the spaces on a block should always It takes more than just a “finger parking space or toll road at a given time. be available to ensure adequate turnover in the air” estimate. It’s not rocket and to encourage parkers. science, but getting it right does It all comes down to time savings and comfort: involve some complexity as you’ll That goal (85% occupancy), however, does not necessarily tell a complete story, as demand is see in this chapter. not likely to be evenly distributed across an hour or a day. Using average demand to guide pricing On a highway, there is no point in using an decisions fails to recognize nuanced yet critical 90% Express lane if traffic flows freely. But if it slows parking trends. When occupancy down significantly (say to half the maximum hits 90%, it’s time speed) on the general purpose lane, the toll rate A better methodology, like that undertaken by to raise rates needs to go up to reflect the convenience of not Los Angeles and Washington, DC, is to compare being stuck (e.g. getting to work on time, periods when use is too high (90% or more) catching a flight, picking up the kids from to periods when use is too low (less than 70%). daycare, etc.) The difference serves as a marker for when rates should be increased, relaxed, or left alone. conduent.com 8 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Understand the rules for setting reasonable rates How often should you change rates? Parking. To make pricing as transparent as Tolling. Unlike parking rates, tolls are set in near The rules of thumb for frequency of change are possible, there shouldn’t be more than three real-time (e.g. about every 15 minutes) to reflect closely related to good communication (we’ll talk parking rates on a block in a day. And don’t current traffic flow. If the change is too frequent, about this more in the next chapter): drivers need change the rates more often than monthly it’s likely to increase dissatisfaction among users. to be able to make an informed decision on (better: quarterly, and at the same time each Transparency works slightly differently here: where and when to drive and park – before they year), so as not to confuse regular users. variable message signs should clearly get in the car. communicate the current toll for each freeway segment on the Express lane. The case for clearly distinguishable price segments Experience has shown that a noticeable difference in parking rates works better than a slight one: increases of $0.25 have been less effective for parking management than increases of $0.50. conduent.com 9 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Develop policies that improve the User user experience Experience conduent.com 10 The four principles of dynamic pricing in transportation Develop policies that improve the user experience A change in behavior doesn’t When considering dynamic pricing, always happen overnight.
Recommended publications
  • Concrete Pavementspavements N a a T T I I O O N N a a L L
    N N a a t t i i o o n n a a Technical Services l l , R R o o u u n n d d a a b b o o Vail, Colorado u u t t May 22-25, 2005 Steve Waalkes, P.E. C C o o n n f f e e r r e e Managing Director n n c American Concrete Pavement Association c e e 2 2 0 0 0 0 5 5 TRB National Roundabouts Conference D D Concrete Roundabouts R R Concrete Roundabouts A A F F T T N N a a Flexible Uses liquid asphalt as binder Pro: usually lower cost Con: requires frequent maintenance & rehabilitation t t i i Asphalt o o n n a a l l R R o o u u n n d d a a b b o o u u t t C C Terminology Terminology o o n n f f e e r r e e n n c c e e 2 2 0 0 0 0 5 5 D D R R A A Rigid Uses cement as binder Pro: longer lasting Con: higher cost Concrete F F T T N N a a t t i i o o n n a a l l R R o o u u n n d d a a b b o o u u t t C C o o s n n c f f e i e r r t e e n n e y c c t e h e t 2 2 e 0 0 f s 0 0 aterials onstructability a e conomics 5 erformance (future maintenance) 5 Why Concrete Roundabouts? Why Concrete Roundabouts? D D E C P M R R • • • • •S •A A A F F T T Realize there is a choice N N a a t t i i o o n n a a l l R R o o u u n n d d a a b b o o u u t t C C o o n n f f e e r r e e n n c c e e 2 2 0 0 0 0 What performance characteristics of Where do we typically use concrete pavement? (situations, traffic conditions, applications, etc.) concrete pavement make it the best choice for roundabouts? 5 5 Why Concrete Roundabouts? Why Concrete Roundabouts? D D R R 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Highway Sufficiency Ratings
    4 Pavement Data 1 Report New York State Department of Transportation 20 CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................ i Location / Identification ........................................................... ii Physical Characteristics ......................................................... iii Traffic Information .................................................................. v Condition Information ............................................................. v Other Data .............................................................................. ix Glossary ................................................................................. xi Region/County Abbreviations ................................................. xii New York State Parkways by Jurisdiction .............................. xiii Notes for the New York State Thruway .................................. xiv Pavement Data Report ........................................................... 1 This report was prepared by Pavement Data Services, New York State Department of Transportation. Inquiries or requests for information should be directed to: Pavement Data Services, NYSDOT, 50 Wolf Road POD 42, Albany, New York 12232 (518-457-1965). A pdf file of this report is available for download from the Pavement Management page of the Department’s website at www.nysdot.gov. Hard copies of the report are no longer created. 2014 Pavement Data Report for New York State Highways INTRODUCTION The New York State Department of
    [Show full text]
  • Gravel Roads Maintenance & Frontrunner Training Workshop
    A Ditch In Time Gravel Roads Maintenance Workshop 1 So you think you’ve got a wicked driveway 2 1600’ driveway with four switchbacks and 175’ of elevation change (11% grade) 3 Rockhouse Development, Conway 4 5 6 Swift River (left) through National Forest into Saco River that drains the MWV Valley’s developments 7 The best material starts as solid rock that is drilled & blasted… 8 Then crushed into smaller pieces and screened to produce specific size aggregate 9 How strong should it be? One big truck = 10,000 cars! 10 11 The road surface… • Lots of small aggregate (stones) to provide strength with a shape that will lock stones together to support wheels • Sufficient “fines,” the binder that will lock the stones together, to keep the stones from moving around 12 • The stone: hard and uniform in size and more angular than that made just from screening bank run gravel 13 • A proper combination of correctly sized broken rock, sand and silt/clay soil materials will produce a road surface that hardens into a strong and stable crust that forms a reasonably impervious “roof” to our road • An improper balance- a surface that is loose, soft & greasy when wet, or excessively dusty when dry (see samples) 14 One way to judge whether gravel will pack or not… 15 Here’s another way… 16 Or: The VeryFine test The sticky palm test As shown in the Camp Roads manual 17 • “Dirty” gravel packs but does not drain • “Clean” gravel drains but does not pack 18 Other road surfacing materials: • Rotten Rock- traditional surfacing material in the Mt Washington Valley
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Evaluation of Rutting Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Ivan Syed University of New Mexico - Main Campus
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Civil Engineering ETDs Engineering ETDs Fall 11-7-2017 Comprehensive Evaluation of Rutting Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures Ivan Syed University of New Mexico - Main Campus Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ce_etds Part of the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Syed, Ivan. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Rutting Performance of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/ce_etds/187 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Engineering ETDs at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Civil Engineering ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ivan Anwar Syed Candidate Civil Engineering Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Dr. Rafiqul A. Tarefder, Chairperson Dr. John C. Stormont Dr. Tang-Tat Ng i COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF RUTTING PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES by IVAN ANWAR SYED B.S., CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2014 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Civil Engineering The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December, 2017 ii DEDICATIONS This thesis is dedicated to my family, Lenore Syed, Anwar Aziz, & Allen Syed For their endless love, support, and inspiration iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Rafiqul A. Tarefder, my Advisor and MS thesis Committee Chair, for the inestimable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the development of this thesis. This study was jointly funded by the New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) and the Southern Plains Transportation Center (SPTC).
    [Show full text]
  • Poston Brick Company Memoir
    University of Illinois at Springfield Norris L Brookens Library Archives/Special Collections Poston Brick Company Memoir P846. Poston Brick Company Interview and memoir 5 tapes, 240 mins., 78 pp. The narrators discuss personnel, machines, operations and types of bricks manufactured at the Poston Brick Company in Springfield. Narrators also discuss working conditions, hazards, co-workers, and the structures located on the factory grounds. Interviews by Garnetta Cook, 1972 OPEN: see individual names for legal release See individual collateral files : interviewer's notes, photos of factory, photocopies of articles about the factory, list of buildings built with the company's bricks, and background notes. Archives/Special Collections LIB 144 University of Illinois at Springfield One University Plaza, MS BRK 140 Springfield IL 62703-5407 © 1972, University of Illinois Board of Trustees ! ' • Poston Brick Company Ivory Carter (23 pages) Estol Cook (11 pages) Mark Cook (14 pages) William E. Poston ( 4 pages) Earl Robinson (10 pages) Henrietta Van Cleve ( 4 'pages) These interviews are part of a project on the Poston Brick Company in Springfield, Illinois. People interviewed include a former employee's wife, former employees, and the president of Poston Brick. They relate their working experiences with regard to making bricks. The interviewer was Garnetta Cook. COPYRIGHT@ 1985 SANGAMON STATE UNIVERSITY, SPRINGFIELD, ILUNOIS. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Oral History Office, Sangamon State University, Springfield, Illinois 62708.
    [Show full text]
  • Pavement Condition Assessment V2.0W
    NYSDOT Network Level Pavement Condition Assessment V2.0w Surface Distress Rating Ride Quality (IRI) Pavement Condition Index IRI Deduct 35 30 IRI >170 in/mi y = 1.08 (9E-06x3 - 0.0075x2 + 2.0532x - 154.37) 25 20 IRI <170 in/mi y = 0.90 (2E-06x3 + 0.0004x2 + 0.0596x - 5.2585) 15 DeductValue 10 5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 IRI (in/mi) New York State Department of Transportation i Network Level Pavement Condition Assessment Preface This document describes the procedures used by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) to assess and quantify network-level pavement condition. There are four general facets of pavement condition: surface distress, ride quality, structural capacity and friction. Because the data collection tools currently available to measure structural capacity and friction are not efficient for network-level data collection, the NYSDOT condition assessment procedures are limited to certain surface distresses and to ride quality. Network-level data for these condition factors is readily available through ongoing data collection programs. Information about pavement condition and performance is critical to the decision making that occurs to successfully manage highway pavements. Accurate and timely data is used to assess system performance and deterioration, identify maintenance and reconstruction needs, and determine financing requirements. The annual assessment and reporting of pavement conditions is required by the New York State Highway Law (§ 2 Section 10). NYSDOT has assessed pavement surface distress information annually on 100% of the state highway system using a visual windshield rating system since 1981. The original paper-based collection procedure was replaced in 2004 with the E-Score electronic recording system.
    [Show full text]
  • RECORD PACKET COPY APPLICANTS: Michael & Kimberly Doyle AGENT: Nancy A
    " STATE OF CALIFORNIA- THE RESOURCES AGENCY ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER, Governor CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION Appeal Filed: 6/29/20~0 i South Coast Area Office Permit Approved: 11/18/2004 Mtt ·- 200 Oceangate, Suite 1000 Long Beach, CA 90802-4302 Staff: CP-LB ·. (562) 590-5071 Staff Report: 3/2/2005 W8b Hearing Date: March 16, 2005 Commission Action: STAFF REPORT: REVISED FINDINGS DE NOVO COASTAL DEVELOPMENT PERMIT APPEAL NUMBER: A-5-RDB-04-261 RECORD PACKET COPY APPLICANTS: Michael & Kimberly Doyle AGENT: Nancy A. Lucast APPELLANTS: Robert & Linda Moffat, Jill & Tony Pietrini, Kevin Farr, and Shannon Gyuricza PROJECT LOCATION: 801 Esplanade, City of Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County. PROJECT DESCRIPTION: Add 23-foot high, 835 square foot second story addition to an existing 13-foot high (above street), 1 ,673 square foot single­ family residence, and remove ficus tree and private development from the adjacent public access easement. Lot Area 3,000 square feet Building Coverage 2,000 square feet Pavement Coverage 500 square feet Landscape Coverage 500 square feet Parking Spaces 2 Zoning R-1 Plan Designation Single Fnmily Residential Building Height 23 feet above street {approved add'n) COMMISSIONERS ON Burke, Kram, Kruer, Neely, Orr, Peters, Potter, Reilly, Wan and PREVAILING SIDE: Chair Caldwell. SUMMARY OF STAFF RECOMMENDATION The Commission has jurisdiction over the proposed project as the result of an appeal of the City of Redondo Beach approval of Local Coastal Development Permit No. 04-01. On August 12, 2004, the Commission found that a substantial issue existed in regards to the proposed project's effect on the public view from the Knob Hill area.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Cadillac Escalade Owner Manual
    Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV Owner Manual - 2011 Black plate (1,1) 2011 Cadillac Escalade/Escalade ESV Owner Manual M In Brief . 1-1 Storage . 4-1 Climate Controls . 8-1 Instrument Panel . 1-2 Storage Compartments . 4-1 Climate Control Systems . 8-1 Initial Drive Information . 1-4 Roof Rack System . 4-3 Air Vents . 8-8 Vehicle Features . 1-16 Performance and Instruments and Controls . 5-1 Driving and Operating . 9-1 Maintenance . 1-21 Controls . 5-2 Driving Information . 9-2 Warning Lights, Gauges, and Starting and Operating . 9-30 Keys, Doors and Windows . 2-1 Indicators . 5-11 Engine Exhaust . 9-38 Keys and Locks . 2-2 Information Displays . 5-26 Automatic Transmission . 9-40 Doors . 2-9 Vehicle Messages . 5-31 Drive Systems . 9-45 Vehicle Security. 2-13 Vehicle Personalization . 5-40 Brakes . 9-45 Exterior Mirrors . 2-16 Universal Remote System . 5-50 Ride Control Systems . 9-47 Interior Mirrors . 2-18 Cruise Control . 9-51 Windows . 2-19 Lighting . 6-1 Object Detection Systems . 9-54 Roof . 2-22 Exterior Lighting . 6-1 Fuel . 9-63 Interior Lighting . 6-10 Towing. 9-70 Seats and Restraints . 3-1 Lighting Features . 6-11 Conversions and Add-Ons . 9-82 Head Restraints . 3-2 Front Seats . 3-3 Infotainment System . 7-1 Vehicle Care . 10-1 Rear Seats . 3-9 Introduction . 7-2 General Information . 10-2 Safety Belts . 3-18 Radio . 7-10 Vehicle Checks . 10-4 Airbag System . 3-35 Audio Players . 7-19 Headlamp Aiming . 10-34 Child Restraints . 3-51 Rear Seat Infotainment .
    [Show full text]
  • Camp Road Maintenance Manual
    GRAVEL ROAD MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Guide for Landowners on Camp and Other Gravel Roads Kennebec County Maine Department of Soil and Water Environmental Protection Bureaus of Land Conservation District Resources and Water Quality April 2016 For the purposes of this manual, the terms “gravel road” and “camp road” are used interchangeably and are used to describe private and public roads that are typically narrow and unpaved. - TABLE OF CONTENTS - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I INTRODUCTION 1 A Little History on Camp Roads 1 Some Questions and Answers 3 TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE 7 Road Surface Problems 7 Culvert Problems 9 Ditch Problems 10 UNDERSTANDING THE BASICS 11 Soil Erosion 11 Factors Linked to Erosion 12 Water and Your Road 13 Surface Water 14 Groundwater 14 Erosion Control Principles 15 Work with Nature 17 Where to Drain to: Vegetated Buffers 17 Types of Buffers 18 How to Have an Effective Buffer 18 Buffers: Cost-Effective, Low Maintenance, and Good for the Lake 19 CAMP ROAD MAINTENANCE 20 Road Surface 20 Road Level 20 Road Materials 21 Road Material Composition 22 Alternative Road Surfacing Materials 24 Geotextiles as Road Base 24 Reclaimed Pavement/Recycled Asphalt (Reclaim) 26 Pavement 27 Other Alternative Surface Materials 27 Grading 28 Crowning and Super-Elevating 30 Alternative Equipment 33 Steel Tine Rake 33 Frontrunner Device 34 Dust Control 35 Winter Maintenance 37 Road Drainage 39 Ditches 39 Ditch Shape 40 Ditch Size and Depth 42 Ditch Erosion and Stabilization 43 Erosion in Ditches 43 Seeding and Mulching 44 Erosion Control Mix 46 Erosion
    [Show full text]
  • Gravel Roads Construction and Maintenance Guide Table of Contents Subject Page
    Errata ­ Replaces page 137 Reconstruction Using a Detour When the reconstruction and resulting berm are significant, the work space takes all or most of the road surface, leaving no room for traffic to negotiate past the work activities. An agency may need to reconstruct the unpaved roadway by correcting the drainage and/or adding surface materials. With this type of work, additional equipment may be used and a large amount of material may create a large berm (12 inches or more across). This will present significant hazards for the traveling public. To improve safety for mo­ torists and workers, a detour may be the best TTC. Not all road users will be familiar with the local road system and some may be confused by the road closure, so signing should be used to assist users negotiating the detour. Reconstruction work space. (Source: Greg Vavra, SDLTAP). Notes: 1. Not all local agencies use route makers for their system. MUTCD Section 6F.59 states “A Street Name sign should be placed above, or the street name should be incorporated into, a DETOUR (M4­9) sign to indicate the name of the street being detoured.” 2. With an increase in traffic at the intersections where the detour begins and ends, a review of the usage of the STOP and YIELD signs should be completed. 3. Flashing warning lights and/or flags may be used to call attention to advance warning signs. 4. Flashing warning lights may be used on the Type 3 Barricades, which should be installed at the point where the road is closed.
    [Show full text]
  • Concrete Roundabouts Rigid Pavement Well-Suited for Increasingly Popular Intersection Type
    Concrete Roundabouts Rigid Pavement Well-Suited for Increasingly Popular Intersection Type In certain areas of the United States, traffic engi- Design neers are recognizing the benefits of using round- abouts instead of traditional signalized intersec- The two primary design aspects for any intersection tions. These benefits include reduced accident construction project and for roundabouts in particu- rates, reduced delay time, and lower speeds, to lar, are pavement thickness design and jointing name a few. system design. Today’s roundabouts are different than traffic In most pavement thickness design procedures, circles. When designed and striped correctly, designing the pavement structure requires, at roundabouts offer better traffic flow and safety minimum, determining the following factors: characteristics than most other intersection types. The vehicles on the entering roadways must yield to 1. Concrete Properties – Flexural strength or traffic in the circulating roadway. This ensures that modulus of rupture, MR; and modulus of there is no gridlock in the roundabout. elasticity, E. 2. Support Conditions – Strength of the sub- Why Concrete for Roundabouts grade, or subgrade-subbase combination (modulus of subgrade reaction, k). The roundabout designer has a choice of pavement 3. Desired Life – Design period, which is typi- type for roundabouts; concrete or asphalt. Concrete cally 20 years, but may range from less roundabouts are long-lasting and easy to maintain, than 5 to more than 50 years. because concrete does not push, shove, or rut 4. Expected Traffic – The weights, frequen- under the turning motion of heavy vehicles around cies, and types of truck axle loads that the the intersection. Concrete provides a long-term fix, pavement will carry during the design pe- and is well-suited to areas where future disruption to traffic must be kept to a minimum.
    [Show full text]
  • USER MANUAL RUT955 LTE Router
    RUT955 User‘s Manual USER MANUAL RUT955 LTE Router Teltonika Solutions 1 RUT955 User‘s Manual Legal notice Copyright © 2015 TELTONIKA Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction, transfer, distribution or storage of part or all of the contents in this document in any form without the prior written permission of TELTONIKA Ltd is prohibited. The manufacturer reserves the right to modify the product and manual for the purpose of technical improvement without prior notice. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks or trade names of their respective owners. Attention Before using the device we strongly recommend reading this user manual first. Do not rip open the device. Do not touch the device if the device block is broken. All wireless devices for data transferring may be susceptible to interference, which could affect performance. The device is not water-resistant. Keep it dry. The device is powered by low voltage +9V DC power adaptor. Teltonika Solutions 2 RUT955 User‘s Manual Table of Contents Legal notice .............................................................................................................................................................. 2 Attention.................................................................................................................................................................. 2 SAFETY INFORMATION ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Device connection ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]