The Socio-Economic Consequences of the Desertification Processes in Mongolia
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E3S Web of Conferences 164, 11001 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016411001 TPACEE-2019 The socio-economic consequences of the desertification processes in Mongolia. Darima Darbalaeva1,*, Anna Mikheeva1 , and Yulia Zhamyanova1 1Baikal Institute of Nature Management SB RAS, Laboratory of Nature Management Economics, 670047, 8, Sakhyanova str., Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation Abstract. The comparative assessment of the aimags population living standard and the country average level was carried out and some problem areas requiring closer examination were identified. We evaluated 12 indicators characterizing the development of the economic and social sphere of aimags, using the method of ranking calculated indices based on 2010 and 2018. The economy transition to a market entailed significant changes in the life of pastoralists. The desertification processes strongly influence the living standard of the herders whose level of prosperity is rather low compared to the country average level. 1 Introduction Desertification and land degradation have vast interconnected causes and consequences in all three dimensions of sustainable development. It is estimated that 40 % of the world’s degraded land is in area of high poverty, approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide with their livelihood depending directly on this degraded land. Mongolia has 77 percent of territory and almost 90 percent of its pastureland is under threat of desertification and land degradation [1]. Mongolia’s main economic sectors are agriculture, coal, gold and copper mining industries. The agricultural sector in Mongolia makes up a large share in the country’s economy (over 20 percent of GDP). Compared to 1990, the number of livestock has been increasing sharply and thus the pasture carrying capacity has exceeded its normal capacity. Desertification can be said to have increased due to overgrazing and soil degradation. The mining industry is also one of Mongolia’s most important industries. The country's richest resources are minerals: coal, copper, fluorite, gold, iron ore, lead, molybdenum, oil, phosphates, tin, uranium, and wolfram. In the last few years, gold mining has contributed to severe land damage. Hence in Mongolia, the natures of its flourishing economic sectors are related closely to land degradation, and in turn soil degradation has become one of the biggest challenging environmental issues [2]. According to the definition of desertification, 40 % of the Mongolia’s territory is covered with desert [3]. An assessment of desertification and land degradation in Mongolia, made by Mongolian researchers in 2015, showed that 76.9 % of the total area was under desertification and land degradation processes [4]. The degradation of pastureland has occurred rapidly as a consequence of * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 164, 11001 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016411001 TPACEE-2019 herding controls being replaced by open access during the transition from socialism to a market economy. Therefore, range carrying capacity status which includes available herb biomass and predicted livestock consumption. In recent years, land degradation, as measured by the decline of soil fertility and desertification as grasslands decrease, has increased with more grassland becoming sandy. [5] After 1990 Mongolia has emerged into a world that challenges its longstanding approaches to pastoralism as the state retreats from active participation and market economics becomes a driving force. From a broad perspective environmental changes are affected by mobility, water supply, variable rangeland quality, land tenure, livestock preferences, and herder motivations. At the local level pastoralists remain in need of water and adequate grazing land for livestock, and the skills to cope with natural variables- precipitation, dzuds, drought, and heat; naturally occurring events—insect invasions, wind, dust storms, saline water; and human agency—movement patterns, intensified grazing, constructed water sources, motorized transport, emergency fodder, mining, and financial decisions. The sustainability of pastoralism remains uncertain with new government regulations, climate change, economic forces, and natural conditions impacting herding. [6] This paper aims to contribute to the broader literature on social and ecological issues in Mongolian herders livelihood by estimating some socio-economical indicators from official statistical data. 2 Study area population characteristics The consequences of desertification processes affect not only aimags, where these processes take place directly, but also indirectly affect the life of all territories of the country. The transformation of demographic system of Mongolia took place from the beginning of the reforms in the 90s of last century, and associated with the growth of the urban population, population migration, etc. The total population of Mongolia at present time is 3238 thous. persons (2018 data) and characteristically is too much dispersed, which is due to nomadic farming method. There is still a low population density, the period of almost 30 years shows only 1.6 times growth from 1.3 person per sq. km in 1989 till 2.1 in 2018. [7] The relief and climate contrasts as well as the various levels of water supply of the territory determine the unbalanced population distribution. The highest population density is in the river valleys of the forest-steppe zone, the lowest - in desert areas as well as in mountainous areas. The most densely populated northern part of the country, where are the main industrial centers (Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan, Erdenet), and also concentrated along the railways Ulaanbaatar – Sukhbaatar, Ulaanbaatar – Erdenet, Ulaanbaatar – Choir, and highways Ulaanbaatar – Arvaikheer, Tsetserleg – Kharkhorin and Ulaanbaatar – Baganuur. The main attractive forces are well-developed industrial and social infrastructure, possibility of sale of agricultural products. [8] The density of the reviewed aimags did not change significantly from 1989 to 2018, except aimag Orkhon where it almost doubled (Table 1). Mostly the density increased, but in Dundgovi aimag it has decreased and the main factors of this presence we will consider further. The collection of study areas can be divided into two parts: northern aimags with population amount about 100 thous. persons and southern aimags with population about 50 thous. persons but only northern Bulgan aimag has low population level (fig. 1). The depression points until 2010 shows the crisis caused by dzuds – natural disasters negatively affected on herders’ life and destroyed a huge number of livestock and directed a lot of people to the cities looking for a Job and ways to survive. 2 E3S Web of Conferences 164, 11001 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016411001 TPACEE-2019 Table 1. Population density change since 1989-2018, person/sq.km 1989 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 Mongolia 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 Selenge 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 Darkhan-Uul 26.0 25.8 27.1 28.8 30.6 32.1 Bulgan 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 Orkhon 70.2 95.6 102.3 113.7 125.9 132.5 Khuvsgul 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 Dundgovi 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 Umnugovi 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 Dornogovi 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 Bayan-Ulgii 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.3 Over these years, almost all aimags lost its population, but urban areas has been growing (Ulaanbaatar, Darkhan and Orkhon). Along with that Umnugovi and Dornogovi became the centers of attraction due to active development of mining industry. But anyway almost all aimags have positive dynamics except Dundgovi, it lost 23.5 % of total population from 2000 till 2010 and did not recovered yet (fig. 1). There is a general tendency in dynamics of natural growth to slow down, but the level still remains high. Selenge Darkhan-Uul Bulgan Orkhon Khuvsgul Dundgovi Dornogovi Umnugovi Bayan-Ulgii 140 000. 120 000. 100 000. 80 000. 60 000. 40 000. 20 000. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018 Fig. 1. Population dynamics. 3 Data analysis We evaluated 12 indicators characterizing the development of the economic and social sphere of aimags, using the method of ranking calculated indices based on 2010 and 2018 data and we have to conclude that there is no statistical data about population income at aimags level and a great shortage of other data concerning our research field. At [9] we used another set of indicators such as internet, cellular phones, electricity, engineering 3 E3S Web of Conferences 164, 11001 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016411001 TPACEE-2019 systems indices. Unfortunately, such essential indicators as proportion of population without access to safe drinking water sources, proportion of population living in houses and apartments with connections to engineering service networks and others occurred in list of official statistical data Just once in 2010. First group of indices concerns of HDI (human development index) and its components (education index, life expectancy index and GNI index per capita by PPP). At fig. 2 we can see that blue line of HDI seems the same after 8 years, but its dimension indices lines are significantly another. Actually there is a little decrease in HDI level in all aimags and country in whole. We have to mark that there is a GDP per capita in 2010 and GNI per capita in 2018 (methodology changed after 2010 in 2011, GNI per capita started to be used), but the difference between two indicators is insignificant and we can state the considerable increase of indicator. The reverse situation with education index – its level decreased from 0.928 in 2010 till 0.720 in 2018 in Mongolia average and that was after methodology change too.