Outline Lecture Fourteen—China's Catalysts for Modernization
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Outline Lecture Fourteen—China’s Catalysts for Modernization: Foreign Threat and Internal Reform Key Theme: 1) Imperialism as both an extension of and catalyst for nationalism I) Crisis Within and Without a) Foreign Concessions i) Treaty of Wanghai in 1844 ii) Franco-Chinese Treaty of 1844 iii) Treaties of Tientsin (Tianjin) 1858 b) Coup de Grace: Outcome of Sino-Japanese War 1894-95 i) Treaty of Shimonoseki 1895 c) Domestic turmoil—The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 i) Hong Xiuquan—“God’s Chinese son” (1) Tapped into widespread social discontent in mid-19th century China (2) Campaign to drive out the Qing’s Manchu ruling clan ii) Taiping social agenda (1) Abolition of private property (2) Equal access for all to the community’s resources and wealth (3) More equality between men and women (4) Free public education for all iii) Taiping social organization—“theocratic-military structure” (1) “Armies” of 13,156 families (2) Each “sergeant” oversees 25 families (3) “Kingdom of Heavenly Peace” or “Taiping Tianguo” iv) Impact of the Taiping Rebellion II) The Push for Reform a) Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895) i) Zeng Guofan’s recruitment of the Yale-educated Yung Wing in 1863 (1) Construction of the Jiang-nan Arsenal (show image) (2) Feeble and desperate measures ii) “Western technology, Chinese morality” (1) Feng Guifen’s Yangwu Movement (2) “Use instruments of the barbarians, but not adopt the ways of the barbarians. Use them so we can repel them” (3) Too little, too late? b) Radical Overhaul of the System (1895-1898) i) Catalysts for reform in 1895 (1) Kang Youwei (1858-1927) (2) Liang Qichao (1873-1929) (3) Tan Sitong (1865-1898) (4) Emergence of Emperor Guangxu ii) One Hundred Days Reforms of 1898 (1) Political reform by imperial decree (2) Improvement of state infrastructure (3) Education c) Women’s Emancipation i) Liang’s nationalistic argument for women’s education (1) First school for girls established in 1898 (2) Destiny of the nation and women’s emancipation go hand in hand ii) Kang’s “Anti Foot-binding Society” iii) Tan’s argument for sexual liberation (1) Demystify the oppressive ideals of “female chastity” and “feminine virtue” (2) Kang’s rejection of the social institution of “marriage” iv) The Pivotal Role of the Empress Dowager Cixi in September of 1898 (1) Tan Sitong: “Reforms have necessitated the spilling of blood in every country, but I have yet to hear of blood flowing in China due to reforms. This is the reason China has yet to prosper. Let it begin with me.” .