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Effect of Oral Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Goat's Milk Contamination 197

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Effect of Oral Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Goat's Milk Contamination 197 Effect of oral exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on goat’s milk contamination Nathalie Grova, Guido Rychen, Fabrice Monteau, Bruno Le Bizec, Cyril Feidt To cite this version: Nathalie Grova, Guido Rychen, Fabrice Monteau, Bruno Le Bizec, Cyril Feidt. Effect of oral expo- sure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on goat’s milk contamination. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2006, 26 (3), pp.195-199. hal-00886337 HAL Id: hal-00886337 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00886337 Submitted on 1 Jan 2006 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 26 (2006) 195–199 195 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2006 DOI: 10.1051/agro:2006019 Research article Effect of oral exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on goat’s milk contamination Nathalie GROVAa*, Guido RYCHENa, Fabrice MONTEAUb, Bruno LE BIZECb, Cyril FEIDTa a URAPA, INRA-INPL-UHP, BP 172, 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France b LABERCA, ENVN, route de Gachet, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France (Accepted 24 July 2006) Abstract – The impact of chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on milk contamination was evaluated by oral administration of a mixture of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(k)fluorene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene at 0.02 mg/kg to lactating goats for 28 days. We analysed PAHs and their major metabolites in milk by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results evidence several major points: (1) benzo(k)fluorene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene were not detected in the milk; (2) unexpectedly, the concentration of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene did not change with time; (3) monohydroxylated PAH metabolites (-OH), namely 2-OH-fluorene, 3-OH-phenanthrene and 1-OH-pyrene were detected shortly after administration. The concentrations of 2-OH-fluorene and 3-OH-phenanthrene reached, respectively, maxima of 0.41 and 0.22 ng/mL during the first exposure week, whereas the concentration of 1-OH pyrene increased to reach a maximum of 0.97 ng/mL on day 14, then slightly decreased during the last two exposure weeks. Those findings suggest a lack of activation of a metabolism that could lead to an excretion of PAHs into milk under native forms. However, a slight increase in concentration could induce the metabolism, which should lead to an increase in the excretion of metabolites into the milk. In spite of the absence of a significant transfer of parent PAHs to milk, the appearance of metabolites in milk raises questions of their impact on human health. Chronic exposure / PAHs / metabolites / milk contamination 1. INTRODUCTION chronic oral administration (1 mg/kg per day) in sheep. A sim- ilar study was performed in lactating goats with a single oral Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are potentially administration of 14-C-phenanthrene, 14-C-pyrene and 14-C mutagenic compounds widely occurring in natural media such benzo(a)pyrene at levels of 0.005 mg/kg. It showed transfer fac- as soils, atmosphere, sediments and plants (Wild et al., 1992; tors to the milk of 1.5% ,1.9% and 0.2%, respectively (Grova Bryselbout et al., 2000; Juhasz et Naidu, 2000, Amellal et al., et al., 2002b). A recent study focused on the transfer and metab- 2006). The potential carcinogenicity of PAHs is well known, olism of phenanthrene in lactating goats allowed the detection and the ingestion of contaminated food is considered to be the and identification of the native compound and its metabolites main source of human exposure (IARC, 1983). Consumers in various compartments such as plasma, excretion products, might be exposed to PAHs by eating grilled or charred meats, and particularly in milk (Grova et al., 2005). In terms of food contaminated cereals, flour, bread and vegetables. New rules safety, knowledge of PAH metabolites’ levels in food is of some established in 2005 set the maximum levels for benzo(a)pyrene interest, as they appear to be more reactive than parent com- intakes at 5000 ng/kg in fish and meat products and at 1000 ng/ pounds in terms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (Denison kg in children’s foods. Currently, milk and dairy products rep- and Whitlock, 1995; Uno et al., 2001) or endocrine disruption resent more than 406 kg/eq/year and there is no legislation reg- (Fertuck et al., 2001; van de Wiele et al., 2005; van Lipzig et al., ulating PAHs and benzo(a)pyrene in particular. Several studies 2005). Unfortunately, these results do not correlate to the achieved in environmental conditions show that PAHs can be potential chronic exposure of animals by ingestion of contam- excreted in the milk of ruminants (Husain et al., 1997; Grova inated ground and fodders (Crépineau et al., 2003). This study et al., 2000, 2002a; Feidt et al., 2005). performed on transfer and metabolism of PAHs in lactating Studies to investigate the transfer of these pollutants in lac- goats will contribute to the evaluation of the effect of chronic tating ruminants have previously been carried out according to exposure to PAH mixture on milk contamination and give new various modalities. West and Horton (1976) evaluated the insight into the form (parent or metabolised molecule) trans- transfer factor of 14-C benzo(a)pyrene at 0.01% in milk after ferred to the milk. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Current address: Laboratoire National de Santé, Institute of Immunology, PO Box 1102, 1011 Luxembourg. Article published by EDP Sciences and available at http://www.edpsciences.org/agro or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2006019 196 N. Grova et al. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quentin Fallavier, France) and major monohydroxylated metabolites: 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH Fluo), 3-hydroxyphen- 2.1. Animals anthrene (3-OH Phe) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH Pyr) from Chiron (Trondheim, Norway), were determined as follows. The Three Alpine goats (50 ± 5 kg; second and third lactations, 3-OH B(a)P is considered as the most abundant metabolite of second month post-partum) from the herd of the “Domaine B(a)P, which is the reference of PAH toxicity. The 1-OH Pyr Expérimental de la Bouzule” (Champenoux, France) were used was selected as the usual indicator of environmental contami- for this experiment as a model of the lactating ruminant. They received a seven-day adaptation period within individual nation (Jacob and Seidel, 2002). The 3-OH Phe is known to be boxes. Ambient temperature was close to 22 °C and natural the major metabolite excreted in goat's milk (Grova et al., light conditions prevailed. The animals were mechanically 2005). Moreover, the choice of the 2-OH Fluo enables us to milked twice a day, and the average milk production during the consider a decreasing number of benzene cycles. seven days before the experiment was 2.5 ± 0.8 L/day. The goats Prior to extraction, 10 mL of milk fortified with several inter- were fed with meadow hay, water and mineral salt ad libitum nal standards (d10-Phe, d10-Pyr and d12-perylene, Interchim, and received a concentrate ration twice a day (at 8 am and 5 Montluçon, France) was adjusted to pH 5.7 with 100 µL of gla- pm) consisting of dehydrated fodder beet (1100 g), crushing cial acetic. Deconjugation was performed with 3750 units of maize (400 g), soya meal (200 g) and dehydrated alfalfa purified Helix pomatia juice (Biosepra, Villeneuve-la- (800 g). The diet composition was established to meet the Garenne, France) and milk samples were incubated for 16 hours maintenance and milk production (about 3 L/day) needs of the at 37 °C to induce hydrolysis of glucuronide and sulphate con- lactating ruminants (INRA, 1988). Measurements of the pro- jugates of hydroxymetabolites. Samples were then shaken with duction (mL), protein level (g/L) and fat level (g/L) were per- 20 mL cyclohexane/ethyl acetate (50:50, v/v; SDS, Peypin, formed every week in order to verify the quality of the milk. France) for 30 minutes. After centrifugation (15 min at 1000 g) the supernatant was evaporated. Residues were dissolved in 3 mL cyclohexane and applied onto an Envi-Chrom P SPE 2.2. Experimental design (Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer resin, Envi Chrom P: The animal protocol was in accordance with the general 0.5 g) column previously conditioned with water, methanol and guidelines of the Council of European Communities (1986, cyclohexane (SDS, Peypin, France). After rinsing with 3 mL No. 86/609/CEE) and the French Animal Care Guidelines. A cyclohexane, PAHs were eluted with 12 mL cyclohexane/ethyl control sample of milk was collected from each goat three days acetate (50:50, v/v). After evaporation to dryness, 2 mL before starting the daily administration of PAHs. After morning cyclohexane and 2 mL methanol/water (80:20, v/v) were milking, each animal received 2 mL of vegetal oil (ISIO 4, added, mixed for 30 seconds, and the cyclohexane phase was Lesieur, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France) containing 1 mg of each extracted after centrifugation (1000 g, 5 min). The methanol/ PAH (0.02 mg/kg of body weight) for 28 consecutive days. water phase was washed again with 2 mL cyclohexane, centri- PAHs were directly administered into the mouth of the animal fuged (1000 g, 5 min) and the cyclohexane layer was added to with a syringe.
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