DOCSLIB.ORG

Observing Changes in Lake Level and Glacial Thickness on the Tibetan Plateau with the Icesat Laser Altimeter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Observing Changes in Lake Level and Glacial Thickness on the Tibetan Plateau with the Icesat Laser Altimeter Observing changes in lake level and glacial thickness on the Tibetan Plateau with the ICESat laser altimeter Vu Hien Phan Observing changes in lake level and glacial thickness on the Tibetan Plateau with the ICESat laser altimeter Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op Maandag 26 January 2015 om 15:00 uur door Vu Hien PHAN Master of Engineering in Mapping, Remote Sensing and GIS Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam geboren te Sa Dec, Vietnam. - i - Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promoto: Prof. dr. M. Menenti Copromotor: Dr. R.C. Lindenbergh Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus, voorzitter Prof. dr. M. Menenti Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor Dr. R.C. Lindenbergh Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. dr. M. Scaloni Tongji University Prof. dr. ir. Z. Su Universiteit Twente Prof. dr. ir. N.C. van de Giesen Technische Universiteit Delft Dr. J. Kropacek Universität Tübingen Dr. N. Gourmelen The University of Edinburgh Prof. dr. W.G.M. Bastiaanssen Technische Universiteit Delft, reservelid Copyright 2015 by Vu Hien Phan. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior permission of the author. ISBN 978-94-6186-426-0 Author email: [email protected] or [email protected] - ii - Preface Many people contributed to the successful completion of this thesis in different ways. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all of them. Firstly, I am extremely grateful to my co-promoter Dr. Roderik Lindenbergh. You were always there to help and support me whenever I ran into a problem. I think your support and commitment during my study made other PhDs jealous in our section. In our weekly meetings, you always had excellent advice to give on my technical problems. I really appreciate your patience in correcting my English writing and the constructive feedback on how to write an effective article. Thank you for all your help and support to extend my knowledge and experiences in research. Secondly, I would like to thank Prof. Massimo Menenti, for providing me with the opportunity to carry out my research and for your continuous support. With the extensive knowledge, you always gave me helpful ideas and provided me with clear and in-depth answers to my scientific and technical problems. Also, I would like to thank you for the constructive criticisms and relevant comments on the content of this dissertation. I want to thank the Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training and the CEOP- AEGIS project on the Hydrology and Climatology of the Tibetan Plateau, project no. 212921 of the European Commission FP7 program for funding this research. Furthermore, I wish to thank my friends at the OLRS section: Ali Mousivand, Hamid Reza Ghafarian Malamiri, and Seyed Enayat Hosseini Aria for sharing knowledge and experiences in studying and living in Delft and contributed to a nice and enjoyable life at TUDelft. I am thankful to Lidwien De Jong, for all the support to process a lot of documents in regularization enthusiastically. I am also very grateful to Vietnamese students and all other colleagues here at TU Delft. I am indebted to my mother in law for having taken care of my daughter in Vietnam, to my lovely wife for being sympathetic and encouraging to me, and to my beautiful daughter for still recognizing and loving me. Last but not least, I wish to thank my lovely family and friends for their support and encouragement. - iii - - iv - Table of content Preface .......................................................................................................... iii Table of content .............................................................................................. v Abbreviations ................................................................................................ ix Summary ....................................................................................................... xi Samenvatting................................................................................................ xv Tóm tắt ......................................................................................................... xix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 1.1. The water balance of the Tibetan Plateau ............................................... 2 1.2. ICESat laser altimetry ............................................................................... 6 1.3. Research question ................................................................................... 8 1.4. Methodology ........................................................................................... 8 1.5. Organization of this thesis ....................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. EXPLOITED REMOTE SENSING DATA ............................................. 11 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 12 2.2. ICESat/GLAS data ................................................................................... 12 2.2.1. ICESat mission .................................................................................. 12 2.2.2. GLAS data products .......................................................................... 16 2.2.3. ICESat GLA14 land surface elevation data ....................................... 16 2.3. Other remote sensing products ............................................................. 20 2.3.1. GLIMS / CAREERI glacier mask ......................................................... 20 2.3.2. MODIS land-water mask .................................................................. 22 2.3.3. SRTM DEM ....................................................................................... 23 2.3.4. HydroSHEDS hydrographic data ....................................................... 23 2.3.5. Landsat TM images .......................................................................... 24 2.4. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 25 Chapter 3. ASSESSING GLACIAL THICKNESS CHANGES AT THE TIBETAN PLATEAU USING ICESAT LASER ALTIMETRY .................................................................. 27 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 28 3.2. Methodology ......................................................................................... 29 3.2.1. Estimating surface slope and roughness from SRTM DEM .............. 30 - v - 3.2.2. Determining a sampled glacial area ................................................. 32 3.2.3. Identifying a glacial elevation difference ......................................... 32 3.2.4. Different settings with respect to slope and roughness ................... 34 3.2.5. Obtaining mean glacial elevation differences .................................. 35 3.2.6. Estimating a temporal glacial thickness change trend ..................... 36 3.3. Results .................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1. Overall glacial thickness changes: Tibetan Plateau and its basins ... 40 3.3.2. Impact of orientation on glacial thickness change ........................... 42 3.4. Discussion .............................................................................................. 45 3.4.1. Exploring terrain surface criteria ...................................................... 45 3.4.2. State of the GLIMS glacier mask ....................................................... 47 3.4.3. Glacial thickness changes for sub-regions ........................................ 48 3.4.4. Representativeness of an observed glacial area .............................. 50 3.5. Conclusions ............................................................................................ 51 Chapter 4. ESTIMATING ANNUAL LAKE LEVEL TRENDS ON THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ...................................................................................................... 53 4.1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 54 4.2. Methodology .......................................................................................... 56 4.3. Results .................................................................................................... 59 4.3.1. Annual lake level trends all over the Tibetan Plateau ...................... 59 4.3.2. Case studies: comparing GLAS results to LEGOS data ...................... 63 4.4. Discussion .............................................................................................. 64 4.4.1. Disadvantages of the supporting image data: the 250 m MODIS land-water mask and Landsat data ............................................................. 65 4.4.2. Anomalies in the candidate ICESat lake elevations .......................... 65 4.4.3. Determining the threshold value in the RANSAC algorithm ............. 66 4.4.4. Link to physical processes ................................................................. 66 4.5. Conclusions ...........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • High-Temporal-Resolution Water Level and Storage Change Data Sets for Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau During 2000–2017 Using Mult
    Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 1603–1627, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1603-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. High-temporal-resolution water level and storage change data sets for lakes on the Tibetan Plateau during 2000–2017 using multiple altimetric missions and Landsat-derived lake shoreline positions Xingdong Li1, Di Long1, Qi Huang1, Pengfei Han1, Fanyu Zhao1, and Yoshihide Wada2 1State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China 2International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria Correspondence: Di Long ([email protected]) Received: 21 February 2019 – Discussion started: 15 March 2019 Revised: 4 September 2019 – Accepted: 22 September 2019 – Published: 28 October 2019 Abstract. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), known as Asia’s water tower, is quite sensitive to climate change, which is reflected by changes in hydrologic state variables such as lake water storage. Given the extremely limited ground observations on the TP due to the harsh environment and complex terrain, we exploited multiple altimetric mis- sions and Landsat satellite data to create high-temporal-resolution lake water level and storage change time series at weekly to monthly timescales for 52 large lakes (50 lakes larger than 150 km2 and 2 lakes larger than 100 km2) on the TP during 2000–2017. The data sets are available online at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.898411 (Li et al., 2019). With Landsat archives and altimetry data, we developed water levels from lake shoreline posi- tions (i.e., Landsat-derived water levels) that cover the study period and serve as an ideal reference for merging multisource lake water levels with systematic biases being removed.
    [Show full text]
  • Acknowledgements
    Acknowledgements First of all, I sincerely thank all the people I met in Lisbon that helped me to finish this Master thesis. Foremost I am deeply grateful to my supervisor --- Prof. Ana Estela Barbosa from LNEC, for her life caring, and academic guidance for me. This paper will be completed under her guidance that helped me in all the time of research and writing of the paper, also. Her profound knowledge, rigorous attitude, high sense of responsibility and patience benefited me a lot in my life. Second of all, I'd like to thank my Chinese promoter professor Xu Wenbin, for his encouragement and concern with me. Without his consent, I could not have this opportunity to study abroad. My sincere thanks also goes to Prof. João Alfredo Santos for his giving me some Portuguese skill, and teacher Miss Susana for her settling me down and providing me a beautiful campus to live and study, and giving me a lot of supports such as helping me to successfully complete my visa prolonging. Many thanks go to my new friends in Lisbon, for patiently answering all of my questions and helping me to solve different kinds of difficulties in the study and life. The list is not ranked and they include: Angola Angolano, Garson Wong, Kai Lee, David Rajnoch, Catarina Paulo, Gonçalo Oliveira, Ondra Dohnálek, Lu Ye, Le Bo, Valentino Ho, Chancy Chen, André Maia, Takuma Sato, Eric Won, Paulo Henrique Zanin, João Pestana and so on. This thesis is dedicated to my parents who have given me the opportunity of studying abroad and support throughout my life.
    [Show full text]
  • Motorcycle Tour Tibet and Everest on a BMW Motorcycle Tour Tibet and Everest on a BMW
    Motorcycle tour Tibet and Everest on a BMW Motorcycle tour Tibet and Everest on a BMW durada dificultat Vehicle de suport 9 días Normal-Hard Si Language guia en Si Do you want to shoot for one of the most mysterious and incredible places on the planet? We offer you the opportunity to ride it on a BMW Gs This route of 10 days, 6 of them on a motorcycle, will not leave you indifferent ... You will be able to see how small one feels in the Himalayas ... We will arrive at the base camp of Everest , we will enjoy the capital, Lhasa, its people, its gastronomy, its amazing landscapes, the Potala temple and much more ... In order to carry out this route, we need at least a group of 4 riders Prices are based on groups of 6 ... If the group is 4 or 5 there will be a small supplement itinerari 1 - - Lhasa - Welcome to Tibet, the Roof of the World! Your journey begins at Lhasa where you will be met by your tour guide at the airport and escorted to the hotel. You will have the rest of the day to explore the city on your own and acclimatize to the high altitude. Tips of the day: As part of the acclimatization, we recommend that you avoid strenuous exercise and even bathing. It is best to take it easy, drink plenty of water and rest as much as possible. Overnight 2 - Lhasa - Lhasa - 0 km We will apply for your temporary driving lisence in the morning and then we will start today’s Lhasa exploration with an exciting visit to iconic Potala Palace, regarded as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world.In addition,you will also visit Jokhang Temple which is considered the spiritual heart of Tibetan Buddhism.Our visit will not be completed without walking Barkhor Street, the ancient route to circumambulate Jokhang Temple.The last site of the day will be the famous Sear Monastery,where you will have the opportunity to observe monks debating in a courtyard as they have done for hundreds of years.
    [Show full text]
  • Tibet Is My Country
    TIBET IS MY COUNTRY The Autobiography of TIHUBTEN JIGME NORBU Brother of the Dalai Lama as told to HEINRICH HARRER Translated from the German by EDWARD FITZGERALD E. P. DUTTON & CO., INC. NEW YORK 1981 First published in the U.S.A., 1961, by E. P. Dutton 81 Co., Inc. English Translation copyright, 0, 1960 by E. P. Dutton and Co., Inc., New York, and Rupert Hart-Davis Ltd., London. All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. FIRST EDITION (i No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper or broadcast. First piiblished in Germany under the title of TIBET VERLORENE HEIMAT original edition 0, 1960 by Verlag Ullstein GmbH Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-5040 TO HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMA IN RESPECT AND FRATERNAL LOVE The Tibetan Calendar 1927 Fire-Hare Year 1957 Fire-Bird Year 1928 Earth-Dragon Year 1958 Earth-Dog Year 1929 Earth-Snake Year 1959 Earth-Pig Year 1930 Iron-Horse Year 1960 Iron-Mouse Year 1931 Iron-Sheep Year 1961 Iron-Bull Year 1932 Water-Ape Year 1962 Water-Tiger Year 1933 Water-Bird Year 1963 Water-Hare Year 1934 Wood-Dog Year 1964 Wood-Dragon Year 1935 Wood-Pig Year 1965 Wood-Snake Year 1936 Fire-Mouse Year 1966 Fire-Horse Year 1937 Fire-Bull Year 1967 Fire-Sheep Year 1938 Earth-Tiger Year I 968 Earth-Ape Year 1939 Earth-Hare Year 1969 Earth-Bird Year I 940 Iron-Dragon Year I 970 Iron-Dog Year 1941 Iron-Snake Year I 97I Iron-Pig
    [Show full text]
  • 1 2 3 4 Argentina Jose Luis Urbaitel, Atardecer En Las Ruinas a X Jose
    1 - 10th EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHY "ECOLOGICAL TRUTH 2015 - ZAJECAR" 2 - 3rd EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHY "ECOLOGICAL TRUTH 2015 – NOVA GORICA" 3 - 3rd EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHY 1 2 3 4 "ECOLOGICAL TRUTH 2015 – BANJA LUKA" 4 - 3rd EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHY "ECOLOGICAL TRUTH 2015 – SOFIA" Argentina A x Jose Luis Urbaitel, atardecer en las ruinas Jose Luis Urbaitel, ramas secas A x x x Jose Luis Urbaitel, laguna circular A x x Jose Luis Urbaitel, fantasmal A x x x Jose Luis Urbaitel, laguna de los tres B x Jose Luis Urbaitel, colonia de penachos B x Jose Luis Urbaitel, a dentellada limpia B x Jose Luis Urbaitel, tronco guia C x Jose Luis Urbaitel, dona pacha C x x Jose Luis Urbaitel, letania pueblerina D x x Australia A x Alan Twells, jewel Alan Twells, water dragon B x x Alan Twells, goth C x Alan Twells, newborn C x Alex Hunter, the invasion A x x Alex Hunter, into the eye A x Alex Hunter, oh he is coming back B x x x Alex Hunter, the way B x x Alex Hunter, battle damaged croc B x x Alex Hunter, dragonfly touchdown B x x Alex Hunter, graham blacksmith C x x Alex Hunter, warrens afternoon beer C x x x x Alex Hunter, the lady in the straw hat C x x x x Alex Hunter, larry no.2 D x x x x Alex Hunter, david on the track D x x x x Alex Hunter, jarrad D x x x x Alex Hunter, the magic moment D x x Annette Wood, will we make it thru A x Annette Wood, storm surge A x Annette Wood, polluted waterway A x Annette Wood, spoonbill landing B x x Annette Wood, sea eagle eating B x Annette Wood, coastal fox B x Annette Wood, clothed in sackcloth C x x x x
    [Show full text]
  • Private Tibet Ground Tour
    +65 9230 4951 PRIVATE TIBET GROUND TOUR 2 to go Tibet Trip. We have different routes to suit your time and budget. Let me hear you! We can customise the itinerary JUST for you! CLASSIC 12 DAYS TIBET TOUR DAY 1 Take the QINGZANG train from Chengdu to Lhasa, Tibet. QINGZANG Train. DAY Train will pass by Qinghai Plateau and then Kekexili, the Tibet region. The train will supply oxygen from 2 now on, stay relax if you feel unwell as this is normal phenomenon. Arrive in Lhasa, Tibet. Your driver will welcome you at the train station and send you to your hotel. DAY 3 Accommodation：Hotel ZhaXiQuTa or Equivalent (Standard Room) Lhasa Visit Potala Palace in the morning. Potala Palace , was the residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th DAY Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. It is now a museum and World Heritage Site. Then visit Jokhang Temple, the oldest temple in Lhasa. In the afternoon, you may wander around Bark- 4 hor Street. Here you may find variety of stalls and pilgrims. Accommodation：Hotel ZhaXiQuTa or Equivalent (Standard Room) © 2019 The Wandering Lens. All Rights Reserved. +65 9230 4951 PRIVATE TIBET GROUND TOUR Lhasa DAY Drepung Monastery, located at the foot of Mount Gephel, is one of the "great three" Gelug university 5 gompas of Tibet. Then we will visit Sera Monastery. Accommodation：Hotel ZhaXiQuTa or Equivalent (Standard Room) Lhasa—Yamdrok Lake—Gyantse County—Shigatse Yamdrok Lake is a freshwater lake in Tibet, it is one of the three largest sacred lakes in Tibet.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the State of the Environment in China 2016
    2016 The 2016 Report on the State of the Environment in China is hereby announced in accordance with the Environmental Protection Law of the People ’s Republic of China. Minister of Ministry of Environmental Protection, the People’s Republic of China May 31, 2017 2016 Summary.................................................................................................1 Atmospheric Environment....................................................................7 Freshwater Environment....................................................................17 Marine Environment...........................................................................31 Land Environment...............................................................................35 Natural and Ecological Environment.................................................36 Acoustic Environment.........................................................................41 Radiation Environment.......................................................................43 Transport and Energy.........................................................................46 Climate and Natural Disasters............................................................48 Data Sources and Explanations for Assessment ...............................52 2016 On January 18, 2016, the seminar for the studying of the spirit of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee was opened in Party School of the CPC Central Committee, and it was oriented for leaders and cadres at provincial and ministerial
    [Show full text]
  • 2011, Volume 20, Number 1
    Winter 2011 Volume 20, Number 1 Sakyadhita International Association of Buddhist Women TABLE OF CONTENTS Sharing Impressions, Meeting Expectations: Evaluating the 12th Sakyadhita Conference Titi Soentoro The Question of Lineage in Tibetan Buddhism: A Woman’s Perspective Jetsunma Tenzin Palmo Lipstick Buddhists and Dharma Divas: Buddhism in the Most Unlikely Packages Lisa J. Battaglia The Anti-Virus Enlightenment Hyunmi Cho Risks and Opportunities of Scholarly Engagement with Buddhism Christine Murphy SHARING IMPRESSIONS, MEETING EXPECTATIONS Evaluating the 12th Sakyadhita Conference Grace Schireson in Interview By Titi Soentoro Janice Tolman Full Ordination for Women and It was a great joy to be among such esteemed scholars, nuns, and laywomen at the 12th Sakyadhita the Fourfold Sangha International Conference on Buddhist Women held in Bangkok from June 12 to 18, 2011. It felt like such Santacitta Bhikkhuni an honor just to be in their company. This feeling was shared by all the participants. Around the general A SeeSaw theme, “Leading to Liberation, the conference addressed many issues of Buddhist women, including Wendy Lin issues that people don’t generally associate with Buddhist women, such as the environment and LGBTQ concerns. Sakyadhita in Cyberspace: Sakyadhita and the Social Media At the end of the conference, participants were asked to share their feelings and insights, and to Revolution offer suggestions for the next Sakyadhita Conference. The evaluations asked which aspects they enjoyed Charlotte B. Collins the most and the least, which panels and workshops they learned the most from, and for suggestions for themes and topics for the next Sakyadhita Conference in India. In many languages, participants shared A Tragic Episode Rebecca Paxton their reflections on all aspects of the conference Further Reading What Participants Appreciated Most Overall, respondents found the conference very interesting and enjoyable.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecological Water Demand in the Typical Polder of Dongting Lake
    EGU2020-7057 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-7057 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Ecological water demand in the typical polder of Dongting Lake Yi Cai1, Lihua Tang2, Dazuo Tian3, and Xiaoyi Xu4 1Tsinghua University, Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources (IHWR), Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Beijing,China ([email protected]) 2Tsinghua University, Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources (IHWR), Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Beijing,China ([email protected]) 3Hunan Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research，Changsha Hunan,China([email protected]) 4Hunan Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research，Changsha Hunan,China([email protected]) Dongting Lake is the largest lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in China. After the completion of the Three Gorges Project, the relationship between the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake has a significant change with the decreased diversion ratio. Besides, due to the overexploitation of local human activities, some dry-up reaches appeared in the Dongting Lake region, especially in the polders with high strength human activities. In order to scientifically understand the evolution law of water resources in those protective embankments in lakeside areas, and understand the relationship between human activities and ecosystem stability, the study works on the ecological water demand that coupled with the ecological capacity of the environment. As a typical polder, the Yule polder is selected as a case study in the Dongting Lake region. The objective is to obtain the ecological water demand process which can maintain the requirements of water quantity and quality of water to maintain water ecological needs under the condition of significant human impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Dongting Lake Newsletter, July 2020
    Dongting Lake Newsletter July 2020 - Issue #5 © FAO © Protection and Management Progress Review of 2019 Winter GCP/CPR/043/GFF Highlights Officer of the Asia-Pacific Regional Office of Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1. The fourth Project Steering Committee meeting was (FAO), Yao Chunsheng, Global Environment Facility successfully held in Changsha. (GEF) Project Officer of the FAO China Office, Deng Weiping, Director of Finance Department of Hunan 2. The Management Plan of four Nature Reserves in Province, Tang Yu, Director of Department of Dongting Lake has been drafted. Ecological Environment of Hunan Province, other members of the Project Steering Committee, and 3. The capacity building for staff of Project Management representatives of project technical experts participated Office (PMO) and four Nature Reserves has been gradually in the meeting. enhanced. The agenda of the meeting includes: 1) review the project 4. The international and domestic exchange activities and work in 2019; 2) arrange the work plan and budget trainings have been carried out. for 2020; 3) discuss financial management, mid- term evaluation of the project, and promotion of 5. Publicity and promotion activities proceed steadily. project achievements; 4) review the progress made by community co-management; 5) discuss the compilation 1. PROJECT MANAGEMENT of teaching materials for biodiversity conservation in Dongting Lake. 1.1 Fourth Meeting of Project Steering Participants also carried out on-site investigation Committee on ecological fishery in Qingshan Island and bird- friendly comprehensive agriculture co-management In January 2020, the fourth Project Steering model in Yueyang County. Committee meeting of the project was held in Changsha, Hunan Province.
    [Show full text]
  • Lhasa Kailash Everest Base Camp Tour
    Lhasa Kailash Everest Base Camp Tour Lhasa Kailash Everest Base Camp Tour starts driving from Kathmandu. 17 days tour is complete package covers major attraction of central and western Tibet. Reaching at base camp of world’s highest peak Everest, holy Lake Manasarovar and pilgrimage site Mount Kailash, Historical cities of Tibet, Lhasa, Shigatse and Ghyantse are major visit of this tour. Trip is comfortable driving in well paved road at highest land of Tibet. 3 days of trekking around Mount Kailash is the adventure time of the trip crossing with Dolama La pass of 5637 miter. Breathtaking Himalaya’s range of Nepal and Tibet will view from several highest passes. Historical and oldest Monasteries like Ronbuk near at Everest Base Camp, Chui at near Manasarovar, Milereppa cave near Nyalam are also listed of the tour. Second largest monastery Tashilampo in Shigatse, fresh and natural Lake Manasarovar and Yamdrok Lake gives you really a meaning of choosing this tour. Beside that world famous Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Norbulinka Palace, Sera Monastery in Lhasa make this tour unforgettable. Itinerary of Lhasa Kailash Everest Base Camp Tour can be customized. You can directly reach at Lhasa and end your tour in Lhasa. Driving in from Kathmandu and taking another way flight from Lhasa or vice versa is also the option. You also can add Guge Kingdom in this tour itinerary. Trip Highlights Trip Fact Total Duration:17 Days Manasarovar and Mount Kailash Destination: Tibet Trip Grade: Moderate Transportation: Private Transportation Lhasa in Shigatse and Yamdrok Lake Accommodation: Hotel and Guest Houses on the way to Lhasa Max.
    [Show full text]
  • Speciation of Trace Elements in Sediments from Dongting Lake, Central China
    Water Pollution VIII: Modelling, Monitoring and Management 119 Speciation of trace elements in sediments from Dongting Lake, central China Z. G. Yao1, Z. Y. Bao1, 2, P. Gao3, J. L. Zhang1, Y. P. Guo1, Z. J. Hu3 & B. L. Li3 1State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China 2Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China 3Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China Abstract A BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure, with a sediment reference material (BCR701), was used in order to assess the environmental risk of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in contaminated sediment from Dongting Lake. The total metal content was determined as well. Dongting Lake, the second largest fresh-water lake in China, contains three China wetlands of international importance. In the Dongting Lake sediments, the trace elements (Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni) analyzed are mainly distributed in a residual phase at an average percentage greater than 60% of the total metals, especially 79% for Cr and 90% for Ni; but Pb in Fe/Mn oxhydroxides phase (59%) and Cd in soluble species and carbonates (51%). The potential risk to the lake’s water contamination was highest in East Dongting Lake based on the calculated contamination factors. Therefore, there is an urgent need to protect Dongting Lake from anthropogenic sources of pollution to reduce environmental risks. Keywords: Dongting Lake, sediment, geo-accumulation index, speciation, contamination factor, trace elements, major elements.
    [Show full text]