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The Influence of Bidens Tripartita Extracts on Psycho- Motor Abilities and Cognitive Functions in Rats

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The Influence of Bidens Tripartita Extracts on Psycho- Motor Abilities and Cognitive Functions in Rats FARMACIA, 2017, Vol. 65, 2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE THE INFLUENCE OF BIDENS TRIPARTITA EXTRACTS ON PSYCHO- MOTOR ABILITIES AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS IN RATS CĂTĂLINA ELENA LUPUȘORU1, ELIZA GRAȚIELA POPA2, RAUL BOGDAN SANDU1, BEATRICE ROZALINA BUCA1, LILIANA MITITELU-TARȚĂU1*, RAOUL VASILE LUPUȘORU3 “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115, Iași, Romania 1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology-Algesiology 2Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology 3Faculty of Medicine, Department of Patho-Physiology *corresponding author: [email protected] Manuscript received: June 2016 Abstract The aim of the present study was the investigation of the effects of two Bidens tripartita (B. tripartita) extracts on the spatial working memory in rat. The experiments were carried out on white Wistar rats (4 groups of 6 animals each), treated intraperitoneally, as follows: Group I (Control): saline solution 0.1 mL/10 g b.w.; Group II (BT-alcoholic): 200 mg/kg b.w. B. tripartita alcoholic extract; Group III (BT-aqueous): 250 mg/kg b.w. B. tripartita aqueous extract; Group IV (Mg): 1 mmol/kg b.w. magnesium chloride. The effects on the psycho-motor abilities and cognitive functions were evaluated using the T-maze test, in order to investigate the influence of these two vegetal extracts on the short-term memory of laboratory animals. B. tripartita aqueous extract determined a significant increase of the spontaneous alternation percentage, but less accentuated than magnesium in the T-maze test in rats. The administration of B. tripartita alcoholic extract was associated with a significant augmentation of the spontaneous alternation rate, but less intense than those produced by the aqueous extract in this behavioural model. The treatment with both B. tripartita aqueous and alcoholic extracts resulted in a facilitation of spatial learning, an improvement of the short-term memory and a weak anxiolytic effect in rat. Rezumat Scopul prezentului studiu a fost investigarea efectelor a două extracte de Bidens triparita (B. tripartita) asupra memoriei spațiale de lucru la șobolan. Experimentele s-au efectuat pe șobolani albi Wistar (4 grupe a câte 6 animale fiecare), tratate intraperitoneal, astfel: Lot I (Control): ser fiziologic 0,1 mL/10 g; Lot II (BT-alcoolic): 200 mg/kgc extract alcoolic de B. tripartita; Lot III (BT-apos): 250 mg/kgc extract apos de B. tripartita; Lot IV (Mg): 1 mmol/kgc clorură de magneziu. Efectele asupra abilităților psihomotorii și a funcțiilor cognitive au fost evaluate utilizând testul T-maze, pentru a investiga influența acestor două extracte vegetale asupra memoriei de scurtă durată la animalele de laborator. Extractul apos de B. tripartita a determinat o creștere semnificativă a procentului de alternare spontană, dar mai puțin accentuată decât magneziul la testul T-maze la șobolan. Administrarea extractului alcoolic de B. tripartita s-a asociat cu mărirea semnificativă a procentului de alternare spontană, dar mai puțin intens decât efectul produs de extractul apos în acest model de comportament. Tratamentul cu ambele extracte, apos și alcoolic de B. tripartita, a determinat facilitarea învățării spațiale, îmbunătățirea memoriei de scurtă durată și un slab efect anxiolitic la șobolan. Keywords: Bidens tripartita, behaviour, T-maze, rat, cognitive functions Introduction medicinal herbs, about 35000 plant species being in use at present [12]. Plants have developed many The active principles existing in various plants protective mechanisms against pests and infection possess the ability to equilibrate the endocrine and in the form of phytonutrients. These defences are immune systems activity. Moreover, they help the better developed in edible plants, due to selective body to maintain the optimal homeostasis and to adaptive pressures necessary to resist pests, infections, control or stabilize organ and system functions and variable climate conditions [25]. within the organism [12]. Also, these active compounds Bidens tripartita is an herb of the genus Bidens, mediate the body response to stress (physical, Compositae, Asteroideae subfamily. It is an annual environmental, psychological) and help control the flowering plant, known under various popular interrelations between endocrine, immune, and names such as: Bur Marigold, Three-lobe Beggarticks, nervous systems [1]. Threelobe Beggarticks, Three-part Beggarticks, Statistical data show that almost 80% of the world's Leafy-bracted Beggarticks. It grows in wet places, population depends basically on traditional herb such as the edges of ponds, streams and ditches or in medicine. Most of these natural remedies consist of any running water, in humid to wet soil with lots of 284 FARMACIA, 2017, Vol. 65, 2 sun. The plant grows from July to September, blooming chloride. The retained doses of B. tripartita extracts in numerous solitary bright yellow flowers [26]. administered were 1/20 of the LD50. Magnesium The phytochemical analysis of different parts of was used as a positive control drug, with known this plant has revealed the presence of flavonoids, effects of improving spatial memory performances coumarines, xanthophylls, volatile oil, acetylenes and learning capacities in laboratory animals [23]. and polyacetylenes, sterols, aurones, chalcones, The present study and also the previous studies we caffeine and tannins [7, 20]. From these active have performed, involve investigations in order to principles, two main present groups were proved to reveal the main characteristics exhibited by Bidens possess curative properties: polyacetylenes, which tripartita extracts, which are not yet validated. inhibit numerous pathogenic organisms and Standard laboratory food and tap water were freely flavonoids, which decrease inflammatory reactions available, except during the time of the experiments. [11, 13]. The antimicrobial activity of Bidens Before the experiment, the rats were placed on a tripartita is supposed to be also connected with the raised wire mesh under a clear plastic box and presence of phenylheptatriyne, linolic acid and allowed for 2 hours to acclimate to the testing room. linolenic acid. The existence of another active The T-maze assay compound (friedelin) was associated with the anti- To assess the possible involvement of B. tripartita inflammatory activity of this plant [22]. extracts in the maintenance of spatial cognition, the Bidens tripartita is a popular herb in ancient present study investigated their effects on rat Chinese, African, Caribbean and Peruvian memory performance on a T-maze assay (Panlab medicine, appreciated for its antiseptic, astringent, Harvard, USA) [2, 3]. The T-shaped maze consists diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, narcotic, of three plastic arms (30 cm long, respectively 10 cm sedative, anti-oxidant and sudorific properties [5, wide), whose walls show specific design all over 24]. Literature data show that in traditional the inner area, allowing the animals to distinguish medicine, infusions of B. tripartita are commonly one from another. This experimental model, together used in the treatment of catarrhal rhinitis, angina, with Y-maze and radial arm maze, belongs to a acute respiratory infection, and as an anti- group of behavioural tests used to evaluate the inflammatory remedies for colitis and gout [21]. capacity of the animal to remember the arm it had just explored and would therefore enter one of the Materials and Methods other arms of the device [14, 15]. Each animal was placed at the end of a start arm facing Plant material one back wall, and allowed to move unreservedly The plants were cut into smaller pieces and ground through the maze during an 8 minutes session. The to coarse powder using a blender. The powder was first 2 minutes were set for habituation and the last dissolved in absolute chloroform (96%) and re- 6 minutes for the alternation between arms, recorded extracted seven times. The extracted liquid was with photo beam breaks positioned at the midpoint filtered through filter paper, dried using a Rota- of each arm. Repeated activation of the same vapour device, followed by removal of residual detector was not considered as an arm-entry until the solvent smell from the dry extract by jet air. For detector in another arm was activated. Spontaneous obtaining the aqueous extract, the dried and alternation was defined as the entry in an arm that powdered vegetal product was extracted in boiling was least occupied recently. Alternation was defined water, left for cooling at the laboratory temperature as a consecutive entry in three different arms. The for 30 minutes, and filtered off thereafter, to obtain alternation percentage was computed according to the aqueous extract of plant. For the alcoholic the following formula [4]: extract, after complete drying, the product was consequently extracted seven times with ethanol, Number of alternations x 100/(total number of arm visits - 2) following the same method of evaporation. In the Latency to leave the start arm, latency of first arm final step the extract was weighed, packed in glass visit, number of arms visited, alternate arm returns, containers and stored in the laboratory refrigerator and same arm returns were also parameters that were for further research [27]. counted [8]. A video camera set over the device and Animals connected to a computer in another room was used The present experiment was carried out on white to allow us to evaluate the behaviour without male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) distributed into 4
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