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HMAP Dataset 11 Limfjord Fisheries Supporting Documentation

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HMAP Dataset 11 Limfjord Fisheries Supporting Documentation HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries HMAP Dataset 11 Limfjord Fisheries Supporting Documentation Page 1 of 9 HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries 1. Summary Dataset Title: Limfjord Fisheries Large Marine Ecosystem: 22: North Sea Subject: Catch & fishing effort in the Limfjord (Denmark), various species, 1667-2000 Data Provider: Bo Poulsen Dept of Environmental, Social & Spatial Change Roskilde University Denmark Email: [email protected] Data Editor: David J Starkey, MHSC, University of Hull [email protected] Extent: 899 records Keywords: Historical statistics; HMAP Data Pages; Limfjord Fisheries; catch per unit effort. Citation (a) The dataset: please cite as follows: B. Poulsen, ‘Limfjord Fisheries’, in D.J. Starkey & J.H. Nicholls (comp.) HMAP Data Pages (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap) (b) Supporting documentation: please cite as follows: B. Poulsen (ed.), ‘INCOFISH Dataset 51: Limfjord Fisheries, Supporting Documentation’, D.J. Starkey & J.H. Nicholls (comp.) HMAP (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap) Page 2 of 9 HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries 2. Research Context & Objectives The Limfjord is a stretch of water that runs east-west across the Jutland peninsula in Denmark. Prior to 1825 it was an estuary that only connected to the open sea at its eastern (Kattegat) end. However, during a winter storm in 1825, Agger Tange, an isthmus separating the Limfjord from the North Sea, was breached and salt water intruded into the erstwhile brackish fjord. This altered the salinity, hydrography and nutrient composition of the water and drastically changed the fjord’s fisheries. The research that generated Dataset 51 focuses on the long-term development of the herring fishery, the largest of the Limfjord’s fisheries in the early modern era. It seeks to establish whether the collapse of the herring fishery around 1830 was caused by the ‘Agger Breach’, as most commentators have assumed, by charting the pattern of herring catches and fishing effort from 1667 to 2000. Measuring these variables over a 340-year period not only indicates the degree to which herring stocks fluctuated over time, but also suggests that the Limfjord herring did not, as conventionally believed, collapse because of the ecological impact of the breach of Agger Tange. Rather, this research infers that commercial fishing activity greatly impaired herring reproduction - through damage inflicted by gear on eggs and spawning habitats, the capture of immature herring, and the overexploitation of adults. This is the first documented case in Denmark of the decisive impact that a pre-industrial fishery could have on a large marine resource. The case of the Limfjord herring fishery provides a series of historic baselines that can be used to assess the health of the herring population in the recent past. It also begs questions regarding the wider implications of overfishing, for the depletion of the herring stock encouraged Limfjord fishers to focus their effort on eel, oyster and other species. Assessing the impact of this shift is a further objective of this research effort. Dataset 51 also contains time series on catch and effort of the whitefish fishery in the Limfjord from 1812-1829, when the last whitefish were caught. The resident species is believed not to have survived the influx of salty water in the eastern half of the Limfjord, where this fishery took place. Finally the eel fisheries in the Limfjord, (1794-1853) are documented through effort data concerning the number of pound net licenses issued for use in the summer months, and the catch is reflected in export data from the town of Aalborg. Page 3 of 9 HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries 3. Primary Source Materials An array of archival and printed sources have been utilised to estimate the scale of the Limfjord herring fishery over the 1667-2000 period. While systematic registration of Denmark’s fish catches only began in the late nineteenth century, different kinds of proxy-data can be used to indicate the fluctuations that occurred in the fisheries. The custom records from the Limfjord town of Aalborg are available for most years between 1667 and 1835. From these sources, supplemented and tested by other records, an excellent set of proxy-data for the herring catch can be constructed for the Limfjord herring fishery down to the 1830s, when official enquiries into the collapse of catches generated further evidence of the scale of activity down to the late 1880s when the compilation of catch data in its modern form commenced. The methods applied to transform these primary source materials into valid historical evidence are detailed in Bo Poulsen, ‘On the Impact of Environmental Disasters: The Limfjord Herring Fishery before and After the Storm of 1825’, in D.J. Starkey & M. Hahn-Pedersen (eds), Bridging Troubled Waters: Conflict and Co-operation in the North Sea Region since 1550 (Esbjerg, 2005), 287-304. Following further data validation, results on the causes of the changes in the long term Limfjord ecosystem are presented in: Poulsen, B., Holm, P. and MacKenzie, B. R., 2007. ‘A long term (1667-1860) perspective on impacts of fishing and environmental variability on fisheries for herring, eel, and whitefish in the Limfjord, Denmark.’ Fisheries Research, Special Issue, vol 87 (2-3). Page 4 of 9 HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries 4. Metadata: Explanation of Data Fields The entries below are outlined as per the field headings of HMAP Dataset 51. An explanation is offered for each field in general terms, and also in dataset specific terms. ID ID is the unique, consecutive serial numbers for the complete HMAP database. InstitutionCode InstitutionCode is the name given to the overall project of which this Dataset forms a part (HMAP). CollectionCode CollectionCode is the specific HMAP project Dataset reference code (used for OBIS referencing purposes). DateLastModified This is the date when the data were last modified. CASE_STUDY CASE_STUDY is the location identifying description of the Dataset. In this instance: Limfjord Fisheries, North Sea / inland sea. DATASET DATASET is the HMAP project unique Dataset reference. PERIOD The Historical Period covered. ID_NUMBERS This field contains the range of record numbers shown in the ID field. REFERENCE REFERENCE refers to the source of records employed in the research. publication_date This is the date when the Dataset was published. GENERAL_DESCRIPTION This is a brief description of the Dataset. Citation Citation is the field where the formal attribution is shown for users of the HMAP Datasets to cite; it credits the researchers and editors of a Dataset together with its database compilers. This citation must be quoted whenever records are referenced or employed for any purpose. Please quote the relevant citation when using extracts or details from this Dataset: B. Poulsen, ‘Limfjord Fisheries’, in D.J. Starkey & J.H. Nicholls (comp.) HMAP Data Pages (www.hull.ac.uk/hmap) Page 5 of 9 HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries BasisOfRecord BasisOfRecord is the abbreviation applied that indicates whether the record is based on observations (O), living organisms (L), specimens (S), germplasm/seeds (G), photos (P), or from literature with original basis unknown (D); the HMAP value is generally 'O'. OCEAN_REGION This field indicates the specific Ocean Region where the Dataset research has been carried out. If this field shows 'None', then the research reflects activities carried out in non-seaward locations (e.g. in rivers, weir fishing, etc.). In this Dataset, the North East Atlantic region was researched. LME This field indicates the name of the Ecosystem where the record event occurred. To find out more about LMEs (which are confined to continental shelf regions) browse the Large Marine Ecosystem site (http://www.edc.uri.edu/lme/) where LME GIS data may be downloaded. In this Dataset, the North Sea region was researched. LME_NUMBER This field indicates the number of the LME that is shown in the previous field. In this Dataset, the LME number is 22. REGION This field indicates the specific region of the Dataset. GROUND The GROUND is the fishing ground(s) of dataset. LATITUDE The LATITUDE refers to a mean value of the species distribution from surveys and should be cross referenced with the LONGITUDE field for specific location determination. LAT_PRECISION This gives the actual precision of the calculated LATITUDE field. The available options are: Approx Approximate position Estimated Estimated position Exact Exact position Ground Centre Notional centre of the relevant fishing ground Unknown Position not known LONGITUDE The LONGITUDE refers to a mean value of the species distribution from surveys and should be cross referenced with the LATITUDE field for specific location determination. LON_PRECISION This gives the actual precision of the calculated LONGITUDE field. The available options are: Approx Approximate position Estimated Estimated position Exact Exact position Ground Centre Notional centre of the relevant fishing ground Unknown Position not known Page 6 of 9 HMAP Dataset 11: Limfjord Fisheries ST_YEAR This field refers to the start year of the beginning of the sampling. EN_YEAR This field refers to the end year of the end of the sampling. Unless the sampling spanned an extensive period, this value is usually the same as the ST_YEAR field entry. ST_DATE This field refers to the date observation commenced. EN_DATE This field refers to the date observation concluded. DAYS_FISHING This is the actual number of fishing days involved. ScientificName This field indicates the scientific name of the species under investigation which is linked to the INCOFISH related FISH BASE database containing detailed information about the species that were sampled. … SPECIES FIELDS… The following fields are included to add detail to the Species data: Subspecies GENUS SPECIES FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM KINGDOM AUTHOR HOME_PORT This is the home port of the fleet employed in the sampling. NATION The Nationality of the Fishing operation is indicated here. OPERATOR The name of the operator is indicated.
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