Situation of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Eradication Programs South America

SITUATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ERADICATION PROGRAMS

SOUTH AMERICA - 2002

PAN AMERICAN FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE CENTER Veterinary Public Health Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center Status of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Eradication Programs. South America, 2002. – Río de Janeiro: PANAFTOSA, 2003. 58p.: il. Includes annexes. 1. Foot-and-Mouth Disease – American. 2. Control plans and programs – American. I. Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, ed.

2 CONTENTS

Pág. 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

2. SITUATION OF THE COUNTRIES ...... 8 2.1 Southern Cone Argentina ...... 8 Brasil ...... 9 Chile ...... 11 Paraguay ...... 12 Uruguay ...... 14 2.2 Área Andina Bolívia ...... 16 Colombia ...... 17 Ecuador ...... 19 Peru ...... 20 Venezuela ...... 22 2.3 Amazon Basin and Guyanas Amazon Basin ...... 24 Guyana ...... 25

3. CONTINENTAL INFORMATION AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR VESICULAR DISEASES ...... 25 3.1 Information coverage ...... 25 3.2 Opportunities of the weekly flow from the central unit of epidemiologic surveillance of the Continental System ...... 26 3.3 Surveillance at border areas ...... 26 3.4 Laboratory component in epidemiological surveillance of vesicular diseases ...... 27

4. TABLES ...... 29

3 4 STATUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ERADICATION PROGRAMS

SOUTH AMERICA, 2002

1. INTRODUCTION The operation of the Plan of Action of the The Hemispheric Plan for Eradication of Foot-and- Hemispheric Program for Eradication of Foot-and- Mouth Disease (PHEFA) started operating towards the Mouth Disease during l989-2000, caused various end of the 80s. Its action strategy was based on the changes in the epidemiological situation of the disease regional characterization of the productive systems in the region. and epidemiologic ecosystems of the disease. It was also based on social mobilization through the incorporation and participation of the livestock Table 1 breeders community and other actors of the productive Coverage of foot-and-mouth disease-free chain of the sector. Activities are carried out within countries or zones in South America. an official-private structure whose present and future usefulness in the attention to veterinary sanitary NUMBER OF NUMBER OF YEAR AREA situations has been confirmed. PROPERTIES BOVINES PHEFA considered within its specific objectives: 1988 1.984.883 171.648 4.888.545 a) To eradicate foot-and-mouth disease in the (11.35%) (3.49%) (1.72%) South American continent; 1999* 7.200.000 2.900.000 171.500.000 b) To prevent its introduction to existing free areas; (60%) (41%) (60%)

c) To prevent introduction of foot-and-mouth 2002 5.472.913 2.058.692 158.646.100 disease and other pathogenic agents in the new (32%) (43%) (52%) livestock areas through colonization, especially in the Amazon subregion, and at the same time * With no record foot-and-mouth disease in the last two or more years. to respect its ecologic integrity. and within its intermediate objectives: 1. To protect existing foot-and-mouth disease-free In 2000 the sanitary situation in South America, areas. specifically for foot-and-mouth disease, suffered 2. To create new free areas and to prevent its various changes affecting the success achieved until reintroduction. 1999. Towards the middle of 2000 notification is made 3. To use cattle from free areas or non-infected in the Southern Cone of viral activitity; of positive cattle for colonization of new cattle areas. serologic cases in Paraguay and some outbreaks in 4. To achieve an advanced control of the disease, Argentina, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Uruguay. In which is an epidemiological requirement prior 2001 the disease has epidemic characteristics in to eradication. Argentina and Uruguay and it is reintroduced in the 5. To create animal health infrastructure in regions State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This caused their with underdeveloped programs. loss of international recognition of foot-and-mouth 6. To eliminate endemic ecosystems. disease-free.

5 Table 2 Hemispheric program for eradication of foot-and-mouth disease eradication in South America. 1989-2000 - Southern Cone Subregion

INTERMEDIATE PROPOSED SITUATION SITUATION AREAS OBJECTIVES REACHED IN REACHED IN 1989-1994 1995-2000 1999 2000 Chile And Protection of Existing Free Free Preserved Free Preserved Patagônia Areas Areas Areas Argentina Mesopotamia Creation of Free Areas Loses Free Preserved Argentina and New Free Created and Recognition of Areas Uruguay Areas Preserved Free Area Rio Grande do Sul and Free Areas Free Areas Loses Santa Catarina, Advanced Created and Created and Recognition of Brazil Control Preserved Preserved Free Area and rest of Argentina Creation of Free Areas New Area Paraguay Advanced New Free Created and Created and Control Areas Preserved Preserved

Table 3 Hemispheric program for eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in South America. 1989-2000 - Andean Subregion

INTERMEDIATE PROPOSED OBJECTIVES SITUATION REACHED AREAS 1989-1994 1995-2000 IN 2000 Forest with incipient cattle breeding and Protection of Free Areas Free preserved areas North-West region of Colombia Perú maintains its free areas Perú and Atlantic Creation of Free Protection of free The Atlantic Coast of Coast of Colombia Areas areas Colombia is determined to be considered free with vaccination. Colombia and Venezuela and Venezuela consolidate Colombia (with control. exception of their Advanced Control Creation of free areas Ecuador and Bolivia flatlands), Ecuador restructure their and Bolivia programs. Colombia and Flatlands of Creation of structure Venezuela consolidate Colombia, Venezuela Advanced control for veterinary attention control. Bolivia and Bolivia restructures its program.

6 Table 4 Hemispheric program for eradication of foot-and-mouth disease eradication in South America. 1989-2000 - Amazon Subregion and Brazil

SITUATION REACHED INTERMEDIATE PROPOSED OBJECTIVES IN 2000 ÁREAS

1989-1994 1995-2000 Free preserved areas Guyana, French Protection of free Protection of free areas Guiana and Suriname areas Amazon areas of Deficient sanitary Colonization with cattle To create new free Bolivia, Perú and control on introduction from free areas areas Colombia of cattle There is infractructure Creation of Amazon States of for veterinary attention. infrastructure for Advanced control Brazil and Venezuela veterinary attention Venezuela consolidates control Advanced control Recognition of a free Creation of new free Non-Amazon Brazil Advanced control zone: Goiás, Mato areas Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Sao Paulo and Federal District

Revision and reformulation of the Plan of It is proposed to maintain regionalization of Action of PHEFA have been encouraged by the activities and strategies through a new qualification following factors: the situation caused by the of space bearing in mind present characteristics of development of the program in the epidemiologic the disease, the productive profile of regions and the outline and the organization of intercountry specificity of strategies to be applied. agreements; the deterioration in the timely flow Delimitation needs these spaces. Modification of of information between the services, hampering subregional projects within them, including the efficient performance of activities of implementation of new projects, must take in institutions and regional forums, and changes in consideration: the commercial flow due to the establishment of extensive disease-free regions, which have n new commercial circuits and the differential risk caused price differentials stimulating cattle for the diffusion of foot-and-mouth disease virus movement towards areas offering better sanitary generated from them; conditions. n the potentiality to enlarge or generate new free Lines of reference for the preparation of the plan regions; of action 2001-2009 bring the need for a new n the need of the free countries and areas to epidemiologic regionalization to define and execute demonstrate periodically their condition in a different action strategies; the strengthening of regional block; epidemiologic surveillance, the implementation of n sanitary heterogeneity found between regions animal health integrated plans at border areas; the or bordering subregions. maintenance of free areas with vaccination, and the comanagement of programs by the public and private Lines of action of PHEFA for 2001-2009 were sectors. presented for consideration at the XXVIII COSALFA

7 and VIII COHEFA and during 2002 the subregions 2. STATUS countries have prepared working documents which will later form the hemispheric program. 2.1 SOUTHERN CONE At the beginning of the 2001-2009 period, performance reports of the plan of action indicate the ARGENTINA following important advances for 2001: recognition General objectives of the National Plan for as foot-and-mouth disease-free area with vaccination Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease: of the Colombian Atlantic Coast and the States of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Sergipe, Mato Grosso do n To eradicate foot-and-mouth disease within its Sul, Bahia and Tocantins (with the exception of the national territory and to achieve international buffer zone bordering the infected area made up by recognition of this condition. the north and north-east livestock circuits), of Brazil. n In regard to foot-and-mouth disease to favor Guyana was recognized as a foot-and-mouth disease- the establishment of subregional blocks for free country without vaccination. international recognition as areas with sanitary The Commission of OIE for Foot-and-Mouth equivalence. Disease and other Epizooties, in its 70th Session recognized the South of Patagonia in Argentina as In order to achieve the proposed objectives of the foot-and-mouth disease-free without vaccination. On Plan, the National Direction of Animal Health modified November 29, 2002 it restored the condition of its operational structure and incorporated the general disease-free with vaccination to the States of Santa field coordination and 25 regional supervisors as Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. branch executors of the sanitary programs, ruled by Resolution No. 274/2002. SENASA, the Provinces and cattle breeders Table 5 represented at the National Commission of Foot-and- Mouth Disease, the Provincial Commissions for YEARS ADVANCES DETERIOROS Animal Health and Sanitary Entities at local level, Recognition of foot-and- Loss of foot-and-mouth

mouth disease-free area: disease-free condition: integrated the system for social and institutional participation with great success during the 90s. This * Atlantic Coast of Colombia system has been continued and was set in operation * States of Rio de with 360 local plans and 5,904 official agents. Janeiro, Espírito Santo, * States of Santa Sergipe, Mato Grosso Catarina and Rio At the beginning of 2002 pertinent documentation 2001 do Sul, Bahia and Grande do Sul, Brazil was presented to the Commission of Foot-and-Mouth Tocantins (except the * Argentina Disease and other Epizooties of the International buffer zone with north * Uruguay and north-east circuits), Office of Epizooties (OIE) to request recognition of in Brazil the South Patagonia Region as “Foot-and-Mouth * Guyana Disease-free area without vaccination” and the North * Zone located south of parallel 42 in Argentina B Patagonia Region as “Surveillance Area without * Restitution of foot-and- Loss of foot-and-mouth vaccination”. The Commission issued a favorable disease-free 2002 mouth disease-free decision and on the 70th Session of the General condition to the States condition: of Santa Catarina and * Paraguay Committee of OIE the requested recognition was Rio Grande do Sul, granted. This has opened an important market for Brazil their export of animals and their products.

During this year only one foot-and-mouth disease outbreak has been recorded in Argentina. It was Summaries of reports from the countries on the located at Vicuña Makenna, Department of Río IV, situation of their foot-and-mouth disease programs Province of Córdoba. Virus type “A” 2001 was isolated. during 2002 are the following: Initially, measures were taken to mitigate and restrain

8 any diffusion risk of the disease. After confirmation n Samplings of caprines in Mendoza in of the diagnosis, stamping out was applied to the September-October. totality of bovines in the property. On the other hand, attention was given to 102 Some of the conclusions from the results are the notifications of suspicion of animals with following: symptomatology confusable with foot-and-mouth disease. On 98 occasions the local veterinarian of n Considering the epidemiologic situation during SENASA clinically disregarded foot-and-mouth 2000 and 2001, prevalence levels are low. disease virus. Presence of antibodies related to n The role of ovines and caprines is secondary in infection was also disregarded through laboratory the maintenance and transmission of foot-and- tests. mouth disease under production and handling During 2002, auditing missions from Chile, the conditions in Argentina. River Plate Basin and the European Union were n Absence of viral activity in South Patagonia and received. The inspectors of all of them analyzed North B Patagonia was corroborated. sanitary procedures at central and local level. The three missions stressed the advances achieved by BRAZIL SENASA in sanitary action and in the modifications The year 2002 was a period for recovery of the carried out within the structure of the Direction of National Program for Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Animal Health. Disease. The restoration in November of last year The results of these audits made possible the by the Commission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease and reopening of Chile’s market and the maintenance of other Epizooties of the OIE, of the international Argentina’s meat market at the European Union. sanitary condition of foot-and-mouth disease-free Due to suspicion of foot-and-mouth disease in the with vaccination to the States of Rio Grande do Sul Republic of Paraguay and its subsequent confirmation, and Santa Catarina, meant the re-establishment of state of sanitary alert was decreed at the border with the national strategy to gradually implement free that country. The River Plate Basin countries requested areas towards the goal of eradicating the disease by PANAFTOSA a joint audit to determine the 2005. epidemiologic situation in Paraguay. After due During this period normal internal trade of animals confirmation a proposal was made within the and foot-and-mouth disease risk products was re- framework of the Project for a common strategy at established and also the enlargement and recovery the Arge-Paraguay border. of important international markets, especially for the With reference to vaccination, during the first stage south region of the country. 52,l million bovines were vaccinated and 3,9 million Efforts and investment of resources to strengthen head were strategically revaccinated. During the the program in the north and north-east of the country second period in 2002 the totality of the bovine stock must be highlighted. They express the interest to was again vaccinated. eradicate foot-and-mouth disease. It must be highlighted that active surveillance Documents were presented to the OIE for activities were effected to learn about the viral activity consideration to be given to the incorporation of the level and population immunity. The following State of Rondonia to the free area with vaccination. samplings were carried out: Final decision is set for March 2003. There has been an increase in the financial n Samplings of bovines, ovines and caprines in contribution to the program since 1994, on behalf the autumn. of the federal government and the private sector n Samplings of captive deers in June-October. and starting in 1996, on behalf of the state governments. In 2002, the financial resources for n Samplings of wild hooved animals from the system of sanitary animal defense reached Patagonia in the autumn-winter. US$147,967,981.69.

9 Figure 1 Annual distribution of financial resources expended in the system of animal sanitary defense, with emphasis on PNEFA, Brazil, 1992 to 2002. (US$ Million)

300

0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

SetorPublic público sector Federal Federal sector StateEstadual sector SetorPrivate Privado sector

Table 6 Result of state vaccination campaigns foot-and-mouth disease, Brazil, 1994 to 2002.

INFORMATION ON VACCINATION CAMPAIGNS AGAINST FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE YEAR Existing population Total of vaccinated Percentage of Applied doses (vaccination and (bovine and bubaline) animals vaccine coverage revaccination) 1994 159,227,797 102,326,522 64% 198,816,883 1995 158,503,190 107,543,498 68% 207,733,516 1996 155,368,527 114,731,921 74% 218,312,698 1997 158,446,481 123,911,138 78% 228,809,106 1998 158,009,814 131,200,698 83% 243,562,873 1999 160,395,129 139,950,430 87% 236,903,765 2000 166,974,605 147,718,162 88% 232,017,381 2001 170,625,996 156,101,114 91% 277,505,686 2002 183,668,123 157,639,726 86% 292,629,840

10 Table 7

Annual distribution of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks, according to clinical and laboratory diagnosis, Brazil.

YEAR OUTBREAKS 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Clinical diagnosis 1,098 1,604 404 188 143 29 22 13 22 0 Laboratory diagnosis 335 489 185 27 24 6 15 34 15 0 Virus type O 117 317 83 9 19 5 13 28 0 0 Virus type A 217 163 99 18 5 1 2 6 15 0 Virus type C 1 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total outbreaks 1,433 2,093 589 215 167 35 37 47 37 0

Periods of vaccination against foot-and-mouth tripartite meetings, of the official and private sectors, disease report the application of 292,629,840 doses Argentina-Brazil and Uruguay. for 86% coverage at national level. (Table 6) Mention must be made of activities to improve During 2002 no foot-and-mouth disease was the horizontal information system between local reported in the country. The last reported outbreak veterinary attention units located at the border region. occurred in August 2001 in the State of Maranhão. Likewise, more efficient mechanisms were identified (Table 7). for direct contact between local units and the dynamics Attention was given to 671 notifications of were established for meetings of professionals to suspicion of foot-and-mouth disease. In 641 of them, discuss and evaluate joint activities and the available vesicular disease was rejected and diagnoses of information. pododermatitis, enterotoxemia, traumatism and At present, ‘intelligent’ maps are being prepared intoxication were more frequent. Furthermore, to indicate the commercial flow of susceptible animals pseudo-cowpox, BVD and IBR were diagnosed. Two and the location of high-risk areas. vesicular stomatitis outbreaks type Indiana II were Joint attention to notifications of vesicular diseases registered, one in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul occurrences in affected border areas has been and the other in Pará. Laboratory tests and encouraged. epidemiological investigation in 28 herds suspected Within the joint activities for attention to outbreaks of vesicular disease discarded presence of foot-and- at the border region, on September 20, 2002 the mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis. Brazilian sanitary surveillance system identified a Present sanitary conditions for foot-and-mouth suspicion of the disease in Paraguay. They disease in the majority of the countries bordering immediately notified the authorities of that country and Brazil, especially in the Southern Cone, make it started primary prevention activities. This is mentioned necessary to strengthen the primary prevention in the corresponding report from Paraguay. system. Consequently, permanent checkpoints and mobile inspection units were improved in high-risk CHILE areas. Joint activities with neighboring countries were Since 1987 Chile has not reported any foot-and-mouth also strengthened and meetings of the River Plate disease outbreaks and has thus maintained its status Basin Agreement-PANAFTOSA were held, besides of foot-and-mouth disease-free without vaccination.

11 In 2002 attention was given to 60 properties due and 37 checkpoints were installed at strategic points to suspicion of vesicular or erosive diseases. Final of the mountain range for the functioning of diagnosis was made in all of them indicating VDC surveillance brigades. (30), Stomatitis spp (14), by intoxication (13), Pasturing areas under control (2,333,153 Contagious Ecthyma (4), Actinomycosis (1) and hectares) were also established from the IV to the IX Mastitis spp (1). region and 38 checkpoints were installed to control As a consequence of the foot-and-mouth disease and inspect movement of animals going up and situation affecting the Southern Cone of the continent, coming down summer pastures. In this zone, the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) approximately 390,000 animals and 3,500 cattle intensified its preventive policy and prepared breeders were individually identified with detailed prevention plans to maintain the disease-free information on the properties, pasturing location and condition. destination of the animals after they return from To prevent introduction of the virus, efforts were summer pastures. reinforced for zoosanitary control at country level and Thirty-five inspection brigades were established. border barriers with the following objectives: They were integrated by at least a veterinarian and a technician from the Agriculture and Livestock Service. n To guarantee that importations of risk products They carried out monthly rounds of clinical inspection follow present sanitary regulations. of the animals in all the controlled summer pastures n To inspect passengers to prevent illegal of the area. Collection was also made of 12,498 blood introduction of products. samples for diagnosis at the official SAG laboratory n To disinfect persons and vehicles coming to the with negative FMD results. country. In the 2001-2002 summer pastures season, 10 n To destroy food leftovers in international planes contraband occurrences, originating especially from and ships. Argentina, were stopped. They involved 209 animals, mainly caprines. An international surveillance and alarm system of the disease has been maintained at international PARAGUAY level, especially in countries and border areas, in The execution of the Program of Eradication of countries which are trade partners and those regions Foot-and-Mouth Disease started in 1992 with the with previous or present outbreaks of the disease. epidemiologic characterization of the disease and Furthermore, the sanitary situation of those countries outbreaks were gradually eliminated by 1994. In and the risk they represent to Chile have been March 1997 Paraguay was awarded the International evaluated and analyzed. Joint activities with them Certification of Foot-and-Mouth Disease-free have been carried out to reduce the probability of Country with vaccination by the International Office introduction of the disease. of Epizooties (OIE), which was maintained until A prevention campaign has been implemented 2002. through massive communication. Support and Information published by OIE registers “after collaboration of producers, industrialists, social and isolation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine political authorities and the community in general have samples collected at the Department of Canindeyú, been attained. the condition of ‘foot-and-mouth disease-free country To detect and control the introduction of sick with vaccination’ of Paraguay has been suspended animals, not only with foot-and-mouth disease but also starting in November 2002”. with other exotic diseases, unpopulated zones On September 21, 2002 a suspicion of vesicular (460,000 hectares) were established between the V disease was notified and attended at a cattle and IX regions, where pasturing of animals was not property located in the Department of Canindeyú, allowed. Corpus Christi District. The following measures were Guards helped in the supervision of these zones taken:

12 n Collection of epithelial tissue and blood samples guarantees to international cattle markets. An active and forwarding to SENACSA’s central surveillance plan was also established at the laboratory. interdepartmental line between San Pedro and n Communication of the suspicion to national and Canindeyú. international organisms related to the Program During the year, attention was given to 11 of Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. notifications of suspicion of vesicular or erosive n Interdiction of the property and execution of diseases and samples were collected from 7 of them. established operational plans. One was positive to FMD virus “O”, as mentioned n Issuance of the negative laboratory result to above. It must be stressed that whenever blood FMD, using the EITB technique, and positive samples were collected they were tested by VIA and result to Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis EITB and negative samples were submitted to (IBR). differential diagnosis. n Subsequent collection of 460 samples of Special importance has been given to bovine sera at the affected and neighboring seroepidemiologic surveillance with emphasis in the properties. Samples were processed at the Departments considered of high risk, taking into Central Laboratory of SENACSA with account their production systems. negative results to FMD and sent to Samples are collected during routine surveillance PANAFTOSA for reprocessing. From that activities in fairs, expositions, cold-storage plants, total, 426 samples were analyzed. Ten were cattle properties, checkpoints and blood samples reactive to the EITB test and 30 were coming into the laboratory with other diagnostic indeterminate; however, the Pan American purposes. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center considered Samples are VIA processed. Positive samples these results non-conclusive. go on to EITB obtaining negative results. Of all the 55,559 samples collected at national level, 649 were On October 14, the Mission of the Multinational VIA positive and these were negative to EITB. Group for Evaluation of a suspicion of Foot-and-Mouth Systematic and strategic vaccination and Disease in Paraguay, promoted by the River Plate revaccination for mobilization of animals were Basin Agreement for the Eradication of Foot-and- implemented. Systematic one-dose application in Mouth Disease and PANAFTOSA, started its activities 8,295,823 bovines was recorded and for strategic and visited cattle properties in the area of Paraguay purposes, 7,357,005 doses were used. and Brazil. Starting in August, SENACSA determined the An inspection was made of the bovines at the sanitary zonification of two areas, one in the West affected property but no indication of the disease was Region corresponding to Central Chaco, and the other found. Collection was then made of 66 serum samples one in the Oriental Region, covering the totality of the and 12 of LEF to be processed at the laboratory of Department of San Pedro, to select animals for meat PANAFTOSA. These are the results: exportation to the European Union market. Starting in April, a system of official sworn in n The samples did not present in the Elisa 3ABC/ statements was established to register and accredit EITB and Structural Elisa any results compatible professional veterinarians with private practice who to recent viral activity. will be responsible for certification of the sanitary n In two of the 12 LEF samples, foot-and-mouth situation of animals destined to cold-storage plants disease virus “O” was isolated. for export. Likewise, a system of sworn in statements has After these results the National System of Animal been established for the registry of cattle properties Sanitary Emergency was activated. An epidemiologic to control the origin of animals destined to exportation surveillance plan was established at the Central Chaco and to guarantee their hygienic and sanitary in the West Region of the country to offer sanitary conditions.

13 Joint meetings with technicians of the services in As Uruguay forbids the handling of FMD virus Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia have been held for the within its territory, vaccines are purchased from continuation of Sanitary Agreements at border level. vaccine-producing American countries (Argentina,

Working areas have been delimited and joint field Brazil, Colombia). They are bivalent A24 and Ol activities have been planned as well as similar vaccines. vaccination periods. In regard to vaccination, the state provides the A Vaccine Bank and a National System for Animal vaccine at no cost to the cattle breeder, who vaccinates Sanitary Emergency are kept as tools for the the animals, and the state controls vaccination directly prevention and maintenance of the present sanitary in approximately 30% of the properties and 100% condition. based on documentation. The Interinstitutional Commission for Uruguay has programmed to suspend Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, vaccination when the level of its regional sanitary established by Law No. 808/1996, and integrated situation is similar to that of the countries in the by Presidents and members of the Rural region because at present vaccination is no longer Association of Paraguay and SENACSA, represent a limiting factor in the commercialization of its social participation and coordination between the livestock products. public and private sectors. The Honorary National Commission for Animal Health is very active with a view to enlarge institutional URUGUAY participation and also capacitation in the official and During 2002, there occurred no outbreaks of the private sectors. disease and serological samplings indicate that since February of the same year there has been no viral ACTION PRIORITIES IN THE activity. The Service has attended 27 notifications SOUTHERN CONE SUBREGION regarding herds with clinical vesicular signs and the most frequent diagnoses have been Actinomycosis/ The importance of the present situation in this Actinobacillosis, BVD, Photosensibilization, Subregion and its programmatic scope, draws Traumatisms and Pododermatitis. attention to the following lines of action: In April 2001, there was reintroduction of FMD 1 - Within the framework of the River Plate Basin in Uruguay, from the Argentine Republic, and virus Agreement to go deep into the execution of a joint

“A” was diagnosed, which was characterized as A 24. regional strategy for the prevention, control and

The .epizooty started on April 24 and ended on eradication of foot-and-mouth disease, harmonizing October 3, 2001. The last outbreak occurred on its sanitary policies, and grading its tactical and August 21 and the last sick animal was reported on operational mechanisms for the development of the September 3. Agreement. This will turn mechanisms more efficient The action strategy emphasizes the following and will optimize their results. activities: systematic vaccination of bovines and 2 - To establish an integrated animal health plan epidemiologic surveillance of all the area; utilization between the involved countries, especially in border of risk analysis to control importation of products with areas, with participation of the different productive sanitary risk; border control, and joint action with Brazil sectors. and Argentina. 3 - To establish coordinated commercial policies In 2002, all bovines were vaccinated during for the promotion of animal-origin products in priority February and May. In November, all bovines born markets and to present a joint position towards sanitary between January 1 and September 30 of the same requirements made by extraregional countries to year were vaccinated. The total number of bovines maintain their condition of exporters. This having two-dose applications reached 12,194,495 compromises the effective participation of head and for one-dose application the total was representatives of the different links of the productive 1,350,270 head. chain.

14 4 - To update risk characterization of each region, viral isolation tests by Probang, in cases of suspicious identifying zones of differential risk within the countries or positive results, with the support of PANAFTOSA. and in border areas. 10 - Together with PANAFTOSA to outline and 5 - To update characterization of the transit of put in practice mechanisms of international cattle to border and subregional countries. surveillance to receive immediate information on Due to the present epidemiological situation, to alarms, to send more efficient communication to the update and to maintain mechanisms for the detection countries and to receive information regarding of changes caused by the advances of the programs. attention given to the identified sanitary situation. This 6 - To strengthen the infrastructure of official and will also guarantee the transparency of the information private veterinary attention according to present on foot-and-mouth disease occurrence and of requirements establishing new objectives and to install measures to be taken to prevent risks to other or recover local committees as an instrument for the countries and to international trade. integrated participation of cattle breeders in prevention 11 - To identify critical points in the process of and control activities. foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production and to 7 - To use as a basis the new epidemiologic prepare procedures for its control; likewise, to stimulate characterization of the subregion to establish the use of indirect tests (Elisa-CFL/EPP) with an vaccination strategies for elimination of the present established relation to PGP tests. viral activity and to prevent reintroduction of the 12 - To standardize techniques of differential infection to areas which maintain the foot-and-mouth diagnosis of vesicular and erosive diseases. disease-free condition. 13 - To enlarge biosecurity action, to establish 8 - To adopt mechanisms for the early detection national biosecurity commissions and to provide a of infection or clinical disease and for suitable legal framework to consolidate biosecurity conditions attention to outbreaks, and to adapt emergency required by an eradication process. To create an audit measures to prevent diffusion of the disease towards monitoring system to optimize the use of resources areas where it has been eliminated or where there is to maintain biosecurity in the handling of the agent, no viral activity. recording its activities in a dynamic manner. 9 - To consolidate the use of molecular biology 14 - To participate jointly with PANAFTOSA in the technology to characterize viral strains with great creation of the special multinational group for attention precision and to identify infected animals by the Elisa to FMD emergency situations; to prepare guidelines 3ABC/EITB system, independently from their for its establishment and operation, and that countries vaccination condition. To complement the use of in the process of revising their plans of action reinforce serologic testing in active surveillance activities with their mechanisms of attention to emergencies.

15 2.2 ANDEAN AREA

BOLIVIA

Figure 2 Proposed area for recognition as free with vaccination.

Free zone Buffer zone

Checkpoints

Checkpoint to be implemented

With the objective to solicit international herds, FMD has been identified by clinical and recognition as foot-and-mouth disease-free with serologic diagnosis vaccination, the country prepared the corresponding The average time lapse between notification and documentation for consideration of the International attention to suspicion of the disease, as registered by Office of Epizooties. The affected area was the Service, was from 4 to 48 hours in Beni and 6 to Chiquitanía, Department of Santa Cruz. 24 hours in the other Departments. Likewise, the In regard to occurrence of FMD, 131 properties sending of the samples and response from the were attended due to suspicion of the disease. laboratory had an average of four days. There is no Samples for laboratory diagnosis were collected in information on the interval from the beginning of the 46% of them and results of isolation indicate 8 cases episode to its notification, which is an important of FMD virus “O” and 1 case of FMD virus “A”. In 9 indicator in epidemiologic surveillance.

16 Requested border plans within the River Plate COLOMBIA Basin Subregion are being implemented. They The country presents within its sanitary status a include Chiquitanía (presented to OIE); Beni and foot-and-mouth disease-free zone without Pando are being considered for a future stage, and vaccination, which is integrated by the north-west the zone with the highest population of South region of the Department of Chocó. In the Atlantic American camelids, Oruro, Potosí and La Paz, at Coast there is also a foot-and-mouth disease-free zone the Chile-Perú border. Furthermore, activities are with vaccination. The necessary documentation to being carried out in the zone of Chaco Boliviano, submit to OIE in January 2003, with a proposal to which covers the Departments of Tarija, Chuquisaca enlarge recognition of the latter area, is being and Santa Cruz. prepared. Vaccination coverage reached 85% of the The general objective of the program is to national bovine population. Two-dose vaccinations, eradicate foot-and-mouth disease in the Colombian total 3,602,845 doses, and one-dose vaccinations, territory. Its specific objectives are the following: total 1,219,997 doses, were applied. To reach these vaccination levels, 9 operational plans at n To maintain and enlarge free zones with and department level and 95 at local level were without vaccination. prepared. With these vaccinations there was an n To reach a high immunity level in the bovine updating of the cattle census. A revision of population in zones where vaccination was vaccination strategies is considered necessary to applied. eliminate viral activity. n To eliminate clinical cases of foot-and-mouth Through an administrative resolution, SENASAG disease. approved the vaccination calendar and application norms. The eradication process is based on In a zone covering the departments of Pando and comanagement of the public and private sectors Beni, the Province of Iturralde de La Paz, Santa Cruz involved in the cattle productive chain, through a in its integrated area, the milk-producing area of maintenance strategy of free zones with and without Cochabamba and Chiquitanía, vaccination of the vaccination, supported by specific legislation for each bovine population is applied in two periods, May-June case and based on massive and cyclic vaccinations, and October-November. with vaccines of excellent quality. In another zone covering the departments of La A system of active and passive epidemiologic Paz, Oruro, Potasí, Chuquisaca and Tarija, vaccination surveillance is maintained, based on the immediate of the bovine population is carried out strategically attention to reports of the disease and a timely once, between June and August. differential serologic and virologic diagnosis, with The Control of Transit of animals is applied in the tests of high sensibility and specificity to detect and 50 internal checkpoints and 17 international investigate the suspicion or presence of clinical cases checkpoints where they seal and visa guides for of vesicular diseases; also, to characterize the mobilization issued by the Cattle Breeders behavior of the disease and permit the control and Associations and authenticated by the Official eradication of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks, Veterinary Doctor of the Service. according to the sanitary condition of each region Bolivia is receiving the support of international and the regulations of the International Zoosanitary agencies for technical and financial cooperation, such Code. as IDB, USDA, PANAFTOSA, IICA and the JICA The system executes an effective control of the Mission. mobilization of susceptible species and their products The Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) of over roads, bridges, airports, border checkpoints and Chile and the Bilateral Agreements with Brazil, commercial centers, identifying risk factors in the Argentina, Paraguay and Perú establish an important introduction, establishment and permanence of virus landmark in technical coordination and cooperation. sources of the disease.

17 Taking in consideration production systems, cattle regions: Atlantic Coast Region, Andean Region, the breeders circuits and ecosystem of foot-and-mouth Eastern Highlands Region and Amazonia and the disease, the program is organized in the following Colombian-Ecuadorian Border Region. Objectives of the program:

n To maintain zones certified by OIE as foot-and- Figure 3 mouth disease-free with and without PROGRAMMAREGIONES PROGRAMÁTICASTIC REGIONS vaccination. n To obtain in 2003 certification of a zone adjacent to the area certified in 2001 as foot-and-mouth disease-free with vaccination. n To obtain certification of the rest of the country as foot-and-mouth disease-free with vaccination in successive stages between 2004 and 2006.

In Colombia, during 2002, attention was given to 922 notifications of suspicion of vesicular disease, of which 9 corresponded to foot-and-mouth disease and 631 to vesicular stomatitis. Of these, 8 were foot-

COSTA and-mouth disease virus “O”; 1 with clinical ATLÁNTICA seroepidemologic diagnosis and it was not possible Atlantic Coast ANDINAANDINA to typify the virus; 485 corresponded to New Jersey Andean virus and 146 to Indiana virus. LLANOSLLANOS ORIENTALESORIENTALES There has been an important reduction in the EasternYY AMAZONIA Highlands and Amazonia occurrences of foot-an-mouth disease which fluctuate FRONTERAFRONTERA COLOMBOCOLOMBO -- Colombian-EcuadorianECUATORIANAECUATORIANA Border between 3 and 4 years, according to its chronological series since 1982.

Figure 4 Occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease. Colombia 1982-2002 Outbreaks

Years Type “A” Type “O” Foot-and-mouth disease

18 The occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease is of the Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center- decreasing in the country and the epidemic PAHO/WHO. situation present during more than two years in Activities have national coverage, reaching the south of the country at the Department of 274,045 Km2, with livestock population of 4,486,02l Nariño bordering Ecuador, has been eliminated. bovines, 1,502,949 swine, 1,124,627 ovines, 178,218 During 2002, inspite of an epidemic in the country, caprines, 659,640 equines, 23,177 camelids and 800 there occurred only four foot-and-mouth disease buffaloes. outbreaks type “O” at the Colombian border. On During 2002, vesicular diseases episodes totaling the occasion, the programmed contingency plan 298 were recorded in all the provinces of the country, gave good results. and there was an increase of 219 outbreaks compared Starting in 1995, FEDEGAN took over the to 2001. responsibility for vaccination within a structure From the 298 episodes, samples were collected attending 1092 municipalities with national from 174 (58%) for laboratory analysis; 110 of them coordination which, together with ICA, plans, executes (64%) were positive; 51 (29%) were negative, and 13 and evaluates vaccination cycles throughout the (7%) were inadequate. country. From the 174 episodes where sample collection At the national level, with exception of the free was made, 104 indicated FMD virus “O” and 4 showed areas with no vaccination, cycles of vaccination have FMD virus “A”. Two samples indicated Vesicular been established during May-June and November- Stomatitis New Jersey virus. December, respectively, with 40-day duration each No differential diagnosis was carried out with one. Vaccination is carried out in all bovines, bovine Viral Diarrhea, Blue Tongue or Bovine irrespective of their age. Oil-adjuvant “O1” and “A24” Infectious Rhinotracheitis. bivalent vaccine, produced by national laboratories, Local committees participated in 39.9% of the is used. Vesicular Stomatitis notifications, property owners Vaccination percentages in the country increased 34.1% and third parties 26%. There is an average of since 1994, when the breeders sector joined the 6 days between the beginning of the episode and its program. That year, coverage was 55.6% notification and the average interval from notification (12,316,477 doses) and in 2002 it was 94% to the first visit for attention to the episode is 14 hours. (18,821,882 doses). The average time lapse between collection of material Vesicular diseases diagnosis is carried out at the and receipt of diagnosis is 4 days. national diagnosis laboratory in Bogotá, staffed by FMD vaccination is systematically carried out qualified technicians to diagnose foot-and-mouth during June-July and December-January. disease, vesicular stomatitis and swine vesicular It also covers strategic immunization during disease. In all cases, differential diagnosis is carried February-May and August-November. out. It offers adequate installations for the production Vaccination used 4,816,615 doses, covering of reactives and culture media to prepare cell cultures. 3,871,734 bovines. Of these, 944,701 received two At present, they are standardizing the RT-PCR doses and 2,828,003 received systematically one technique. dose; 99,210 bovines received tactical vaccination. Furthermore, 54,000 doses were applied to the same ECUADOR number of swine in properties of high epidemiologic The National Project for Eradication of Foot-and- risk. Compared to the previous year, there was an Mouth Disease is executed with the participation of increase of 947,353 vaccinated bovines and the Ecuadorian Service for Agriculture and Livestock according to the goals of the program, coverage Health, a self-management official organism, and the reached 64.97%, indicating an increase of 15% National Commission for Eradication of Foot-and- compared to 2001. Mouth Disease, created by Ministerial Agreement No. Although vaccination figures are higher than 39 of February 6, 1996 with the technical cooperation those of the previous years, occurrence of the

19 disease with epidemic characteristics this year Project for Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease for points to the need of revising vaccination strategies; 2002-2007; implementation of the Continental System also, the occurrence stimulated an increase of for Epidediologic Surveillance of Vesicular Diseases, vaccination operatives. The program is carrying out Nervous System Disease and Haemorrhagic Disease technical readjustments so that vaccination can of Swine, and evaluation of strategies in emergency reduce viral activity. It is essential to revise the areas. organization of the veterinary attention system to Technical and financial cooperation from APHIS optimize its action. for execution of border subprojects with Colombia and The Ministry of Agriculture delegated to the Perú. National Commission of Eradication of Foot-and- The country worked in the updating of the project Mouth Disease the acquirement of the necessary to combat FMD in the Andean countries within the vaccine to cover the annual program. framework of the Andean community and border The vaccine imported from Argentina totaled agreements with Colombia and Perú. 5,914,925 doses which, together with the remaining 420,295 doses from the previous year, indicated PERU 6,335,220 available doses in 2002. The country is identified as non-endemic to the disease. There is no record of FMD outbreaks since Technical cooperation covers the following October 2000 and up to December 2002 a total of 113 activities: consecutive weeks without the disease was reported. (Figure 5). Support from PANAFTOSA in the standardization The country presents the following verifiable of ELISA 3ABC and EITB tests; preparation of the indicators:

Figure 5 Foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks, Peru 1993-2002

Focos de Fiebre Aftosa, Perú 1993 - 2002

100 94 80 82 60 52 40 41

Nº de focos 20 9 0 3 Number of outbreaks 1 0 0 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Yearsaños

20 n Up to the present, 93% of the national territory population for vaccination of 706,108 bovines in is not vaccinated. 305,140 herds. Vaccination was effected during May- n Up to December 2002, there is a total of 113 June and October-November and a coverage of 68.3% consecutive weeks without notification of the and 60%, respectively, was obtained. The biologic

disease within the country. used was bivalent vaccine A 24 and 0l. n Strategic vaccination is maintained in 24 During 1999-2001, serologic monitoring has provinces considered of high risk for the been effected as an operation of active occurrence of the disease. epidemiologic surveillance. At present, there is n Consideration is being given to present the the purpose to present documentation to OIE to following Departments to OIE for recognition solicit recognition of the South of Perú as free as “Free without vaccination”: Madre de without vaccination. Together with PANAFTOSA, Dios, Cuzco, Arequipa, Moquegua, Ica, consideration was given to the preparation of a Ayacucho, Apurimac, Huancavelica, Puno design of seroepidemiologic sampling to check the and Tacna. sanitary situation of foot-and-mouth disease. This is now being prepared. The use of the Elisa 3ABC and EITB techniques has increased diagnosis capacity of the service for Perú highlights the following activities in the current year: Figure 6 Foot-and-mouth disease-free zones n Establishment of the legal norm R.J. No. 017- without vaccination 2002-AG-SENASA which defines zones with and without antiaphtose vaccination. n Recognition through national norms of more than 70% of the territory (922,354 Km2) as FMD-

Tumbes Loreto free, equivalent to 84 provinces out of a total

Amazonas Piura of 194. Cajamarca Lamabayeque n Strengthening of binational or tripartite San Martín La Libertad agreements in force, to give more sanitary

Ancash Huánuco security at border level with Ecuador, Chile and Ucayali Bolivia. Special application of Decision 519 of Pasco Made de Dios Junín Lima the Andean Community of Nations, in particular Cuzco Huancavelica with Ecuador and Bolivia, to strengthen zonal Apurímac Ica Ayacucho projects integrating PHEFA. Puno n Perú convoked and organized the VIII Arequipa

Moquegua Ordinary Meeting of the Border Agreement Tacna for Animal Health and Zoonosis between the Republics of Bolivia-Chile-Perú and PAHO/ * Recognized by national regulation. WHO. The Logic Framework and Physical Plan of Execution for 2002-2009 of the South vesicular diseases. Attention was given to 47 Zonal Subproject was prepared during the notifications and samples were taken from all of them. event. Results were 13 outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis virus n Two mock attention activities for foot-and- New Jersey; 1 outbreak of virus Indiana and 3 mouth disease took place at the north and south outbreaks of contagious ecthyma. of the country, with the participation of 19 This year, strategic vaccination has continued in directions of SENASA and the support of 24 provinces considered of high risk, totaling a international organisms, such as PANAFTOSA, 2 geographic area of 210,928 Km and covering a PAHO/WHO and APHIS.

21 n Preparation of a working document to solicit analysis of successful programs to learn from their OIE recognition of some zones of the country experience. (bench-marking). Thus, the need to as foot-and-mouth disease-free. revise vaccination strategies, financing sources, n Maintenance of an alliance with the private activities for promotion and sanitary education and sector and other official institutions for the epidemiologic surveillance, is identified. The active operation of the program of eradication of foot- participation of institutional directives, staff and and-mouth disease. associations to maintain a basis for decisions and their operation, is of great importance for the support VENEZUELA of the program. The program of eradication of foot-and-mouth After a 12-month period with no record of foot- disease in Venezuela has given great consideration and-mouth disease, an outbreak occurred in a finishing and effort to count on a logic organization in area, at the south of Lake Maracaibo, which resulted comanagement with the private and official sectors in 7 outbreaks of FMD virus “A”. These episodes are to support activities of the program. These are some linked to the introduction of young bovines from the of the achievements: Venezuelan flatlands, specifically from the State of Apure. This outbreak compromised the States of 1. To raise vaccination coverage of the national Mérida and Zulia. bovine population from 48% to 90%, at fixed and In 2002, 91 properties were attended due to systematic periods of 60-days duration. suspicion of FMD. Samples for laboratory diagnosis 2. Establishment of field methodologies for the were collected from 85 of them; results were 9 potency control of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, outbreaks of FMD virus “A” and 16 of Vesicular using indirect tests. Stomatitis, of which 15 were virus New Jersey and 1 3. Application of sanitary risk analysis for the virus Indiana. establishment of strategies and priorities of attention. The states which recorded the highest number of 4. Programmatic regionalization based on properties with suspicion of vesicular diseases were: livestock circuits, integrated by states functioning Zulia (23), Mérida (19), Cojedes (12), Trujillo (9) and within them due to the characteristics of their Barinas (6). production systems and cattle movement.. Vaccination activity this year has suffered a set 5. Utilization of a semestral system for an open back in the 2nd period due to the political situation and participative evaluation with representatives of of the country and also to difficulties in vehicles cattle breeders associations, governors, mayors, transit caused by gasoline shortage. Coverage for universities, international organizations of technical the 1st and 2nd periods was 90.23% and 56%, cooperation and private and official professionals. respectively. 6. Enlargement of active and passive epidemiologic At the Andean community level and particularly surveillance. Seroepidemiologic samplings were in Colombia, activities involved the updating of the effected in zones of the country considered endemic, Project for Combat to Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the with recent occurrence of the disease and without Andean countries. recording of it during the last two and three years, to standardize Elisa 3ABC and EITB tests. PRIORITIES FOR ACTION IN THE ANDEAN SUBREGION Due to the advances of the program for At this point of the operation of the Andean eradication of FMD in Venezuela, there is a critical subregional program for eradication of foot-and-mouth situation for its operation and support, requiring the disease, it is opportune for the countries to consider strengthening of its field and laboratory the following lines of action: infrastructure. Likewise, evaluation involves a revision of the program, identifying programmatic 1. To strengthen the existing political will to components for updating, and encourages the eradicate foot-and-mouth disease in the Andean

22 Figure 7

Figure 8

ENFERMEDADESENFERMEDADESVESICULAR DISEASES VESICULARES. VESVESICULARES.ICULARES. DDiagnosticoiagnosticoLaboratory de de diagnosis Laboratorio.Laboratorio. Venezuela.VenezVenezuela.uela - 1989 19891989-2002--2002.2002.

0 Fiebre Aftosa Estomatitis Vesicular 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

23 Community and thus obtain the necessary support positive results, with PANAFTOSA’s support in these from national programs and the basis for public and studies. private comanagement to ensure the required 11. To work with the community to gradually create infrastructure. an “eradication conscience”, letting the approach and 2. To finish the preparation of the updated program advantages of the program be known and, most for Eradication of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the importantly, how the community in general can Andean countries, emphasizing Border Zonal Projects participate in the attainment and maintenance of this and joint activities between the countries. sanitary status. 3. To incorporate an auditing system to be 12. To maintain spaces for agreement between operated by and between the countries as a the official and private sectors and for interinstitutional mechanism for the following of the subregional participation, to permit comanagement with the civil program and for consolidating strategies, tactics and society and the support of the programs. operation of national programs and subregional 13. To standardize techniques of differential activities. diagnosis of vesicular and erosive diseases. 4. To submit to agencies such as USAID and FAO 14. To participate jointly with PANAFTOSA to the subregional project to consider the financing of transform into reality the creation of a special joint activities at border level and of the auditing multinational group for attention to foot-and-mouth system. disease emergencies, and the preparation of 5. To give priority to capacitation in active and guidelines for its establishment and operation, and that passive surveillance for prompt attention to notification countries strengthen their mechanisms for attention of cases, which will give full knowledge of the to emergencies. distribution and behavior of the disease, prevention to secondary outbreaks and identification of viral activity. 2.3 AMAZON BASIN AND GUYANAS 6. To update epidemiologic characterization of each country for the revision of vaccination strategies, AMAZON BASIN with regard to their results, thus turning this expensive activity more efficient. It is integrated by the Departments of Pando and 7. To identify critical points of the process for Beni of Bolivia; States of Acre, Amapá, Roraima and antiaphtose vaccine production and to prepare part of Tocantins of Brazil; Departments of Amazonas, procedures for its control. To incentivate the use of Guainia and Vaupés of Colombia; Departments of indirect tests (Elisa-CFL/EPP) with an established link Loreto and Madre de Dios of Perú; States of Bolívar to PGP tests. and Amazonas of Venezuela; Guyana, French Guyana 8. To count on the availability of updated written and Suriname. emergency plans, with operational and legal In the components of Brazil, Colombia and validation. Venezuela there was no record of foot-and-mouth 9. To advance capacitation, organization and disease, but in Bolivia virus A” was isolated in a sample legislation of biologic security through the from Beni. establishment of national commissions and monitoring mechanisms to permit an auditable registry of GUYANAS biosecurity in the handling of the agent. Absence of vesicular diseases is maintained in 10. To consolidate the use of techniques of Guyana, French Guyana and Suriname. molecular biology to characterize viral strains and to Guyana maintained recognition in 2001 as foot- identify infected animals independently from their and-mouth disease-free without vaccination. The vaccination condition, through the Elisa 3ABC/EITB structure of the program keeps 11 veterinary doctors system. To complement this procedure with Probang and 28 assistants, distributed in its administrative units, tests of viral isolation in cases with suspicious or with the exception of North-West and Mazaroni. areas.

24 The veterinary attention system covers 45% of the and frequency, quality and information coverage country and 100% of the livestock population. depend on their participation. In the current year there has been no suspicion of The creation of foot-and-mouth disease-free disease confusable with foot-and-mouth disease. countries and areas in South America and the new horizons in livestock commercial exchange at 3. CONTINENTAL INFORMATION international level, have brought new requirements AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR to the epidemiologic surveillance system. VESICULAR DISEASES PANAFTOSA has met the new requirements with a proposal to modernize the Information System and The Pan American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance of Vesicular Diseases, which in 2001 was Center (PANAFTOSA) has developed a pioneer installed in Colombia and Venezuela as a pilot area, experience, in the location of information, creating with a projection of implementing the basic module of efficient means for data processing to support national SIVCONT, after this testing phase, in all the countries programs of eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. of the region in 2002. The South American map was divided in grids, making Up to now the electronic program has met it possible to locate the cases in the maps and, difficulties in its operation, which has caused delays consequently, providing more effective guidelines in to reach regional coverage of its installation, and the the combat to the disease. final version is expected to be available in the second PANAFTOSA is considered by the International quarter of 2003. Office of Epizooties (OIE) and by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), as reference 3.1 INFORMATION COVERAGE in diagnosis, production and control of vaccines and Information coverage expressed as the number also in the information system of vesicular diseases of provincial, state or department units informing the for the American continent. National Central Unit on the total existing in the The Continental System of Epidemiologic epidemiological weeks, has maintained an excellent Surveillance of Vesicular Diseases, coordinated by level during the current year, with the exception of PANAFTOSA, bases its operation on the structure of Brazil and Colombia which have shown a slight field and laboratory services available in the countries decline.

Coverage of informing units by weeks and countries, 2002.

COUNTRIES PERCENTAGE OF COVERAGE WEEKS-RANGE Arg Bol Bra Col Ecu Par Per Uru Ven

01-10 100 90 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 11-20 100 100 96 90 100 100 100 100 97

21-30 100 100 94 92 100 100 100 100 100 31-40 100 100 96 95 100 100 100 100 98 41-52 100 100 99 94 100 100 100 100 98

25 3.2 OPPORTUNITIES OF THE WEEKLY FLOW FROM THE CENTRAL UNIT OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEILLANCE OF THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM

Table 9

PERCENTAGE OF NOTIFICATIONS

COUNTRY

APPROPRIATE / YEARS ADDITIONAL / YEARS

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Arg 100 100 100 100 100 - - - - -

Bol 100 100 100 100 100 - - - - -

Bra 63 87 88 94 100 37 19 12 6 -

Col 100 100 90 100 100 - - 10 - -

Ecu 80 96 100 100 100 20 4 - - -

Par 100 100 100 100 100 - - - - -

Per 100 90 100 100 100 - 10 - - -

Uru 100 100 100 100 100 - - - - -

Ven 57 84 69 75 100 43 16 31 25 -

3.3 SURVEILLANCE AT BORDER The activation of forums of economic integration, AREAS such as MERCOSUR and CAN; strengthens The development of foot-and-mouth disease integration of joint sanitary activities in border areas. programs in the countries originated the organization Due to the reoccurrence of foot-and-mouth of bilateral agreements on animal health within the disease in the Southern Cone and reformulation of border ambit. At a later phase these agreements were PHEFA, Border Agreements and Technical consolidated through systems of immediate Committees of both subregions have been very active. notification of vesicular diseases occurrences to border During 2002 meetings have been held of the areas, semestral or annual meetings of coordination, following Agreements: Colombia-Venezuela; and with the preparation and operation of zonal River Plate Basin; Chile-Perú-Bolivia; Ecuador- projects which cover bordering areas between the Colombia; Ecuador-Perú; Paraguay-Argentina and countries. Argentina-Brazil-Uruguay.

26 3.4 LABORATORY COMPONENT IN n Organization in PANAFTOSA of a seminar for EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF harmonization of the differential diagnosis of VESICULAR DISEASES foot-and-mouth disease. During 2002 the laboratory component of n Support to the implantation of PANAFTOSA has given priority to the development, immunohystochemical technique for BSE in implementation and transfer to countries of new various countries of the region. methodological approaches of greater diagnostic precision, which will contribute towards a deeper In response to the VI Resolution of the XXIX epidemiologic analysis. They included instruments to COSALFA, delivery of biologics to the countries characterize endemism and epidemiologic situations, risk was strengthened with the use of complete kits. of introduction and diffusion of foot-and-mouth disease This approach started with tests of the I-Elisa and to support an efficient diagnosis of emergencies. 3ABC/EITB system, which have been partly Within activities carried out, the following are configurated by EMBRABIO with biologics highlighted: produced at PANAFTOSA and with its quality control. n Extension of validation criteria of diagnostic Reinforcement has been put forward in systems tests using non-capsidal proteins (I-ELISA of management control and definition of norms to 3ABC/EITB) through the enlargement of data guarantee diagnostic quality through the strengthening base of sampling bovines from high-risk areas of approaches to control internal and external quality and their comparison with low-risk areas. This in the performance of diagnostic tests. also refers to their qualitative and quantitative In response to the VIII Resolution of the III interpretation, which includes the preparation Extraordinary Meeting of COSALFA, to implement a of outlines of distribution of antibodies reactivity. system of external auditing coordinated by n Activities were intensified for international PANAFTOSA, as an instrument to evaluate quality harmonization with other available tests through guarantee of the Veterinary Services in the Southern the support of the International Agency of Cone, implementation has been made of an Atomic Energy in the comparative evaluation evaluation system in the laboratories of the region. of performance of kits using non-capsidal It is stressed that this Resolution had been ratified in proteins and through active participation in the the VII Resolution of the XXVIII COSALFA and the Ad Hoc group of OIE for evaluation of the use XII RIMSA. and interpretation of diagnostic systems using non-capsidal proteins. n Establishment of connections between technical TRAINING ACTIVITIES DURING 2002 cooperation and the European Union to extend n Tissue Culture – Abril 8-12. Eng. Rosalina the use of the system (Elisa 3ABC/EITB) to Velaztiqui Moudelle, LAUDA SAP Laboratory. Europe. Asunción, Paraguay n Support to serologic, immunologic and genetic n Immunoenzymatic Techniques and Molecular characterization of the strains responsible for Biology – July 22-August 9. Dr. Camilo Sánchez the sanitary emergency in Paraguay. Martínez, Colombian Agriculture and Livestock n Optimization of diagnostic precision based on Institute (Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario – molecular genetics tools by the establishment, ICA). Bogotá, Colombia among others, of genetic relations of strains n Information System and Epidemiology – causing sanitary emergency in the Southern September. Dr. Aurelio Edwin M. Delgadillo, Cone. SENASAG/Bolivia n Consolidation of a genetic data bank of foot- n Dr. Hugo R. Dorado, FEGABENI/Bolivia. and-mouth disease viral strains with Molecular Biology – October 7-11. Dr. Salomón epidemiologic relevance in the region. Ortíz Rojas, SENASA/Perú

27 Sending of Biologics to the Countries - 2002

OTHERS NUMBER OF TESTS COUNTRIES ELISA ELISA ELISA ELISA IDGA IDGA EITB CELS. VFA 3ABC CFL SI IBR 3D L.A.

ARGENTINA 2,000 17,000 11,000 350 8 gar.

BOLIVIA 3,000

BRAZIL 58,375 144,700 236,000 1.400 1,000 17,000 2,000 26 gar.

CHILE 4,000 10,000

COLOMBIA 6,500 25,000 16,000 700 5 gar. 20ml

PARAGUAY 1,000 24,000 700 75,000 2,000 19 gar. 25ml

PERU 350

URUGUAY 22,000 20,000

VENEZUELA 500 840 18,000 350 5 gar.

TOTAL 68,375 187,540 331,000 3.850 4,000 122,000 4,000 63,000 45ml

28 Table 1 Herds with clinical signs compatible to vesicular diseases and their diagnoses, South America 2002.

29 Table 2

Foot-and-mouth disease Diagnoses Laboratory by virus type, country and year. South America, 1991 - 2002.

30 Table 3 Monthly distribution of properties with foot-and-mouth disease cases according to countries. South America, 2002.

31 Table 4 Monthly distribution of premises affected by type O foot-and-mouth disease virus, country. South America, 2002

32 Table 5 Monthly distribution of premises affected by type A foot-and-mouth disease virus, country. South America, 2002.

33 Table 6 Monthly distribution of premises affected by type C foot-and-mouth disease virus, country. South America, 2002.

34 Table 7 Monthly distribution of premises affected by New Jersey vesicular stomatitis virus, country. South America, 2002.

35 Table 8 Monthly distribution of premises affected by Indiana vesicular stomatitis virus, country. South America, 2002.

36 Table 9

Morbidity and mortality rates of vesicular diseases in cattle. South America, 2002.

37 Table 10

Morbidity and mortality rates of vesicular diseases in pigs. South America, 2002.

38 Table 11

Morbidity and mortality rates of vesicular diseases in sheep. South America, 2002.

39 Table 12

Morbidity and mortality rates of vesicular diseases in goats. South America, 2002.

40 Table 13

Morbidity and mortality rates of vesicular diseases in equines. South America, 2002.

41 Table 14

Foot-and-mouth disease and vesicular stomatitis virus subtypes identified by the Reference Laboratory. South America, 2002.

- - -

42 Table 15

Properties affected by vesicular stomatitis, by type of virus and country. Central America and Mexico, 2002.

43 Table 16

Monthly distribution of properties affected by foot-and-mouth disease, according to regional subproject. South America, 2002.

44 Table 17

Monthly distribution of premises affected by type O foot-and-mouth disease virus. South America, 2002.

45 Talbe 18

Montlhy distribution of properties affected by foot-and-mouth disease virus tupe A, according to regional subprojects. South America, 2002.

46 Table 19

Monthly distribution of properties affected by foot-and-mouth disease virus, type C, according to regional subprojects. South America 2002

47 Table 20

Monthly distribution of properties affected by vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey type, according to regional subproject. South America, 2002.

48 Table 21

Monthly distribution of properties affected by vesicular stomatitis virus, Indiana type, according to regional subprojects. South America, 2002.

49 Table 22 Strains utilized in the production of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. South America, 2002.

50 Table 23 Production, control and availability of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine, by countries. South America, 2002.

51 Table 24

Number of animals vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease. South America, 2002.

52 Table 25

Coverage of progrms to combat foot-and-mouth disease. South America, 2002.

53 Table 26 Human Resources of programs to combat foot-and-mouth disease according countries. South America, 2002.

54 Table 27 Human resources of programs to combat foot-and-mouth disease. South America, 2001 - 2002

55 Table 28

Inventory of vehicles of programs to combat foot-and-mouth disease, according to country and year. South America, 2001 - 2002

56 Table 29

Public and private expenditure of programs to combat foot-and-mouth disease in American dollars. South America, 2002.

57 Printed in march, 2003 in

PAN AMERICAN FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE CENTER Veterinary Public Health - PAHO/WHO