DOCSLIB.ORG

Situation of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Eradication Programs South America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Situation of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Eradication Programs South America SITUATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ERADICATION PROGRAMS SOUTH AMERICA - 2002 PAN AMERICAN FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE CENTER Veterinary Public Health Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center Status of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Eradication Programs. South America, 2002. – Río de Janeiro: PANAFTOSA, 2003. 58p.: il. Includes annexes. 1. Foot-and-Mouth Disease – American. 2. Control plans and programs – American. I. Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center, ed. 2 CONTENTS Pág. 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 5 2. SITUATION OF THE COUNTRIES ........................................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Southern Cone Argentina ......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Brasil ............................................................................................................................................................... 9 Chile ................................................................................................................................................................11 Paraguay .........................................................................................................................................................12 Uruguay ...........................................................................................................................................................14 2.2 Área Andina Bolívia .............................................................................................................................................................16 Colombia .........................................................................................................................................................17 Ecuador ...........................................................................................................................................................19 Peru .................................................................................................................................................................20 Venezuela ........................................................................................................................................................22 2.3 Amazon Basin and Guyanas Amazon Basin .................................................................................................................................................24 Guyana ............................................................................................................................................................25 3. CONTINENTAL INFORMATION AND SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR VESICULAR DISEASES ........................25 3.1 Information coverage ......................................................................................................................................25 3.2 Opportunities of the weekly flow from the central unit of epidemiologic surveillance of the Continental System .........................................................................................................................................26 3.3 Surveillance at border areas ............................................................................................................................26 3.4 Laboratory component in epidemiological surveillance of vesicular diseases ..................................................27 4. TABLES ................................................................................................................................................................29 3 4 STATUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE ERADICATION PROGRAMS SOUTH AMERICA, 2002 1. INTRODUCTION The operation of the Plan of Action of the The Hemispheric Plan for Eradication of Foot-and- Hemispheric Program for Eradication of Foot-and- Mouth Disease (PHEFA) started operating towards the Mouth Disease during l989-2000, caused various end of the 80s. Its action strategy was based on the changes in the epidemiological situation of the disease regional characterization of the productive systems in the region. and epidemiologic ecosystems of the disease. It was also based on social mobilization through the incorporation and participation of the livestock Table 1 breeders community and other actors of the productive Coverage of foot-and-mouth disease-free chain of the sector. Activities are carried out within countries or zones in South America. an official-private structure whose present and future usefulness in the attention to veterinary sanitary NUMBER OF NUMBER OF YEAR AREA situations has been confirmed. PROPERTIES BOVINES PHEFA considered within its specific objectives: 1988 1.984.883 171.648 4.888.545 a) To eradicate foot-and-mouth disease in the (11.35%) (3.49%) (1.72%) South American continent; 1999* 7.200.000 2.900.000 171.500.000 b) To prevent its introduction to existing free areas; (60%) (41%) (60%) c) To prevent introduction of foot-and-mouth 2002 5.472.913 2.058.692 158.646.100 disease and other pathogenic agents in the new (32%) (43%) (52%) livestock areas through colonization, especially in the Amazon subregion, and at the same time * With no record foot-and-mouth disease in the last two or more years. to respect its ecologic integrity. and within its intermediate objectives: 1. To protect existing foot-and-mouth disease-free In 2000 the sanitary situation in South America, areas. specifically for foot-and-mouth disease, suffered 2. To create new free areas and to prevent its various changes affecting the success achieved until reintroduction. 1999. Towards the middle of 2000 notification is made 3. To use cattle from free areas or non-infected in the Southern Cone of viral activitity; of positive cattle for colonization of new cattle areas. serologic cases in Paraguay and some outbreaks in 4. To achieve an advanced control of the disease, Argentina, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Uruguay. In which is an epidemiological requirement prior 2001 the disease has epidemic characteristics in to eradication. Argentina and Uruguay and it is reintroduced in the 5. To create animal health infrastructure in regions State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This caused their with underdeveloped programs. loss of international recognition of foot-and-mouth 6. To eliminate endemic ecosystems. disease-free. 5 Table 2 Hemispheric program for eradication of foot-and-mouth disease eradication in South America. 1989-2000 - Southern Cone Subregion INTERMEDIATE PROPOSED SITUATION SITUATION AREAS OBJECTIVES REACHED IN REACHED IN 1989-1994 1995-2000 1999 2000 Chile And Protection of Existing Free Free Preserved Free Preserved Patagônia Areas Areas Areas Argentina Mesopotamia Creation of Free Areas Loses Free Preserved Argentina and New Free Created and Recognition of Areas Uruguay Areas Preserved Free Area Rio Grande do Sul and Free Areas Free Areas Loses Santa Catarina, Advanced Created and Created and Recognition of Brazil Control Preserved Preserved Free Area and rest of Argentina Creation of Free Areas New Area Paraguay Advanced New Free Created and Created and Control Areas Preserved Preserved Table 3 Hemispheric program for eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in South America. 1989-2000 - Andean Subregion INTERMEDIATE PROPOSED OBJECTIVES SITUATION REACHED AREAS 1989-1994 1995-2000 IN 2000 Forest with incipient cattle breeding and Protection of Free Areas Free preserved areas North-West region of Colombia Perú maintains its free areas Perú and Atlantic Creation of Free Protection of free The Atlantic Coast of Coast of Colombia Areas areas Colombia is determined to be considered free with vaccination. Colombia and Venezuela and Venezuela consolidate Colombia (with control. exception of their Advanced Control Creation of free areas Ecuador and Bolivia flatlands), Ecuador restructure their and Bolivia programs. Colombia and Flatlands of Creation of structure Venezuela consolidate Colombia, Venezuela Advanced control for veterinary attention control. Bolivia and Bolivia restructures its program. 6 Table 4 Hemispheric program for eradication of foot-and-mouth disease eradication in South America. 1989-2000 - Amazon Subregion and Brazil SITUATION REACHED INTERMEDIATE PROPOSED OBJECTIVES IN 2000 ÁREAS 1989-1994 1995-2000 Free preserved areas Guyana, French Protection of free Protection of free areas Guiana and Suriname areas Amazon areas of Deficient sanitary Colonization with cattle To create new free Bolivia, Perú and control on introduction from free areas areas Colombia of cattle There is infractructure Creation of Amazon States of for veterinary attention. infrastructure for Advanced control Brazil and Venezuela veterinary attention Venezuela consolidates control Advanced control Recognition of a free Creation of new free Non-Amazon Brazil Advanced control zone: Goiás, Mato areas Grosso, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Sao Paulo and Federal District Revision and reformulation of the Plan of It is proposed to maintain regionalization of Action of PHEFA have been encouraged by the activities and strategies through a new qualification following factors: the situation caused by the of space bearing in mind present characteristics of development of the program in the epidemiologic the disease, the productive profile of regions and the outline and the organization of intercountry specificity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Munich Outbreak of Cutaneous Cowpox Infection: Transmission by Infected Pet Rats
    Acta Derm Venereol 2012; 92: 126–131 INVESTIGATIVE REPORT The Munich Outbreak of Cutaneous Cowpox Infection: Transmission by Infected Pet Rats Sandra VOGEL1, Miklós SÁRDY1, Katharina GLOS2, Hans Christian KOrting1, Thomas RUZICKA1 and Andreas WOLLENBERG1 1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, and 2Department of Dermatology, Haas and Link Animal Clinic, Germering, Germany Cowpox virus infection of humans is an uncommon, another type of orthopoxvirus, from infected pet prairie potentially fatal, skin disease. It is largely confined to dogs have recently been described in the USA, making Europe, but is not found in Eire, or in the USA, Austral­ the medical community aware of the risk of transmission asia, or the Middle or Far East. Patients having contact of pox viruses from pets (3). with infected cows, cats, or small rodents sporadically Seven of 8 exposed patients living in the Munich contract the disease from these animals. We report here area contracted cowpox virus infection from an unusual clinical aspects of 8 patients from the Munich area who source: rats infected with cowpox virus bought from had purchased infected pet rats from a local supplier. Pet local pet shops and reputedly from the same supplier rats are a novel potential source of local outbreaks. The caused a clinically distinctive pattern of infection, which morphologically distinctive skin lesions are mostly res­ was mostly restricted to the patients’ neck and trunk. tricted to the patients’ necks, reflecting the infected ani­ We report here dermatologically relevant aspects of mals’ contact pattern. Individual lesions vaguely resem­ our patients in order to alert the medical community to ble orf or Milker’s nodule, but show marked surrounding the possible risk of a zoonotic orthopoxvirus outbreak erythema, firm induration and local adenopathy.
    [Show full text]
  • Specimen Type, Collection Methods, and Diagnostic Assays Available For
    Specimen type, collection methods, and diagnostic assays available for the detection of poxviruses from human specimens by the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1. Specimen Orthopoxvirus Parapoxvirus Yatapoxvirus Molluscipoxvirus Specimen type collection method PCR6 Culture EM8 IHC9,10 Serology11 PCR12 EM8 IHC9,10 PCR13 EM8 PCR EM8 Lesion material Fresh or frozen Swab 5 Lesion material [dry or in media ] [vesicle / pustule Formalin fixed skin, scab / crust, etc.] Paraffin block Fixed slide(s) Container Lesion fluid Swab [vesicle / pustule [dry or in media5] fluid, etc.] Touch prep slide Blood EDTA2 EDTA tube 7 Spun or aliquoted Serum before shipment Spun or aliquoted Plasma before shipment CSF3,4 Sterile 1. The detection of poxviruses by electron microscopy (EM) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) is performed by the Infectious Disease Pathology Branch of the CDC. 2. EDTA — Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. 3. CSF — Cerebrospinal fluid. 4. In order to accurately interpret test results generated from CSF specimens, paired serum must also be submitted. 5. If media is used to store and transport specimens a minimal amount should be used to ensure as little dilution of DNA as possible. 6. Orthopoxvirus generic real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays will amplify DNA from numerous species of virus within the Orthopoxvirus genus. Species-specific real-time PCR assays are available for selective detection of DNA from variola virus, vaccinia virus, monkeypox virus, and cowpox virus. 7. Blood is not ideal for the detection of orthopoxviruses by PCR as the period of viremia has often passed before sampling occurs. 8. EM can reveal the presence of a poxvirus in clinical specimens or from virus culture, but this technique cannot differentiate between virus species within the same genus.
    [Show full text]
  • BOVINE PAPULAR STOMATITIS DISSERTATION Presented In
    BOVINE PAPULAR STOMATITIS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By RICHARD ALLEN GRIESEMER, D.V.M. The Ohio State University 1959 Approved by Adviser Department of Veterinary Pathology ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author gratefully acknowledges the encouragement and counsel of Dr. C. R. Cole, Chairman, Department or Veterinary Pathology, The Ohio State University. ii TABLE OF CONTESTS Chapter Page INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES ................ 1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................... 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS . , .............. 7 Preparation of Tissue Cultures .......... 7 Experimental Calves ...................... 13 Laboratory Animals ..... ............ 15 Handling of Materials Containing Viruses. 17 THE NATURALLY OCCURRING DISEASE............ 19 Experiment 1 ............................ 19 Experiment 2 ............................ 25 PRELIMINARY TRANSMISSION EXPERIMENTS .... 1*9 Experiment 3 ........... 1*9 Experiment I * ................... 1*9 Experiment 5 - .......................... 70 Experiment 6 ............................ 73 Experiment 7 ........................... 8l DIRECT REPRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE ........ 85 . Experiment 8 ................. 85 REPRODUCTION OF THE DISEASE WITH VIRUS PASSAGED THROUGH TISSUE CULTURES ........ 113 Experiment 9 .............................. 113 PATHOGENICITY OF THE VIRUS FOR LABORATORY ANIMALS AND TISSUE CULTURES................ 123 Experiment 1 0 ........................... 12k Experiment
    [Show full text]
  • Parapoxviruses in Domestic Livestock in New Zealand
    PARAPOXVIRUSES IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK IN NEW ZEALAND Introduction only cattle less than two years old are affected and in There are four types of common parapoxvirus causing this age group the morbidity can reach 100 percent. infections in domestic livestock. They include bovine Lesions are characterised by multiple circular papules papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), orf virus (contagious or erosions up to 15 mm in diameter on the mouth, pustular dermatitis or CPD) and pseudocowpox virus, muzzle, nasolabium, teats, and rarely on the oesophagus which is very closely related and possibly identical and rumen. Lesions expand and may coalesce, becoming to BPSV (Munz and Dumbell, 2004). In addition, slightly depressed with a greyish-brown necrotic centre. parapoxvirus of red deer is considered to be a separate Lesions are not generally seen on the tongue. Diagnosis Parapoxvirus species (Robinson and Mercer 1995; is based on clinical signs, histology, electron microscopy Scagliarini et al., 2011). All parapox viruses are potentially and molecular tests. Serology is of limited value. zoonotic, causing nodular skin lesions usually on the fingers, hands or arms. Parapoxvirus infections are CASE EXAMPLE OF BPS IN CATTLE common in sheep, goats and cattle in New Zealand Eight of 48 calves (17 percent) were affected with a variety (Horner et al., 1987). Reports of disease in deer since 1985 of oral lesions. On further examination, their general suggest it is now relatively common in this species too demeanour was normal, with no drooling, lip smacking, (Horner et al., 1987; Smith et al., 1988; Hilson, 1997). or lameness present, but the affected calves were mildly pyrexic (rectal temperature > 40oC).
    [Show full text]
  • Fact Sheet: Basic Information About Monkeypox
    MONKEYPOX FACT SHEET Basic Information about Monkeypox Monkeypox: An Emerging Infectious Disease in North America Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that is found mostly in the rainforest countries of central and west Africa. The disease is called “monkeypox” because it was first discovered in laboratory monkeys in 1958. Blood tests of animals in Africa later found evidence of monkeypox infection in various rodent species. The virus that causes monkeypox was recovered from an African squirrel, which may be the natural host. Laboratory studies showed that the virus could also infect rats, mice, and rabbits. In 1970, monkeypox was identified as the cause of a rash illness in humans in remote African locations. In early June 2003, monkeypox was reported among several residents in the United States who became ill after having contact with sick pet prairie dogs. This is the first evidence of community-acquired monkeypox in the United States. Cause of Monkeypox The disease is caused by Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus group of viruses. Other orthopoxviruses that can cause infection in humans include variola (smallpox), vaccinia (used in smallpox vaccine), and cowpox viruses. Signs and Symptoms In humans, the signs and symptoms of monkeypox are similar to those of smallpox, but usually milder. Unlike smallpox, monkeypox causes swollen lymph nodes. The incubation period for monkeypox is about 12 days.The illness begins with fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, a general feeling of discomfort, and exhaustion. Within 1 to 3 days (sometimes longer) after onset of fever, the patient develops a papular rash (i.e., raised bumps), often first on the face but sometimes initially on other parts of the body.
    [Show full text]
  • Here, There, and Everywhere: the Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses
    viruses Review Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses Natalia Ingrid Oliveira Silva, Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira, Erna Geessien Kroon , Giliane de Souza Trindade and Betânia Paiva Drumond * Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; [email protected] (N.I.O.S.); [email protected] (J.S.d.O.); [email protected] (E.G.K.); [email protected] (G.d.S.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The global emergence of zoonotic viruses, including poxviruses, poses one of the greatest threats to human and animal health. Forty years after the eradication of smallpox, emerging zoonotic orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses continue to infect humans as well as wild and domestic animals. Currently, the geographical distribution of poxviruses in a broad range of hosts worldwide raises concerns regarding the possibility of outbreaks or viral dissemination to new geographical regions. Here, we review the global host ranges and current epidemiological understanding of zoonotic orthopoxviruses while focusing on orthopoxviruses with epidemic potential, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. Keywords: Orthopoxvirus; Poxviridae; zoonosis; Monkeypox virus; Cowpox virus; Vaccinia virus; host range; wild and domestic animals; emergent viruses; outbreak Citation: Silva, N.I.O.; de Oliveira, J.S.; Kroon, E.G.; Trindade, G.d.S.; Drumond, B.P. Here, There, and Everywhere: The Wide Host Range 1. Poxvirus and Emerging Diseases and Geographic Distribution of Zoonotic diseases, defined as diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Viruses from vertebrate animals to humans, represent a significant threat to global health [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Study of Vaccinia and Cowpox Viruses' Replication in Rac1-N17 Dominant
    554 Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 108(5): 554-562, August 2013 Study of Vaccinia and Cowpox viruses’ replication in Rac1-N17 dominant-negative cells Ana Paula Carneiro Salgado1,2, Jamária Adriana Pinheiro Soares-Martins1,2,3, Luciana Garcia Andrade1,2, Jonas Dutra Albarnaz1,2, Paulo César Peregrino Ferreira2, Erna Geessien Kroon2, Cláudio Antônio Bonjardim1,2/+ 1Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Orthopoxvirus e Flavivírus - LABVÍRUS 2Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil 3Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA Interfering with cellular signal transduction pathways is a common strategy used by many viruses to create a propitious intracellular environment for an efficient replication. Our group has been studying cellular signalling pathways activated by the orthopoxviruses Vaccinia (VACV) and Cowpox (CPXV) and their significance to viral replication. In the present study our aim was to investigate whether the GTPase Rac1 was an upstream signal that led to the activation of MEK/ERK1/2, JNK1/2 or Akt pathways upon VACV or CPXV’ infections. Therefore, we generated stable murine fibroblasts exhibiting negative dominance to Rac1-N17 to evaluate viral growth and the phosphorylation status of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and Akt. Our results demonstrated that VACV replication, but not CPXV, was affected in dominant-negative (DN) Rac1-N17 cell lines in which viral yield was reduced in about 10-fold. Viral late gene expression, but not early, was also reduced. Furthermore, our data showed that Akt phosphorylation was diminished upon VACV infection in DN Rac1-N17 cells, suggesting that Rac1 participates in the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway leading to the activation of Akt.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoonotic Poxviruses Associated with Companion Animals
    Animals 2011, 1, 377-395; doi:10.3390/ani1040377 OPEN ACCESS animals ISSN 2076-2615 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Review Zoonotic Poxviruses Associated with Companion Animals Danielle M. Tack 1,2,* and Mary G. Reynolds 2 1 Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA 2 Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-404-639-5278. Received: 13 October 2011; in revised form: 2 November 2011 / Accepted: 15 November 2011 / Published: 17 November 2011 Simple Summary: Contemporary enthusiasm for the ownership of exotic animals and hobby livestock has created an opportunity for the movement of poxviruses—such as monkeypox, cowpox, and orf—outside their traditional geographic range bringing them into contact with atypical animal hosts and groups of people not normally considered at risk. It is important that pet owners and practitioners of human and animal medicine develop a heightened awareness for poxvirus infections and understand the risks that can be associated with companion animals and livestock. This article reviews the epidemiology and clinical features of zoonotic poxviruses that are most likely to affect companion animals. Abstract: Understanding the zoonotic risk posed by poxviruses in companion animals is important for protecting both human and animal health. The outbreak of monkeypox in the United States, as well as current reports of cowpox in Europe, point to the fact that companion animals are increasingly serving as sources of poxvirus transmission to people.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowpox Virus in Llama, Italy
    depression and lethargy, anorexia, and recumbency until Cowpox Virus in death. A short time later, another llama, a 7-year-old female, became ill and was euthanized. Necropsy was conducted Llama, Italy on the euthanized animal, and samples were collected for Giusy Cardeti, Alberto Brozzi, Claudia Eleni, laboratory investigation. No other animals belonging to Nicola Polici, Gianlorenzo D’Alterio, numerous species of birds (local and exotic) and mammals Fabrizio Carletti, Maria Teresa Scicluna, (goats, cattle, swine, donkeys, and horses) living at the Concetta Castilletti, Maria R. Capobianchi, farm showed any of the above-mentioned symptoms. Antonino Di Caro, Gian Luca Autorino, Because mice and rats are considered carriers of and Demetrio Amaddeo CPXV (4) and birds of prey at the farm were fed frozen Cowpox virus (CPXV) was isolated from skin lesions of a llama on a farm in Italy. Transmission electron microscopy showed brick-shaped particles consistent with orthopoxviruses. CPXV-antibodies were detected in llama and human serum samples; a CPXV isolate had a hemagglutinin sequence identical to CPXV-MonKre08/1–2-3 strains isolated from banded mongooses in Germany. he llama (Lama glama) is a South American camelid Tused as a pack and meat animal by Andean cultures since pre-Hispanic times. Today, llama breeding is spreading in North America where the animals are used for wool production and as livestock guards. In Italy, llamas are raised in the northern and central regions to produce meat and wool, but they are more commonly considered companion animals or used as pack animals for trekking tours in the mountains. Viral diseases of llamas are becoming better known as a result of extensive research in North America (1) prompted by the recent growth in commercial breeding of New World camelids.
    [Show full text]
  • Monkeypox Virus Liberia, and the US (Ex-Ghana)
    APPENDIX 2 Monkeypox Virus Liberia, and the US (ex-Ghana). The West African clade is less virulent than the Congo Basin clade. Disease Agent: Common Human Exposure Routes: • Monkeypox virus (MPV) • Respiratory, percutaneous, and permucosal expo- Disease Agent Characteristics: sures to infected monkeys, zoo animals, prairie dogs, and humans • Family: Poxviridae; Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae; Genus: Orthopoxvirus Likelihood of Secondary Transmission: • Virion morphology and size: Enveloped, slightly pleomorphic; dumbbell-shaped core with lateral • Direct contact with body fluids, respiratory droplets, bodies; 140-260 nm in diameter by 220-450 nm in or with virus-contaminated objects, such as bedding length or clothing • Nucleic acid: linear, double-stranded DNA virus; • Period of human-to-human transmission is during genome length: ~197 kb in length bp the first week of the rash. • Physicochemical properties: Resistant to common • Longest chain of documented human-to-human phenolic disinfectants; inactivated with polar lipo- transmission was five generations (four serial philic solvents, such as chloroform, and at low pH. transmissions). Complete inactivation of the closely related vaccinia At-Risk Populations: virus occurs in 2-3 hours at 60°C or within minutes following exposure to 20 nM caprylate at 22°C; • Very low in the US, based on animal import controls however, MPV is more resistant than vaccinia to established in 2003 solvent-detergent treatment. • In Africa, people coming in contact with infected animals Disease Name: Vector and Reservoir Involved: • Monkeypox • Reservoir is African rodents Priority Level: Blood Phase: • Scientific/Epidemiologic evidence regarding blood safety: Theoretical • In an outbreak in the Republic of Congo, one out of • Public perception and/or regulatory concern regard- five specimens was positive after 21 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowpox Virus Virulence Determinants
    Aus dem Institut für Virologie des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin COWPOX VIRUS VIRULENCE DETERMINANTS Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Aistė Tamošiūnaitė Tierärztin aus Kaunas, Litauen Berlin 2017 Journal-Nr.: 3934 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zentek Erster Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Osterrieder Zweiter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Robert Klopfleisch Dritter Gutachter: PD Dr. Sandra Blome Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus): cowpox virus; DNA; plasmids; restriction fragment lenght polymorphism; immunohistochemistry; polymerase chain reaction; electrophoresis; antibiotics; antibodies Tag der Promotion: 20.07.2017 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. ISBN: 978-3-86387-832-0 Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 2017 Dissertation, Freie Universität Berlin D 188 Dieses Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Alle Rechte, auch die der Übersetzung, des Nachdruckes und der Vervielfältigung des Buches, oder Teilen daraus, vorbehalten. Kein Teil des Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Die Wiedergabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Warenbezeichnungen, usw. in diesem Werk berechtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnung nicht zu der Annahme, dass solche Namen im Sinne der Warenzeichen- und Markenschutz-Gesetzgebung als frei zu betrachten wären und daher von jedermann benutzt werden dürfen. This document is protected by copyright law. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Severe Ocular Cowpox in a Human, Finland
    LETTERS arthropod-based transmission F. philomiragia has not been Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013;13:226–36. http://dx.doi.org/ suspected. However, F. philomiragia DNA was found in 10.1089/vbz.2011.0933 10. Beugnet F, Marié JL. Emerging arthropod-borne diseases of 19% of a sample of dog ticks (Dermacentor reticulatus) in companion animals in Europe. Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:298–305. France (9). This finding suggests thatD. reticulatus, which http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.028 is now broadly distributed across Europe because of global warming and increased travel with pets, may have a role Address for correspondence: Nadine Lemaître, Laboratoire de in the life cycle and transmission of F. philomiragia (10). Bactériologie-Hygiène, Centre de Biologie-Pathologie, CHRU Lille, The patient did not own a dog and did not recall having had boulevard Jules Leclercq, 59037 Lille CEDEX, France; email: nadine. contact with dogs. However, his job (a municipal gardener) [email protected]. constituted a risk factor for tick bites in urban green spaces. Although multiple points for F. philomiragia to enter this patient were suspected, none were laboratory con- firmed. Further investigation is needed to better define the Severe Ocular Cowpox in natural life cycle of this organism, especially the role of a Human, Finland tick species in its transmission. Acknowledgments Paula M. Kinnunen, Juha M. Holopainen, We thank Michel Simonet for critically reading the manuscript. Heidi Hemmilä, Heli Piiparinen, Tarja Sironen, Tero Kivelä, Jenni Virtanen, Jukka Niemimaa, Dr. Kreitmann is a resident in the Division of Internal Medicine Simo Nikkari, Asko Järvinen, Olli Vapalahti at Lille University Medical Center (Lille, France).
    [Show full text]