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Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Programme Supported by the Netherlands in Fayoum Governorate, Arab Republic Of IOB Impact Evaluation | no. 327 IOB Impact Evaluation | no. Drinking water supply and sanitation programme in Fayoum, Egypt, 1990-2009 Support to water supply and sanitary facilities has been a priority for Netherlands development IOB Impact Evaluation co-operation for many years. The purpose of support goes beyond sustainable access to improved facilities: it is intended to reduce the burden of water collection, improve health, raise school enrolment; improve livelihoods and ultimately reduce poverty. IOB is undertaking a series of impact studies in five countries to measure the effects of supported programmes, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and techniques. Dutch support provided to the drinkwater supply and Drinking water supply and sanitation programme sanitation programme in Fayoum Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt started in 1990. The supported by the Netherlands in Fayoum impact evaluation report is the third report published in the series. Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1990-2009 n Department | IOB Impact Evaluations | no. 327 | May 2010 | Policy and Operations Evaluation Department | IOB Impact Evaluations | no. 327 | May 2010 Policy and Operations Evaluation Department | IOB Impact Evaluations | no. 327 | May 2010 | Policy and Operations Evaluation Department | IOB Imp Published by: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands P.O. Box 20061 | 2500 EB The Hague The Netherlands | www.minbuza.nl © Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands | May 2010 10BUZ281478|E IOB Impact Evaluation Drinking water supply and sanitation programme supported by the Netherlands in Fayoum Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt, 1990-2009 | 2 | Drinking water supply and sanitation programme in Fayoum, Egypt, 1990-2009 Preface Support to water supply and sanitary facilities has been a priority for the Netherlands’ development co-operation for many years. Current policy on development co-operation is guided by the Millennium Development Goals. The MDGs include the target to halve, by 2015, the proportion of people in 1990 without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. The objective of the support to water supply and sanitary facilities goes beyond sustainable access: it aims to reduce the burden of water collection (typically a task for women and girls), improve health, raise school enrolment and attendance, improve livelihoods and, ultimately, reduce poverty. The Policy and Operations Evaluation Department (IOB) of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs has initiated a series of impact evaluations of water supply and sanitation projects and programmes supported by the Netherlands. There is a worldwide consensus on the impacts of programmes for water supply and sanitary facilities; conventional | 3 | evaluation studies do not, however, normally quantify these. The impact evaluations have used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods and techniques. Through the evaluations, IOB wishes to explore how the effects of these programmes can be measured. The third in the series is the impact evaluation of the drinking water and sanitation programme supported by the Netherlands in Fayoum Governorate, Arab Republic of Egypt. Dutch support to the Fayoum programme started in 1990 and is ongoing. The thrust of the support aimed to strengthen the institutional performance of the responsible agency for the sector in Fayoum Governorate, supplemented by invest- ments in water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The focus of the study is on the programme’s impact on the local population and on the sustainability of the results. Rita Tesselaar of IOB was responsible for the evaluation. The main consultants were Jan Willem Gunning, Professor of Development Economics, Chris Elbers, Professor in Economics and Stephen Turner, sr. consultant in Resource Development at the Free University of Amsterdam, and Hanan Radwan, sr. institutional assessment consultant, Cairo. The surveys, data collection at health units and schools, and arrangements for water quality tests were carried out by a team from the American University of Cairo led by Ramadan Hamed Mohamed, Research Professor at the Social Research Centre. A reference group – consisting of Dr. Susan Watts, social determinants of health expert, Cairo, Dr. Christine Sijbesma of the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, The Hague, and Dick van Ginhoven and Rob Swinkels of the relevant policy depart- ments at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs – provided comments and advice on the report. Preface The study greatly benefited from support provided by the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project, the Netherlands Embassy in Cairo and the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Company. Maps on Fayoum and its water and sanitation infrastructure were kindly provided by the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Company. Special thanks are due to Herrie Heckman, team leader of the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project and Dr. Tarek Morad, Deputy Head Economic and Development Cooperation Department, Netherlands Embassy, for their information and support throughout the study. Thanks are also due to all informants and respondents in the impact evaluation. These include Eng. Mahmoud Mohamed Nafei, Chairman of the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Company; Dr. Abdel Kawy Khalifa and Eng. Mahmoud Raslan, Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Holding Company for Water and Wastewater; Eng. Mohamed El-Alfy, Deputy Minister for International Relations, Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities; staff of the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Company and of the Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project; informants of Fayoum Governorate and local authorities, Community Development Associations and Water User Associations: and last but certainly not least, all the | 4 | respondents to the survey questionnaires and participants of focus group discussions. IOB bears responsibility for the contents of the report. Henri Jorritsma Acting Director IOB Drinking water supply and sanitation programme in Fayoum, Egypt, 1990-2009 Contents Preface 3 Abbreviations 11 Main findings and issues 13 1 Background and methodology 24 1.1 Reason for and purpose of the evaluation 25 1.2 Evaluation questions 26 1.3 Methodology and data collection 27 1.4 Structure of the report 31 2 Programme context 32 2.1 Demography and society 33 2.2 Natural environment 34 2.3 Economy and poverty 35 2.4 Health 38 | 5 | 2.5 Government and institutions 38 2.6 National water supply and sanitation policy, and institutional context 40 2.7 The Netherlands’ policy and support to rural water supply and sanitation 45 3 The Fayoum Drinking Water and Sanitation Project, 1990-2009 48 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Phase I, 1990-1994 50 3.3 Phase II, 1994-1996 53 3.4 Phase III, 1997-1999 59 3.5 Phase IV, 2000-2008 65 3.6 Phase V, 2006-2011 70 3.7 Beneficiaries 76 3.8 Cost trends 79 3.9 Summary 81 4 Rural water supply and sanitation in Fayoum, 2009 84 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Water supply 85 4.3 Sanitation 90 4.4 Institutional arrangements 92 4.5 Customers’ views and participation 111 4.6 Summary 114 Contents 5 Impact analysis 118 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Access to a household connection and quality and quantity of water consumed 121 5.3 Access to sanitary facilities 131 5.4 Distribution of facilities 137 5.6 Time use and use and value of time savings 142 5.7 Impact on health and value of health benefits 144 5.8 Summary and conclusion 153 6 Sustainability assessment 156 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Institutional sustainability 157 6.3 Financial and economic sustainability 159 6.4 Summary and conclusions 161 Annexes Annexe 1 About IOB 167 | 6 | Annexe 2 Terms of reference 169 Annexe 3 Holding Company performance indicators for subsidiary companies 183 Annexe 4 FADWASC performance data 185 Annexe 5 Institutional assessment: list of interviews 195 Annexe 6 References 199 Drinking water supply and sanitation programme in Fayoum, Egypt, 1990-2009 Tables, boxes and figures Tables Table 1 Types of work done in previous month (unweighted) 37 Table 2 Types of work done in previous month by household head (weighted) 37 Table 3 Phases of FaDWaSP 49 Table 4 FaDWaSP approach, Phase II 55 Table 5 Dutch expenditure: FaDWaSP Phase II 57 Table 6 Budget, FaDWaSP Phase V 74 Table 7 Progress in water and sanitation, Fayoum governorate, 1992-2009 78 Table 8 FADWASC water production cost trend 80 Table 9 FADWASC recent water production costs 80 Table 10 Recent FADWASC wastewater treatment cost trend 80 Table 11 Views on responsibility for water connections 100 | 7 | Table 12 Where people go when they have water problems 100 Table 13 Whether Local Unit plays a role in water connection 101 Table 14 Role of Local Unit in water connection 101 Table 15 Views on responsibility for sanitation service 102 Table 16 Where people go when they have sanitation problems 103 Table 17 Whether Local Unit plays a role in sanitation service 103 Table 18 Role of Local Unit in sanitation service 103 Table 19 Ibshway Branch Customer Office summary monthly complaints report, 2008 109 Table 20 FADWASC complaints summary, January - March 2009 110 Table 21 FADWASC customer satisfaction survey, 2008 111 Table 22 What happens if water bill not paid 112 Table 23 Ease of enquiring about cost of water bill 112 Table 24 How those complaining to FADWASC are treated 113 Table 25 Main source of drinking water 123 Table 26 Summary of water tests 125 Table 27 Water quantities consumed by connected and not connected households 126 Table 28
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