Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines

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Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

2017 Update and SDG Baselines WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines. 1. Water supply - standards. 2. Sanitation - trends. 3. Drinking water - supply and distribution. 4. Program evaluation. I. World Health Organization. II. UNICEF. ISBN TBC (NLM classification: WA 670) © World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. 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Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017 Update and SDG Baselines PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ii iii 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES iv PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 6 7 9 3 4 5 1 6 2 96 14 18 76 94 22 27 34 38 43 50 56 58 10 10 22 34 44 48 106 108 104 104

ervices er services ater, sanitation and hygiene sanitation ater, ervices anitation services acilities verview .1: Regional and global estimates, water and global estimates, Regional .1: sanitation and global estimates, .2: Regional hygiene estimates, .3: Regional ational drinking water estimates ational drinking water estimates ational sanitation estimates ational hygiene egional groupings TING INEQUALITIES: TING ervices: of the ladder The bottom : Regional and global estimates : Regional ES GHTS ucing the gap in services the gap levels ucing ucing the gap in basic services the gap ucing ely managed drinking water services ely managed drinking water Y MANAGED SERVICES: MANAGED Y TUTIONAL WASH: NEW FRONTIERS NEW TUTIONAL WASH: ODUCTION C SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS UNIVERSAL TOWARDS SERVICES: C Basic sanitation s sanitation Basic f hygiene Basic 2030 vision for w vision for 2030 SDGs MDGs to Report o drinking wat Basic Annex 7 Annex 7 Annex 7 Annex

ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS SERVICE FOR ACCOUNTING 3.2 3.3 SAFEL 2.1 2.2 2.3 BASI 3.1

Annex 7 Annex Annex 1: JMP Methods Annex 2: R Annex 3: N Annex 4: N Annex 5: N Annex 6: Inequalities in basic s Annex 5.2 Red 5.2 Red 5.3 INSTI ANNEX 4.2 Safely managed s 4.2 Safely ELIMINA No s 5.1 4.1 Saf 4.1 Drinking water Sanitation Hygiene INTR HIGHLI LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND ONE NO LEAVE 4. 3. 6. 5. 7. 2. 1. able of contents 2017 update and SDG baseline and 2017 update Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene and sanitation water, on drinking Progress 2 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE HIGHLIGHTS (SDG)targets global indicators.and relateto the Sustainable Development Goal ladder, focus with particular a thoseon that JMP willcontinue to oneach monitor rungs all also has introducedbeen for hygiene. The criteriarelating levels. to service third A ladder new with establish and additional rungs ladders buildwhich indicators established on introduces updated water sanitation and development.of stages report 2017 This sonprogressof across countries different at ‘ladders’compari and - benchmarking enable hygiene(WASH) since 1990. service JMP The progresswater, drinking on sanitation and estimatesregionalnational, of global and Hygiene and (JMP) produced has regular Programmefor Water Supply, Sanitation WHO/UNICEF The Joint Monitoring Updated JMP ladders for drinking water and sanitation and a new ladder for hygiene SDG 6.1.1 SDG 1.4.1 Fig. 1 1. Highlights Updated ladders JMP service UNIMPROVED MANAGED SURFACE LIMITED SAFELY WATER BASIC accessibility and type infrastructure on data Existing services of and quality availability accessibility, New data on SDG 1.4.1 SDG 6.2.1 SDG 6.2.1 hygiene Global goals, targets and indicators for drinking water, sanitation and Table 1 defecation Ending open services managed safely towards Progress services basic access to universal Achieving SECTOR WASH WASH GOAL UNIMPROVED DEFECATION MANAGED

LIMITED SAFELY

BASIC OPEN 6.2 6.2 6.1 1.4

and those and situations vulnerable in attentionto the women of needs girls and and sanitation equitable hygiene and for all By and those and situations vulnerable in attentionto the women of needs girls and defecation,open end and paying special and hygiene sanitation equitable for all By water accessto safe andaffordable drinking By well accessas … to basicservices to economic resources,rights equal as the vulnerable, and poor have particular By 2030,achieve access to adequate and 2030,achieve access to 2030,achieve universal equitable and 2030,ensure women, and men all in end opendefecationpaying, special SDG GLOBAL TARGET type/behaviour infrastructure on data Existing accessibility and type infrastructure on data Existing excreta treatment of disposal and emptying, New data on forall adequate and SDG 1.4.1 SDG 6.2.1 NO FACILITY 6.2.1 1.4.1 6.2.1 6.1.1 6.2.1 LIMITED BASIC

SDG GLOBAL INDICATOR Pop Pop Pop Pop and water and available premiseson with soap handwashing facility managed services sanitation andhygienesanitation ) (including with access to services basic defecation Pop services watermanaged drinking ulation with a basic withulation basic a using ulation households in living ulation practising ulation ulation using ulation basic drinking water,basic drinking soap andwater facilities with handwashing New data on safely safely open open HIGHLIGHTS 3 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 82 28 34 29 33

2 Small island developing States* developing island Small

100 Least Developed Countries Developed Least 94

90 Landlocked developing countries developing Landlocked

Australia and New Zealand* New and Australia

5 Oceania* 94

31 65

Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia* South-eastern and Asia Eastern

31 58 Western Asia and Northern Africa* Northern and Asia Western 34 24

<50% 50-75% 76-90% 91-100% DATA INSUFFICIENT APPLICABLE NOT Regional drinking water coverage, 2015 coverage, drinking water Regional Northern America and Europe and America Northern ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 0 80 60 40 20

100 Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Latin America and the Caribbean the and America Latin services. managed safely to estimate data Insufficient Fig. 3 Fig.

* Estimates of safely managed drinking water water drinking managed safely of Estimates eight of out four for available services are regions SDG Central Asia and Southern Asia Southern and Asia Central

2 6 4 17 71 World Global drinking 2015 coverage, water 2 LIMITED SURFACE WATER WATER SURFACE UNIMPROVED BASIC MANAGED SAFELY Fig. 0 80 60 40 20 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 7 out of 10 people of 10 people 7 out managed safely used services water drinking 2015 in 100

sources, sources, basic limited safely safely Water . 1 safely managed safely water available available water . contamination from free drinking managed watersafely people spent over 30 minutes 30 minutes people spent over drinkingpeople still collected people still lacked even a even people still lacked cent of the global population of the cent ut of ten people (5.8 billion) used people (5.8 ut of ten ut of three people using ut of three

ee quarters of the global population of the ee quarters billion) used people (5.4 of four ee out imates for for imates Proportion of national population using at least basic drinking water services, 2015 drinking water using at least basic population of national Proportion 5.2 billion people) used a used billion people) 5.2 drinking water service). drinking water service; that is, an improved source within source service; is, an improved that water. collect to trip round 30 minutes’ an from water collect to trip per round a (constituting source improved surface water from directly water Africa. in sub-Saharan lived 58% (6.5 billion people) used at least a used billion people) (6.5 service. basic drinking water 263 million 159 million (1.9 billion) lived in rural areas. in rural areas. billion) lived (1.9 89 per 844 million drinking water services drinking managed water drinking water service; is, one located drinking water that when needed and available on premises, contamination. from free (5.4 billion) used improved sources sources improved billion) used (5.4 . premises on located Thr sources improved One o Eight o with sources improved Thr when needed. Est (representing countries 96 for available were and for global population), of the 35 per cent of eight SDG regions out four 71 per cent of the global population 71of the per cent (

10. 8. 9. 7. 4. 2. 6. 5. 3. In 2015, 1. Key messages Key This report refers to the SDG region of “Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand” as Oceania. Zealand” and New Australia excluding of “Oceania the SDG region to refers This report or territories. areas countries, to refer in this report Statistics Member States. Nations all United including and territories, areas 232 countries, for progress The JMP tracks National estimates are made where data are available for at least 50% of the relevant population. Regional and global estimates are made where data are available for at least 30% of the relevant population. of the relevant at least 30% for available data are made where are and global estimates Regional population. of the relevant at least 50% for available data are made where are estimates National Fig. 4 Fig.

2 3 1 Drinking By 2015, 181 countries had achieved over 75% coverage with at least basic services basic least at with coverage 75% over achieved had 181 countries 2015, By 4 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE HIGHLIGHTS 4 By 2015, 154countries had achieved over 75% coverage with basic sanitation services

Fig. 7 National estimates are madewhere dataare available for atleast50% oftherelevant population. Regional andglobalestimates are madewhere dataare available for atleast30% oftherelevant population. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 2015,In Key messages 10. 8. 6. 9. 7. Sanitation

whereexcreta were . disposed ofinsitu (0.9people)billion latrinesusedor toilets per 13 wastewater was treated . facilitiesconnected to sewers from which (1.9people)billion used private sanitation per 27 Tw livedareas. rural in managed disposedtreatedor situ in of off-site. that sanitationexcretais, service; safely forfive out regionsSDG eight of centper 48 theof population), global and wereavailable for countries84 (representing Est ( centper 39 theof population global facilitiesshared with other households. that sanitationimprovedis, service; practised million 892 600 billion 2.3 sanitationservice. (5.0people)billion used a least at per 68 Av sanitationbasic service. treated off-site. fromexcretawhich are populationsepticusing latrinesand tanks estimate global thea of proportion of 2.9 billion people)billion 2.9 used a ailable data were data ailable insufficient to make o outo fiveof using people imatesfor Proportion ofnational population usingatleast basicsanitation 2015 services, million people usedpeople million a cent theof population global cent theof population global cent theof population global open defecation. sanitation services (1.2 sanitation services billion) people still lacked still people even a people worldwidepeople still sanitation safely managed sanitation emptied and emptied and limited safely managed safely 4 .

basic

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 100 2015 insanitation services used safely managed Two out offive people 20 40 60 80 0 Fig. SAFELY MANAGED BASIC OPEN DEFECATION UNIMPROVED LIMITED 5 coverage, 2015 Global sanitation World 12 12 39 29 8

Latin America and the Caribbean

Western Asia and Northern Africa Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia SDG regions areservices available for five out of eight Estimates ofsafely managed sanitation *

Fig. 6 Insufficient data toestimate safely managed services. 100 20 40 60 80 0 Regional sanitation coverage, 2015

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Australia and New Zealand

Northern America and Europe 23 63 NOT APPLICABLE INSUFFICIENT DATA 91-100% 76-90% 50-75% <50% 34 52 55 22 Sub-Saharan Africa* Central Asia and Southern Asia* 68 32

78 19

28 Oceania* Least Developed Countries* Landlocked developing countries* 36

Small island developing States* 50 32 40

68 HIGHLIGHTS 5 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 2030 2025 2020 2015

2010 2005 <50% 50-75% 76-90% 91-100% DATA INSUFFICIENT APPLICABLE NOT ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Regional trends in national population practising open defecation, practising open defecation, in national population trends Regional (in millions) 2000–2015 2000 0 800 600 400 200 CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTHERN ASIA ASIA AND SOUTHERN ASIA CENTRAL AFRICA SUB-SAHARAN AND NORTHERN AFRICA ASIA WESTERN ASIA SOUTH-EASTERN AND ASIA EASTERN AND THE CARIBBEAN AMERICA LATIN EUROPE AND AMERICA NORTHERN OCEANIA ZEALAND NEW AND AUSTRALIA 1400 1000 1200

Fig. 10 Fig. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ A substantial acceleration is needed to end open open end to needed is acceleration A substantial 2030 by defecation of people practising number the and 2015, Between 2000 1229 892 million, an million to declined from open defecation in As shown of 22 million people per year. decrease average end open to in order accelerate will need to progress 10, Figure 2030. by defecation of people practising number in the a drop saw All SDG regions high where Africa, sub-Saharan for except open defecation, from in open defecation an increase led to growth population open defecation where 220 million, and in Oceania), 204 to million. 1.3 1 to from increased

Oceania (no data) (no Oceania

Australia and New Zealand (no data) (no Zealand New and Australia Sub-Saharan Africa (n=34) Africa Sub-Saharan

Eastern Asia and and Asia Eastern

South-eastern Asia (n=5) Asia South-eastern

the Caribbean (n=14) Caribbean the Latin America and and America Latin

Proportion of population with of population Proportion in facilities basic handwashing 2015 70 countries,

Western Asia and and Asia Western Northern Africa (n= 7) (n= Africa Northern 8

0 and Europe (n=2) Europe and Fig.

80 60 40 20

70 countries had had 70 countries available data comparable 2015 in handwashing on 100 Northern America America Northern Central Asia and Southern Asia (n=8) Asia Southern and Asia Central

east Developed east Developed ub-Saharan Africa, ub-Saharan ny high-income countries high-income ny Proportion of national population with handwashing facilities including soap and water at home, 2015 at home, and water soap including facilities with handwashing population of national Proportion verage of basicverage omparable data available

Countries, 27 per cent of 27 per cent Countries, had basic population the with facilities handwashing while 26 and water, soap had handwashingper cent or lacking soap facilities 47 The remaining water. had no facility. per cent Ma data to sufficient lacked with population the estimate facilities. basic handwashing In s people with of five out three facilities basic handwashing in lived (89 million people) urban areas. In L on handwashing with soap with on handwashing representing and water, global of the 30 per cent population. Co with facilities handwashing from varied and water soap in sub-Saharan15 per cent in 76 per cent to Africa Asia and NorthernWestern currently data are but Africa, a produce to insufficient or estimatesglobal estimate, SDG regions. other for 70 countries had 70 countries c

4. 5. 2. 3. In 2015, 1. Key messages Key Fig. 9 Fig.

In 2015, most countries in Africa had less than 50% coverage with basic handwashing facilities handwashing basic with coverage 50% than less had Africa in countries most 2015, In Hygiene 6 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE INTRODUCTION thoseused theat levels. global casesindicators, methodsand definitions may differ from targetstrackedbe will by authorities, national some in and methods and to compare from data sources. national National mandatedconsistent using agencies, international definitions circumstances”indicatorsGlobal 55). (para. trackedbe will by thelevel global but ambition, of into taking account national Government each own setting its targets national guided by universallybe relevant applicableand to countries, all “with are SDGs global targetsthat aspirational are intended to poverty,protect the ensure and planet prosperity for The all. environmentaldevelopment,of aspects seeksand to end targets 169 and Goals addressing social, economic and 2030 The Agenda comprises Sustainable 17 Development 6 5 adoptedthe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. September25 On 2015, MemberStates theof United Nations 2.1 2030 vision for water, sanitation and hygiene target(MDG) 7c forsible monitoring the 2015 DevelopmentMillennium Goal toprogress.norms global benchmark wasJMP The respon - sive database global hasbeeninstrumental and indeveloping hygiene and (WASH) since 1990. extenan established has It - estimateslar progressglobal of water, drinking on sanitation Supply,Sanitation Hygiene and (JMP) produced has regu - WHO/UNICEF The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water estimatesfor targetsSDG 6.1 6.2. and assessmentto date the establishes and first baseline global (WASH).update 2017 This theis comprehensivemost targetsrelated to water, drinking sanitation hygieneand resstowards the 2030 Sustainable Development (SDG) Goal

General Ass Transforming OurWorld: The2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, United Nations Drinking W United Nations Children’s Fund and World HealthOrganization, Progress onSanitation and 2. Introduction ater: 2015 update andMDGassessment, UNICEFandWHO, New York, 2015. embly Resolution, October 2015. A/RES/70/1, 21 5 and is nowis and responsible for tracking prog 6

- initiativefor 6. Goal contributeto the UN-Waterwider integrated monitoring forreportingglobal targetsSDG on 6.1 6.2,and and serveUNICEF theas is the custodian responsibleagencies withwater sanitation and sector stakeholders. and WHO bymended the followingJMP international consultations Agenda. indicatorsfor monitoring the targetsand goals theof 2030 IndicatorsSDG (IAEG-SDG) SDG publishedglobal of list a MarchIn 2016, the Inter-Agency Group Expert and on 6b). and for mentation achieving these development outcomes (6a (6.5).management They also address the imple- of means (6.6)integratedan of approach part as to water resources withdrawals(6.4); protecting and water-related ecosystems water(6.3); improving efficiency ensuring and sustainable 6.2);increasing treatment, recycling reuse and wasteof - focusimprovingon the standard WASHof (6.1 services and cycle(Box targets The 1). agreed byupon MemberStates includes and targets addressing theof freshwater aspects all sustainablewaterof management sanitation and for all” groups vulnerable (1.4). tois 6 Goal “Ensure and availability focus access with particular a to and poor services, on basic formseverywhere” includesand target a for universal calls1 SDG StatesMember on to “End its all in poverty 8 7 on basic WASHbasic on schools.in diseaseburden from inadequate WASH, targetSDG and 4a universalon access targetSDG to services, basic 3.9 the on targetsand goals related to WASH, including targetSDG 1.4 custodianresponsible agencies for monitoring other SDG

UN-Water, . 7 Monitor andR The list includedlist The subset a theof indicators recom - , .eport 8 The JMP alsoJMP The collaborates with INTRODUCTION 7 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 9 to benchmark and compare benchmark and compare to ladders WASH in the 2030 Agenda: New global indicators for drinking water, drinking water, for global indicators New Agenda: in the 2030 anitation, WASH WHO/United Nations Children’s Fund Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply Supply Water for Programme Monitoring Joint Fund Children’s Nations WHO/United and S https://washdata.org/report/ 2016, , UNICEF and WHO, and hygiene sanitation jmp-2017-wash-2030-agenda.

9 2.2 MDGs to SDGs: Addressing unfinished SDGs:MDGs2.2 Addressing to bar raising and the business sanitation drinking water, to relate and 6.2 6.1 SDG targets previous the than ambitious more far and are and hygiene of the proportion the halve which 7c, aimed to MDG target 2015. by and sanitation water to access without population and equitable access universal for call SDG targets the First, all, which implies eliminating inequalities in service levels. for in the addressed not which was hygiene, include they Second, specify be safe should they drinking water that MDGs. Third, Lastly, be adequate. should sanitation and that and affordable, ending open defecation to references explicit include they in vulnerable and girls and those needs of women the and to interpretation a normative situations. The JMP has developed to approach and the targets, in the used terms each of the for as possible. as closely these reflect aims globalto monitoring serviceThe JMP uses been updated have and these countries, across progress The new monitoring. enhanced facilitate to and expanded established improved/unimproved on the build ladders continuity providing thereby type facility classification, additional criteria and introduce MDG monitoring, with The households. to of service provided level the to relating all rungs monitor on each to ladder, JMP will continue following the to relate that on those a particularwith focus global Goaltargets: (SDG) Development Sustainable t and strengthen the participation the of local t and strengthen Ensure availability and sustainable and sustainable availability Ensure 2030, achieve access to adequate and and adequate to access achieve 2030, 2030, expand international cooperation international expand 2030, 2030, implement integrated water resources resources water implement integrated 2030, water-related and restore protect 2020, 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency water-use increase substantially 2030, 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, reducing quality water by improve 2030, afe and affordable drinking water for all for drinking water and affordable afe Suppor By By support developing andto capacity-building activities and sanitation-related in watercountries harvesting, water including and programmes, treatment, wastewater efficiency, water desalination, technologies and reuse recycling and sanitation water in improving communities management By By through including management at all levels, transboundary as appropriate cooperation By wetlands, forests, mountains, including ecosystems, and lakes aquifers rivers, By By withdrawals sustainable and ensure all sectors across and scarcity water address to of freshwater and supply of people suffering number the reduce substantially scarcity water from By By all and end for and hygiene equitable sanitation the to special attention paying open defecation, in vulnerable and girls and those needs of women situations By of and minimizing release eliminating dumping halving theand materials, chemicals hazardous and substantially wastewater of untreated proportion globally reuse and safe recycling increasing By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to and equitable access universal achieve 2030, By s

GOAL 6. GOAL management of water and sanitation for all sanitation and for of water management Box 6.1 6.b 6.6 6.a 6.5 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.2 8 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE INTRODUCTION • • ria, but ria, round a trip to collect water takesminutes30 less, or theIf improved source notdoes theseof anyone meet crite - • • • threecriteria(Figure 1, Sectionand 4.1): (SDG6.1), mustpeople use improvedan source meeting thecriteria for a accordingto the level provided. service of orderIn to meet improvedusing sources subdividedbe will into three groups deliversafe water. the During the period, SDG population theirof construction and design have the potential to Improvedwater drinking sources are those bywhich nature • Fig. 11

protected dug wells, protected springs, andpackaged or delivered water. Note: SURFACE WATER UNIMPROVED LIMITED BASIC SAFELY MANAGED SERVICE LEVEL Achie Ending the wat sho it 6.16.2). and Pr ogresstowards Improved sources include: pipedwater, boreholes or tubewells, er should be available when needed, and shoulder availablebe needed,and when watersupplied should freebe from contamination. The new JMP ladderfor drinkingwater services uld be accessibleuld premises,on ving universalving access to op SERVICE BASIC en defecation(SDG 6.2) AVAILABLE safely water managed drinking service NEEDED stream,canal irrigationor canal water Drinking directly from river, a lake,dam, pond, unprotectedspring water Drinking from unprotected an dug well or includingqueuing collectionexceeds time minutes30 for rounda trip, water Drinking from improved an source for which trip,including queuing collectionnotis time more than minutes30 for rounda water Drinking from improved an source, provided fromfaecal chemical contamination priority and locatedpremises,on available freeand needed when water Drinking from improved an water source that is WHEN safely(SDG targets managed services CONTAMINATION FREE FROM MANAGED SERVICE SAFELY (SDG 1.4) basic services DEFINITION ON PREMISES ACCESSIBLE managed, thenmanaged, thoseusing people facilities classed be will theIf excreta from improved sanitation facilities are not safely • • • Section and 4.2): the and holds, excreta produced should either (Figurebe 12, sanitationfacilities that are not shared with other house - (SDG 6.2).sanitation service People should use improved waysmain to themeet criteria for having a callyseparate excreta from human contact. There are three Improvedsanitation facilities are those todesigned hygieni - minutes,categorizedbe will it a as 1.4).waterIf collection from improvedan source exceeds 30 a as classified be will it Fig. 12

latrines with slabs. tanks or pit latrines; ventilated improved pit latrines, composting or pit toilets Note: OPEN DEFECATION UNIMPROVED LIMITED BASIC SAFELY MANAGED SERVICE LEVEL treatedoff-site. tr treatedoff-site, or stor tr eated and disposed of in situ, eateddisposed and situ, in of ansported through ansported sewer a with wastewater then and improved facilities include flush/pour flush topiped sewer systems, septic ed temporarily and then emptied, transported and and temporarilythened and emptied, transported The new JMP ladderfor sanitation services SERVICE BASIC EMPTIED AND OFF-SITE EXCRETA withsolid waste of water,bodies open otheror beaches spaces,open or Disposalhumanof faeces fields, in forests, bushes, latrinesbucketor latrines Uselatrinespit of without platform,or slab a hanging households Useimprovedof facilities shared between two more or households Useimprovedof facilities that are not shared with other treatedand transported or situ offsite householdswhere and excreta are safely disposed in of Useimprovedof facilities that are not shared with other TREATED drinking water service (SDG (SDG water drinking basic service WASTEWATER MANAGED OFF-SITE TREATED SERVICE SAFELY DEFINITION limitedservice. OF INSITU DISPOSED EXCRETA TREATED AND safely managed

INTRODUCTION 9 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 2.3 Report2.3 overview in discussed are serviceThe elements new ladders of the sections. detail in subsequent more and of basic drinking water coverage 3 examines Section and soap with services sanitation facilities and handwashing SDG target achieving for prospects the and assesses water, that It shows 2030. basic services to by access of universal 1.4 and sanitation basic water to access gained while billions have in order will be required progress faster services 2000, since sanitation basic drinking water, to access universal achieve to 2030. by facilities and handwashing drinking water which existing to extent the 4 examines Section safely for SDG criteria new met the facilities and sanitation majority while the that It shows managed services in 2015. servicesSDG used new global population meeting of the the services, managed drinking water relatively safely for criteria for servicesSDG criteria people used new meeting the few services. managed sanitation safely services in light of the inequalities in WASH 5 examines Section and countries and between inequalities within reduce to SDG call that will need no one behind". It identifies populations "leave to 2030 by open defecation eliminate to in order be targeted to and documents inequalities in basic services rich andbetween highlights It also significant regions. as subnational poor as well and sanitation management of drinking water disparities in safe services rural between and urban areas. SDG of monitoring implications the 6 considers Section the which means looking beyond access, universal for targets in andinstitutional settings WASH and addressing household monitoring for indicators proposed It outlines spaces. public and considers facilities care and in health in schools WASH SDG for be used potentially can of data that national sources monitoring. gained access that while billions of people have finds The report will be required progress faster basic services 2000, to since access universal and achieve end open defecation to in order managed drinking safely Achieving 2030. basic servicesto by a major challenge in many services and sanitation presents water significant address is a need to parts and there world, the of monitoring and effective major data gaps, are inequalities. There services SDG era will require the during of inequalities in WASH availabilitythe and quality in data of improvements significant of progress. and global estimates underpinning national, regional

basic - defeca open DEFINITION service. The JMP will also service. limited Availability of a handwashing facility on premises with on premises facility of a handwashing Availability and water soap on premises facility of a handwashing Availability and water soap without on premises facility No handwashing sanitation service (SDG 1.4). People using People servicebasic sanitation 1.4). (SDG The new JMP ladder for hygiene ladder for JMP The new Handwashing facilities may be fixed or mobile and include a sink with mobile and include or be fixed may facilities Handwashing SERVICE LEVEL SERVICE BASIC LIMITED FACILITY NO Note: for basins designated or and jugs tippy-taps, taps, with buckets tap water, and detergent, powder liquid soap, soap, bar includes Soap handwashing. agents. handwashing other or sand soil, ash, include does not but water soapy Fig. 13 Fig. as having asa having will households other with shared are that facilities improved be classified asa having The presence of a handwashing facility with soap and water soap with facility of a handwashing The presence for thehas priority been identified as indicator on premises SDGs. Households under the of hygiene global monitoring and water soap with facility a handwashing have that a for criteria will meet the on premises available continue to monitor the population practising population the monitor to continue 6.2. of SDG target tionfocus , which is an explicit hygiene facility (SDG 1.4 and 6.2). Households that have a have that Households and 6.2). 1.4 (SDG facility hygiene will be classified as having or soap a water lack but facility have that households from and distinguished facility, limited 4). at all (Figure no facility DEFINITION Use of improved facilities that are not shared with other with shared not are that facilities of improved Use of in disposed safely are excreta and where households offsite situ or transported and treated other with shared not are that facilities of improved Use households or more two between shared facilities of improved Use households hanging a slab or platform, without of pit latrines Use latrines or bucket latrines bushes, forests, in fields, faeces of human Disposal or open spaces, beaches or other open bodies of water, waste solid with improved facilities include flush/pour flush to piped sewer systems, septic systems, sewer to piped flush flush/pour include facilities improved SERVICE LEVEL SERVICE SAFELY MANAGED SAFELY BASIC LIMITED UNIMPROVED DEFECATION OPEN Note: toilets pit or composting latrines, pit improved ventilated latrines; pit tanks or slabs. with latrines 10 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS dardwater drinking of for sanitationand services (Section all targetsSDG 6.1 6.2 and to aim progressively raise the - stan includingthose differentat development.of stages While 2030 The Agenda universalis toapplies and countries all 89% of the global population used at least a basic drinking water in 2015 service Fig. 14 SDG 1.4.1 in households with access to basic services. Indicator 1.4.1 Proportion ofthe population living microfinance. new technology including and financial services, erty, inheritance, resources, natural appropriate and control over land and other forms ofprop - as well as access ownership to basic services, able, have to economic resources, equal rights women, the in particular poorand the vulner Target 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and 100 towards universal access 3. Basic services: 20 40 60 Australia and 80 0

Proportion ofpopulation withatleastbasicandlimited drinkingwater 2015 (%) services, New Zealand

Northern America 100

and Europe Latin America and 99

the Caribbean 96 Eastern Asia 1

and South- eastern Asia Western Asia and 94 1

Northern Africa

Central Asia and 91 6 ■

AT LEAST BASIC Southern Asia - 88 4 Sub-Saharan 14

Africa 58 ■ services, unimproved services, facilities, facilitiesno or all.at hygiene and well as lower as levels service,of such limited as trackthe population using groups. vulnerable For this reason, the continuewill JMP to focus access with particular a to and poor on services, basic forms its everywhere”), includeswhich targeta for universal remains period centrala focus (“End1 SDG of all in poverty levelservice.of ‘unfinished This business’ from MDG the tobe first ensure that everyoneaccess has basic a least at to manyin developing the4), immediate priority countries will drinking water services. A further 263 million people (4people million 263 per further waterA drinking services. Oceania collectwater, are and thus having as classified watering that required moreno than minutes30 tripper to 2015,In 6.5 usedpeople billion improved sources drink of 3.1 Basic drinking water services LIMITED 52 1

DevelopingSmall StatesIsland 82 Landlocked 3

Developing

Countries water, drinking basic sanitation 15 Least Developed 62

Countries 13 62 at least

World 89 4 SDG 1.4.1 basic basic - BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 11

100 Turkmenistan Bolivia of) State (Plurinational drinking basic drinking Sri Lanka Indonesia surface water Mongolia Morocco Lao People's Democratic Republic Lao People's Democratic 80 Women and girls are responsible for for responsible and girls are Women 15 COUNTRIES ARE ON ARE 15 COUNTRIES UNIVERSAL FOR TRACK 2030 BY ACCESS 11 Solomon Islands 60 Afghanistan water collection in 8 out of 10 households with water off off water with of 10 in 8 out households collection water drinking limited with population the reducing so premises, gender impact. Of the a strong services water will have national of the at least 20 per cent where 10 countries in sub-Saharan services, limited uses eight are population in Oceania. are and two Africa and springs (unimproved wells services), unprotected use from directly water or take sources), The 844 million people who still lacked a The 844 million people who still lacked with sources improved service use either water in 2015 (limited 30 minutes times exceeding collection water water that has shown JMP analysis Previous sources. and surface water sources unimproved from collection a representing 30 minutes, over take to likely is more burden. double

40 Population with basic drinking water services, basic drinking water 2015 with Population at least basic least at 20 BASIC COVERAGE COVERAGE BASIC IN IS DECREASING 10 COUNTRIES drinking water services.drinking water PROGRESS IS TOO SLOW SLOW IS TOO PROGRESS FOR IN 68 COUNTRIES 2030 BY ACCESS UNIVERSAL limited limited 10 0

0 2 4 6 -2

Percentage points per year per points Percentage basic services in 2015 have did not of the population at least 5% where among countries services (2000–2015) basic drinking water universal towards Progress Annual rate of change, 2000–2015 change, of rate Annual ps://washdata.org/report/jmp-2017-tr-smdw>. 2017, York, New , UNICEF and WHO, on drinking water Thematic report Drinking Water: Managed Safely Health Organization, and World Fund Children’s Nations United

Fig. 15 Fig. One in five countries below 95% coverage is on track to achieve universal basic water services by 2030 services water basic universal achieve to track is on coverage 95% below countries five in One 10 11 cent of the population) used improved sources that required required that sources improved used population) of the cent therefore and are time, collection 30 minutes than more classified as having an average by servicesdrinking haswater increased and 2000 between points per year percentage of 0.49 in Eastern faster substantially was increase the but 2015, and sub-Saharan Asia (0.97) Asia and South-eastern and North Zealand and New Australia (0.88). Africa achieving to very close already are and Europe America services, basic drinking water while Latin universal Asia and as Eastern as well Caribbean, and the America universal achieve to on track Asia, are South-eastern 2030. by access The proportion of the population with with population of the The proportion 12 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 12 purposes bottled water, and use an improved source for other In 15countries, at least one in five people drink other least at or improved supplies (Figure 17). bottled drinking people water also have access to water piped improved.was This always nearly the case, cases most in and improved whenthe source ofwater used for other purposes was because statistics, the previouslyJMP counted bottled water as sachetswater)of improvedas global on impact minor a only has Reclassifyingpackaged water (including bottled water and outlinedabove. themas limited , monitoring,the treatwill JMP them improved as classify and toaccessibility,on data lackof quality.and availability For SDG managed,but these were previously treated unimproved as due Packagedwater deliveredand water can potentially safelybe supplies. areasfour and out fiveof areas urban in people now use piped 1.7tobillion 2.1 Globally,billion. two out fiveof rural in people thewhile population suppliesnon-piped using increased from suppliespiped using increased from 3.5 tobillion 4.7 billion, deliveredor water). 2000 Between 2015, and the population boreholes,protected wells rainwater springs, and packagedand suppliesnon-piped and plot;public(suchor standposts) as (suchhouseholds as with water tap theirin dwelling, yard or theirof construction. and design These include supplies piped arethose that have the potential to deliver safe water by nature classification been has that refined time.over usesJMP The improved/unimprovedsimple a facility type Types of improved water sources Box Turks andCaicos Islands Fig. 17 data s See country files for full namesofdata sources. Note thatstatisticsfrom asingledata source may differ from JMPestimates for the same year, asJMP estimates are generated from multiple British Virgin Islands

Dominican Republic 2 ources. ■ (ENHOGAR15) (ENEMDU16) Cook Islands (ENDESA12) RN PCAE WATER PACKAGED DRINK having access to improved water supplies (2010–2016) Proportion ofpopulation drinkingbottled orsachet water and Saint Lucia Honduras (MICS12) (MICS16) (MICS16) (MICS15) (MICS14) (HIES13) Thailand Lebanon (CEN12) (CEN11) (CEN15) (CEN11) (CEN10) Ecuador Anguilla (LHS16) 12 Guyana Mexico Jordan Belize Belize Palau or safelybasic managed based, theon criteria 04 60 40 20 0 Proportion ofpopulation (%) 21 27 28 ■ 35 39

HAVE ACCESS TO AN IMP 43 45 ROVED SOURCE 49 52 55 61 Improved sources 73 0100 80 79 80

81 91 93 95 97 97 97 97 1 1 99 98 99 99 99 99 00 00

West Bank andGazaStrip supplies between 2000 and 2015 Over 1billion people gained access to piped on delivered water In 18countries, at least 5% ofthe population relies safelythe criteria outlined meets it if managed Sectionin 4. water Drinking from services. tanker trucks as classified be will collectionminutes30 of times basic havingleast at as less or households tankerusing ing,the classify will JMP trucks with waterdelivered by tanker trucks (Figure For18). monitorSDG - numbera countriesof where commonis it for topeople drink but statistics, global significantly estimateson impact in impacts reclassification The delivered of water also minor a only has Fig. 16 Fig. 18 Turks andCaicos Islands Syrian Arab Republic Dominican Republic ■ (ENHOGAR15) Turkmenistan Global population usingpipedandnon-pipedimproved sources (billions) improved water sources (2010–2016) Proportion ofpopulation relying ondelivered water andall

(PAPFAM14) South Sudan (PAPFAM10) DRINK DELIVERED W Cabo Verde Mauritania Cambodia ATER (MICS16) (MICS15) (MICS13) (MICS14) (MICS14) (MICS13) (MICS10) 0 2 4 6 8 Mongolia (IIMS16) (DHS13) (KAP15) (IMC14) (PHS10) Somalia (SLC12) (SES15) (MIS13) Algeria Angola Yemen Eritrea Sudan Oman Libya 2000 2015 3.5 1.7 04 60 40 20 0 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 11 11 12 14 14 15 16 Proportion ofpopulation (%) 20 4.7 2.1 25 ■ 37

DRINK WATER FROM AN IMP ■ ■ IMPROVED SOURCES: ROVED SOURCE NON-PIPED PIPED 68 69 69 69 74 75 0100 80 82 82 85 90 96 97 96 98 98 99 1 99 00 BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 13 14 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 20002015. and However, coverage lower generally is for average an 0.63of percentage yearper points between morethan rapidly at wateruse drinking basic of services, Globally,increased usehas sanitation basic of services thatare as classified centtheof population) used improved but shared facilities 600 peraddition, (8 In people million sanitation services. households,thus and are having as least classified at sanitationfacility that was not shared with other 2015,In usedpeople billion 5 improved an 3.2 Basic sanitation services 68% ofthe global population used at least basic in sanitation 2015 services Just 1in countries 10 below 95% coverage are on track to achieve universal basic sanitation by 2030 Fig. 19 Fig. 20

Annual rate of change, 2000–2015 100 20 40 60 Australia and 80 0 Proportion ofpopulation withatleast basicorlimited sanitation 2015 (%) services,

Progress towards universal basic sanitation (2000–2015) services among countries where at least5percent ofthe population didnot have in2015 basic services Percentage points per year New Zealand

-2 Northern America 0 2 4 6 100 0 0

and Europe Latin America and 97 BY 2030 UNIVERSAL BASIC SANITATION IN 89COUNTRIES FOR PROGRESS IS TOO SLOW limited 1

the Caribbean

20 COUNTRIES IS DECREASING IN BASIC SANITATION Western Asia and 86 sanitationservices. 5 Northern Africa 20 86

Eastern Asia 5

National population with 2015 basicsanitation services, and South- eastern Asia

Central Asia and 77 6 ■ AT LEAST BASIC Southern Asia SDG 1.4.1 12 50 40 basic Gambia Oceania Lesotho 36 4 Sub-Saharan ■ Cambodia universalaccess by to services basic 2030. acceleratethesein countries to achieve targetSDG 1.4, sanitation basic decreasing. actually is Progress toneeds suggests and that outone in sevenof countries, use of tooslowly to achieve populationlacked sanitationbasic 2015in are progressing countries out9 10 of where more than centper 5 theof coveragealreadyis universal. nearly Figure shows20 that withthe exception Australiaof Newand Zealand, where trackis on to achieve universal sanitation basic by 2030, sanitation basic than for water, basic regionSDG no and LIMITED 18 Africa 28 60

developingSmall Statesisland BASIC SANITATION BY 2030 TRACK FOR UNIVERSAL 14 COUNTRIES AREON 10 68 Landlocked universalby basic sanitation 2030, Lao People'sDemocratic Republic

developing 80 Viet Nam Grenada countries 11 Least Developed 40

Georgia Countries 15 32 Azerbaijan Paraguay Tokelau Tunisia 100

World 68 8 BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 15 60 URBAN ■ 40 RURAL ■ 20 0 NATIONAL ■ Mali Haiti Togo Benin Nauru Kenya Congo Ghana Bolivia Gabon Liberia Malawi Nigeria Guinea Gambia Mongolia Proportion of population using limited (shared) sanitation services, sanitation (shared) using limited of population Proportion do and Nauru Samoa American Note: national, urban and rural, 2015. rural populations. have not Swaziland Zimbabwe Bangladesh Sierra Leone Sierra Côte d'Ivoire Côte Burkina Faso Burkina of the Congo American Samoa American Democratic Republic Fig. 21 Fig. In 24 countries, at least one in five people used used people five in one least at countries, 24 In services sanitation 2015 in limited (Plurinational State of) State (Plurinational

open defecation open sanitation services reflect services sanitation reflect limited facilities such as pit as pit such facilities unimproved The majority of the 2.3 billion people who still lacked a a The majority 2.3 billion people who still of the lacked basic sanitation service practise either latrines without a slab or platform, hanging latrines or or hanging latrines a slab or platform, without latrines million 600 (856 million). The remaining latrines bucket with shared are that facilities sanitation improved use These households. other in constraints and socioeconomic practices cultural both of private use While universal areas. populated densely goal, ultimate the remains on premises toilets accessible best be the may facilities sanitation high-quality shared urban short in the option low-income in some term in which at least one countries 24 of the Sixteen settings. in found servicessanitation are has limited in five person the 21). countries, In these (Figure Africa sub-Saharan in urban areas. is larger sharing facilities proportion (892 million) or use (892 million) or use 16 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS (Figure23). Southernand Asia Oceania Asia, sub-Saharanand Africa improvedsanitation well as urban areasin rural as Centralof sewerconnections, on-site sanitation theis form principal of Althoughmanycountriesin areas urban are served mainly by improvedon-site sanitation systems are treated equally. calculatingsafely (Section sanitation managed services all 4.2) on-sitemanyof kinds storage systems. For the purposes of theseseparately, recognizing that the term “septic tanks” covers surveysadministrativeand records theand reportwill JMP on “septictanks” “latrines” and are usedwidely household in simple as classified be vaults or However,cesspools. the terms manyon-site systems lackthese features, shouldand actually an and baffles, outlet leading pipe a to leachfield), or pit soak walls floor, and watertight ing chambersmultiple separated by design defining septic While have tanks featurescertain (includ- areas. centper rural in on-siteimproved sanitation facilities settings, 38 urban and in areas. (18 cent) per rural and They account for centper 56 of globally, with proportions similar very cent) per (17 urban in thepopulation. urban Septic are tanks used by people six in one of cent) per (29 population, quarter a theonly of and rural cent) improvedsanitation facilities are used by (48half nearly per tocentper 9 population.only theof Conversely, rural onsite usedby two thirds theof population (63 comparedcent), per Sewerconnections dominate areas, urban in where they are otheror improved on-site systems (Figure 22). connectionsanother and 2.8 septicusing billion latrines tanks, systems,with 2.8 sewerusing cent) per (38 billion people ties)are evenly between split sewer connections on-site and Globally,improved sanitation facilities (including shared facili - excretaof management. non-seweredsanitation facilities, they as require different forms excreta,of ment usefulis it to distinguish between sewered and septic orlatrine tanks With the pits. SDG focus onsafe- manage networkstoor on-site storage treatment and facilities such as Improvedsanitation facilities can connectedbe to either sewer managed. or Improvedfacilities that are not shared count either as householdsnowwill calledbe populationimprovedusing facilities that are shared with other categories: nowJMP The improveddivides sanitation facilities into three notdid count towards the target.MDG otherhouseholds have previously reportedbeen separately and compostingor slabs; toilets).Improved facilities shared with technologies(ventilated improved latrines;pit latrinespit with tosewers, sanitation septic latrines)pit or tanks dry and sanitationtechnologies (flush pour and flush connecting toilets separateexcreta from human contact. These include wet Improvedfacilities sanitation are those todesigned hygienically Types of improved sanitation Box safelyhowon depending managedservices, excreta are

3 limited, and and basic limitedrather than safely The managedservices. shared basic .

exceeded sewer connections in 2015 In four SDG regions, coverage ofon-site facilities in urban areas in 2015 9 out people of10 using sewer connections lived Fig. 22 Fig. 23 Proportion of population using Proportion of population using Urban Rural sewer connections, 2015 other improved sanitation, 2015 100 100 20 40 60 80 20 40 60 Australia and 80 0 0 and rural, 2015and rural, (each block represents 100 millionpeople) Population usingdifferent ofimproved types sanitation facilities, urban improved sanitation facilities in2015, by region (%) Proportion ofnational population usingsewer connections and on-site New Zealand

Northern America SEWER

and Europe Latin America and

the Caribbean

Western Asia and

Northern Africa SEPTIC

Eastern Asia

and South- eastern Asia Central Asia and

Southern Asia Oceania excluding

Australia and New SHARED LATRINE ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ SEWER(RURAL) SEWER(URBAN) SEWER(NATIONAL) ON-SITE(RURAL) ON-SITE(URBAN) ON-SITE(NATIONAL)

Zealand Sub-Saharan

Africa

World BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 17 18 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS handwashingfacilities. effectiveless than soap are and therefore counted limited as materialsare but used these handwashingas agents, are limitedfacilities. some In cultures, soil, ash, sand other or facilitybut lackwater and/or soap are having as classified having withsoap water and available premiseson are as classified Peoplehouseholdsin living that have handwashing a facility purposes. detergentsoapyand water countall as handwashingof facilities. Bar soap, soap,liquid powder withtippy-taps taps, arebasins portable and examples all regulateor thatcontain, transport the flow of water. Buckets with sink a of water, tap but can also include other devices soap andwater atHandwashing home. facilities can consist ofpopulationproportion with handwashing facilities with new The indicatorSDG global for handwashing the is formonitoring. global and national settings,all in alsoand suitable a as indicator topa priority professionals handwashingidentified with and soap water as hygiene.International consultations WASHamong sector includinghandwashing, menstrual hygiene food and Hygiene ismulti-faceted can and comprise many behaviours, hygiene of closewithlinks importance its sanitation. and targetSDG of 6.2 represents increasing recognition the of indicators.or explicit The reference to hygiene the in text health,but was not included anytargetsin MDG Hygiene withlinks long-established has public 3.3 Basic hygiene facilities Coverage ofbasic handwashing facilities varies widely in 70countries with data Fig. 24 100 20 40 60 80 0 facilities.basic Households that have handwashing a Proportion ofpopulation usingbasic andlimited handwashing facilities in2015, by country and SDGregion (%) Central Asia and Asia Central Southern Asia South-eastern Asia Eastern Asia and Asia Eastern ■ BASIC FACILITY Latin Americaand Latin the Caribbean soapfor monitoring Northern America and Europe SDG 1.4.1 ■ LIMITED FACILITY LIMITED higher in urban than in rural areas than urban in higher rural in theseof in each regions. Countries(LLDCs). Availability handwashingof facilities is DevelopedCountries (LDCs) Landlockedand Developing well as foras Small DevelopingIsland States (SIDS), Least- population.Estimates could for made be two regions,SDG are data when made be only available for the of half least at a Sincethe handwashingof availability facilities consideredis handwashingfacilities are available for Oceania. arewhich of half nearly sub-Saharanin Africa. on data No report,handwashing are data available for countries,70 facilitiesassumedis to universal. nearly be thisIn 2017 high-incomecountries, where access to handwashing basic countries. ofinformation Thistype isnot available from most availablefor growinga number low-of middle-income and internationalsurveys, handwashingon data facilities are Followingthe standardization hygieneof questions in usedcalculatingin estimates.JMP enumeratorsto permission observe their facilities are not numbersmall casesof where households refuse to give individuals asking whether they wash their The hands. morereliable proxy for handwashing behaviour than handwashingof materials by surveyors represents a observes waterand if soap and are present. Observation practiceswhere the surveyor the handwashing facility visits Householdsurveys increasingly include sectiona hygieneon 13

regional estimat In Western Africa, datacoverage AsiaandNorthern inurbanareas was only42percent, so no levelbasic service,of regional estimates global and can e ismade. Sub-Saharan Africa ■ NO FACILITY Western Asia and Western Asia Northern Africa 13 BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 19 24 52 RURAL ■ Landlocked 32

developing countries countries developing 21 38 Countries Countries 27 URBAN URBAN Least Developed Least ■ 28 61

Small island Small 48 developing States States developing REGIONAL ■ National population with basic handwashing facilities including soap and soap including facilities with basic handwashing population National (%) 2015 region, by at home, water National population with basic handwashing facilities including soap and soap including facilities with basic handwashing population National (%). 2015 at home in Africa, water 0 80 60 40 20 100 51-75% 51-75% 76-100% DATA INSUFFICIENT APPLICABLE NOT <5% 5-25% 26-50% Fig. 26 Fig. Fig. 25 Fig. Coverage of basic handwashing facilities was higher in in higher was facilities handwashing of basic Coverage 2015 in available data with regions all in areas urban ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ In 34 out of 38 African countries with data, less than 50% than less data, with countries of 38 African out 34 In 2015 in facilities handwashing basic used population of the To overcome the data gap for high-income countries for countries high-income for data gap the overcome To a JMP will develop the on SDGs 1 and 6, reporting future in availabilityfacilities of handwashing the for proxy suitable be available to likely more are drawing on data that home, the availability of aspiped the such countries, high-income for on premises. or bathrooms showers water, hot supplies, water 20 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS and 6 per centper 6 and totalof expenditure. haveagencies setoften affordability an threshold betweenof 2 otherbut Governments essential services, international and socioeconomicon the and WASHcharacteristics of costs and expenditure.total Actuallevels expenditureof depending vary on water, andhygiene sanitation (WASH) of asaproportion presentspreliminary a analysis of household expenditure basic services, ranging from ranging services, basic energy to transport. approachusedbeen has to assessthe affordability other of budgetwater,on spent sanitation hygiene. and similar A usedseveralin countries, theis proportion theof household promisingA proxy measure affordability,of been has which consistentmonitoring affordabilityof thein future. developtestand indicators that moreenable will systematic and collaboratingwith the World Bank, academics others and to commonlyagreed-upon way to measure thereforeis JMP The it. for eration households, all regardless level, service of there no is humanbasic affordabilityWhile needs. consid - important an is presentto accessbarrier a preventor frompeople other meeting Affordabilityall. thatimplies payment for should not services access equitable to safe and reflectedis target SDG in 6.1, which calls universalfor and 16 15 14 Statesto ensure are that services affordable. to human The water rights sanitationand place obligations on Affordability ofdrinking water, sanitation and hygiene more than 2%ofannual household expenditure on WASH In three SDG regions, over 10% ofthe population spends Unprotected well Truck, vendor Surface water Rain water Public standpipe Protected well Piped (own tap) Fig. 27

hutton-2012-monitoring-affordability-water-and-sanitation-services>. the HighCommissioner for 2012, =5% 100 consistentlyavailable) for 52countriesfor harmonized which watersupply (data sanitationon hygiene and were not toprepare estimates initial householdof expenditure on collaboratedhas JMP The with the World Bank Group Data personal hygiene products hygiene undergeneral items). expenditure categories (for example, bottled water insoftdrinks, non-financial and costs. maySome costs also behiddenin other often missirregular payments, capital periodic expenditures charges from pipednetworks with regular billingsystems, but expenditure surveys tend to capture water (and wastewater) with accessing usingWASH and (Table services 2).Income and hold surveys donot typically capture allofthe associated costs expenditure presents data anumber house and ofchallenges, - especially income expenditure and surveys. But collecting ent affordability thresholds from usingdata household surveys, is possibletoIt household benchmark expenditure against differ - other sources Households are more likely to pay for piped water than Northern Africa Northern Western Asiaand Sub-Saharan Africa Oceania excl. South-eastern Asia Eastern Asiaand Southern Asia Central Asiaand the Caribbean AmericaLatin and Table 2 Fig. 28 Hygiene Sanitation Water SERVICE No payment recorded Examples ofdifferent ofcosts associated types withWASH services source of drinkingwater (52 countries) WASH expenditure asapercentage ofhousehold expenditure, by main • • • • • • • • • EURN OT CAPITAL COSTS RECURRENT COSTS

Maint Menstr Purchas Maint fees Publict Waste Maint Bott Wat water materials materials userfee 04 60 40 20 0 er tariffer or led or vendoror led enancecosts enancecosts enancefees watertariff ual hygiene ual oilet user user oilet e of soapof e 0-1% 1-2% • • • • • •

connection connection materials menstrual Bins forBins station Handw connection Sew c Toilet Wat netw Piped construction onstruction er network network er er supplyer 2-3% ashing

ork ork 3-4% • • • NON-FINANCIAL

cleansing anal and handwashing defecation facilityopen or community forwater of Collection Tra Collection 80 waterfor 4-5% vel to time COSTS time time >=5% 100 BASIC SERVICES: TOWARDS UNIVERSAL ACCESS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 21 3 Subsidy for water water for Subsidy 80 100 8 POOREST QUINTILE POOREST QUINTILE RICHEST for utilities for 9 The study highlighted The study 17 22 Sanitation Combined Subsidy Expenditure 23 91 17 Water 11 7 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 82 0 0 0 20 40 60 Sanitation Latvia Serbia 95 Poland Croatia Type of facility Type Albania Ukraine Slovakia Water Romania Data available from 100 income and expenditure surveys and expenditure income 100 from Data available Per cent of households spending more than 3% of total expenditure on WASH on WASH expenditure of total than 3% spending more of households cent Per countries European and richest quintiles in selected poorest services, for Montenegro 0 80 60 40 20

100 ojects/non-food-assessment>. International Household Survey Network, ‘Measuring non-food expenditures’,

Fig. 30 Fig. Fig. 29 Fig. Republic of Moldova Republic In Europe, poor households are more likely to spend over over spend to likely more are households poor Europe, In WASH on expenditure of total 3% on spending record surveys expenditure and income Most sanitation on not but water, a lack of consistency in the questions used, which makes it which makes used, questions in the a lack of consistency WASH- total and of comparable estimates produce to difficult record majority the of surveys Whereas expenditures. related most households, types on the of services by used information capture few and relatively on water, expenditure only record include Almost all surveys 30). (Figure on sanitation expenditure of which some products, care on personal information some or soap instance, (for hygiene personal to be relevant may on tariffs information capture surveys few sanitary Very pads). determinants significant of affordability. which are or subsidies, services, of WASH affordability the monitor better to In order capture better be harmonized to need to questions survey on tariffs and subsidies and information expenditures, WASH to collected be systematically needs to households by received surveys. household from information the supplement 17 - com recently has Network Survey Household The International and in income captured of information a detailed review pleted 100 countries. for surveys expenditure The results presented here focus on what households pay for pay on what households focus here presented The results - or com governments much how show do not They WASH. costs of WASH the to contributing are organizations munity to which householdsextent the reflect services. Nor do they Further financial barriers. services to due accessing not are - house between relationship the examine to is required work whether assess to in order and subsidies, hold expenditure that households at the targeted being effectively are subsidies services them. without WASH access to afford least able to are This initial assessment of household expenditures has shown expenditures Thisof household initial assessment part spending a significant their of are populations some that is no services. While there on budgets WASH household the affordability, benchmark for agreed-upon internationally 3 per than spending more are observation households that services give should on WASH expenditure total of their cent of thesemany that especially considering concern, for cause quintile. poorest in the are households A key advantage of using household survey data is that results results data is that survey of advantage using household A key characteristics, such household by be disaggregated can services typeand sanitation used.or the of water as wealth and studied, 52 countries the data from 28 summarizes Figure to most likely are using piped water households that shows using truck those by services, drinking followed water for pay 29 standpipes. Figure and public water or vendor-supplied data, poor households with countries in European that shows their of proportion spend a significant to likely more much are services non-poor households. than on WASH budget annual quintile spendsthe bottom in households one in five In Poland, services. on WASH expenditure of annual 3 per cent than more Figure 27 shows results by SDG region. For four regions, regions, four For SDG region. by results 27 shows Figure while the no payments, majority recorded the of households of expenditures water recorded regions majority other in two In all regions, expenditure. of household 2 per cent less than - expendi water recorded 10of households less than per cent expenditure. household of overall 3 per cent than of more tures spending of households proportion largest the with The region Latin was on water expenditure of annual 5 per cent over - clear differ data indicate Available Caribbean. and the America rural and between and urban areas. countries between ences datasets are available for surveys conducted between conducted surveys for available datasets are global of the 42 per cent data cover These and 2014. 2008 of theand at least 30 per cent billion people) (3.1 population in six SDG regions. population 22 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 19 18 (Section estimatesJMP services The 2). that 5.2 people billion for enhanced monitoring global householdof water drinking theof new that norm ladder JMP forms newservice global part Safelymanaged water represent drinking services ambitious an 4.1 Safely managed drinking water services 5.2 billion people used safely managed drinking water in 2015 services Fig. 31

SDG 6.1.1 For more detailsonthenew SDG regions, see Annex 2. For adescription ofthemethods used to calculate country, region, andglobalestimates, see Annex 1. safely managed drinking water services. Indicator 6.1.1 Proportion ofthe population using for all. accesstable to safe and affordable drinking water Target 6.1 By 2030, to achieve universal and equi- a Safely managed services: 4. Proportion ofpopulation usingsafely manageddrinkingwater 2015 services, ccounting for levels service SDG 6.1.1 centpopulation coverage threshold The for regional estimates global per 30 and is availablefor centper 50 least at theof relevant population. producesonly JMP The estimates national are data when centper 6 to centper 100 theof population. national for96 countries. coverage The thesein countries from ranged first baseline global estimates national werereport, available usedsafely 2015.water in drinking managed services For this services varied from services 24centper sub-Saharanin Africa to 94 levelestimates could made,be coverage safelyof managed estimatesfor areas rural 2015.in regionsIn where national- regionsestimates had for areas, urban regionone just and had availablefor fourout regionsSDG eight of (Figure 32). ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ NOT APPLICABLE INSUFFICIENT DATA >95% <25% 76-95% 51-75% 26-50% 18 . Regional. estimates are currently 19 Six Six SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 23 Surface water Surface Limited Unimproved Basic Managed Safely

0 2 2 2 6 4 4 9 6

85 26 55 10 71

managed

Safely

55 85 71 17

contamination

Free from Free

55 73 89

when needed when Available 85 72 79

Urban Rural World

on premises on 74 Accessible 86 60

The 15 per cent using improved sources sources using improved The 15 per cent Basic

20 81 95 89 Improved 97 86 92 Population using drinking water sources meeting SDG criteria for safely safely for meeting SDG criteria sources using drinking water Population managed services, global, rural urban, 2015 and 0 0 0

80 80 80 60 40 20 60 40 20 60 40 20

100 100 100 % of urban population urban of % population rural of % % of global population global of % ater services. (71ater The global estimate of the population average per cent) is the weighted using safely managed services in rural (55 per cent) per cent) and urban (85 areas. services managed in rural (55 using safely Estimates are based on the minimum value of the three criteria for safely managed drinking safely for criteria of the three value on the minimum based are Estimates w

Fig. 33 Fig.

71% of the global population used safely managed managed safely used population global of the 71% services 2015 in water drinking services in 2015. 20 located off premises but within a 30 minute round trip are are trip round a 30 minute within but premises off located 55 World 85

71 26 LDCs 53

34 18 LLDCs 68

Western Asia and Northern Africa Northern and Asia Western Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand New and Australia excluding Oceania

basic drinking water Australia and New Zealand New and Australia

97 Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia South-eastern and Asia Eastern

89 Northern America and Europe and America Northern 96 safely managed drinking water managed safely

94 Latin America and the Caribbean the and America Latin 77 65

55 Central Asia and Southern Asia Southern and Asia Central 61 57

services. Globally, it is estimated services. managed Globally, safely Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan 46 24 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services, managed drinking water using safely of population Proportion (%) 2015 region, by 0 80 20 40 60 Fig. 32 Fig. 100 Four out of eight SDG regions had estimates for safely safely for estimates had regions SDG of eight out Four 2015 in water drinking managed On this basis, the JMP estimates that 71 of the that per cent JMP estimates basis, the On this used global population Figure 33 illustrates the global implications of taking global intoimplications the 33 illustrates Figure managed drinking safely SDG for criteria new the account global population of the 92 per cent services. water In 2015, for used indicator (the sources drinking water improved used MDG period). While the during drinking water monitoring a for SDG criteria met the 89 per cent collect to trip per round 30 minutes than no more — service SDG new met the fewer far – source an improved from water for criteria on premises, accessible were sources of these per cent 74 that were when andneeded, 73 per cent 79water supplied per cent contamination. from free per cent in Northern America and Europe, and was generally and was in Northernper cent and Europe, America safely people with of three out two where higher in urban areas, (34 per cent) One third servicesmanaged drinking water reside. safely used Countries Developed in Least population of the managed services in 2015. 24 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS hoursday).per Third, water supplied should freebe from (sufficient water in the last weekor available12 least at for Second, plot). or water should available be needed when accessiblepremiseson (located within the dwelling, yard 21 havingas classified that meets three thatmeets criteria. water,householda mustuse improvedan source type orderIn to themeet standard for safely drinking managed water drinking of from quality supplies.non-piped and piped integratesinformation theon accessibility, and availability population suppliesand non-piped piped using then and regulators(see Annex firstJMP The 1). estimates the householdsurveys administrativeand sources, including butinformation levels service on availableis from both theon different facilitiesof types that households use, censuses and remain source the primary informationof chemicalHousehold. contamination surveys and priority premises, available whenneededand free from faecal improved water drinking source that islocated on Safelywater drinking managed as defined is areas. urban and rural showsthe population global level each using in service of sourcesusedmillion 159 and usedmillion 2015,waterin usedmillion services 127 the 2.1 Of lackingpeople billion withwater free from contamination. wateravailable twoneeded,and when out threeof people sourcesaccessible premises,on three out fiveof with people areasaccount for three out fiveof with people improved percentagehigher, points respectively, areas. urban in Urban levelsrelate to accessibility quality, and arewhich 34 and 25 Figureshows33 that the greatest service in disparities centtheof population urban use safely services. managed estimated that 55percent population ofthe and85per rural averageestimatesof for populations. urban is It and rural estimatesGlobal are based on the population-weighted sources,two and cent per used centper six tional theof population global used minutesare havingas classified improvedusing sources for collectionwhich exceeds time 30 washdata.org/report/jmp-2017-tr-smdw>). s The criteria for safely drawonthenormative managedservices criteria ofthe human rightto afe drinkingwater (see theJMPthematicreport onsafely manageddrinkingwater:

least half of theof half least relevant population. Where estimates for otherone least at and water on forelement quality at safelywater drinking managed where are data available thepopulation.make only will JMP The estimate an for currentlymoreor one lack of for elements part least at consultationwith authorities, national but many countries Nationalsources data for areelement each selected in 22 valuefor national). urban, (rural, domain each waterbased drinking managed theon minimum services interrelated,the calculatesJMP the population safelyusing chemical contamination). theAs priority three are elements contamination(compliant with standards for faecal and water in 2015 services 2.1 billion people lacked safely managed drinking accessibility, ofservices availability and quality Safely managed drinking water takes account ofthe Fig. 34 Fig. 35

Urban few countries currently have datadisaggregated to lower administrative levels. While thisapproach ma Rural 2015, (each urbanandrural unitrepresents 100 millionpeople) Number ofpeopleusingdifferent levels ofdrinkingwater in services Criteria for safely manageddrinkingwater services Safely Managed Basic Limited Surface water Unimproved y overestimate meetingallthree thepopulation withservices criteria, SERVICE BASIC AVAILABLE NEEDED WHEN CONTAMINATION FREE FROM MANAGED SERVICE SAFELY ON PREMISES ACCESSIBLE 22

SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 25 Uganda Ethiopia Nigeria Cambodia Nepal Ghana Bhutan Pakistan Congo Mexico d'Ivoire Côte Tajikistan Lebanon Peru Bangladesh Nicaragua Armenia Guatemala Kyrgyzstan Morocco Albania of Moldova Republic Colombia Azerbaijan Georgia Ecuador Federation Russian Hungary Estonia Latvia Northern Islands Mariana and Miquelon Pierre Saint of Macedonia Republic Yugoslav The former Mayotte Turkmenistan Romania Serbia Oman Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Rica Costa Croatia of)Iran Republic (Islamic Lithuania Islands Channel Malaysia Ukraine Tunisia Jordan France Slovakia Italy Poland Belarus Norway Portugal Switzerland Kingdom United Isle of Man Bulgaria Denmark Greenland Finland Caledonia New Japan Niue Republic Czech Sweden of Korea Republic Slovenia Chile Spain Luxembourg Iceland Belgium Argentina Austria Bahrain Ireland Greece of America States United Gibraltar Germany Israel Cyprus Martinique Malta Netherlands Region Administrative Special Macao China, Region Administrative Special Kong Hong China, Kuwait Liechtenstein Monaco Zealand New Marino San Singapore 80 100 Accessibility, availability and quality of drinking water for countries with a countries for and quality availability of drinking water Accessibility, at national level managed estimate safely 20 40 60 Accessible on premises Accessible Available when needed Available contamination from Free Fig. 36 Fig. Accessibility, availability and quality and availability vary in widely Accessibility, safely for estimates national with countries 96 the services water drinking managed Elements of safely managed drinking managed water Elements of safely national level at estimates with countries For 0 level of service basic level drinking water varied widely varied drinking managed water safely safely managed services are not yet available, the JMP only JMP only the available, yet not managed services are safely using at least a population the reports of Coverage in 2015. available estimates with countries 96 among the ranged on premises sources using improved The proportion water with proportion the 100 per cent, to 6 per cent from 100 per to 51 per cent when needed ranged from available contamination from free water with proportion and the cent, 36 shows Figure 100 per cent. to 13 per cent ranged from importance of each element in determining relative the each for managed drinking water of safely national estimates country. (see Section 3). Section (see 26 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS Data on elements ofsafely onData elements managed drinking water are more readily available in urban than areas in rural theminimumglobal for benchmark ‘available needed’.when surveys,regulators hours usesand utilities, and 12 dayper as numberhoursof day,per service of from drawn household duringthe weeklast month.or alsoJMP The uses the on data to questions water theon drinking of availability needed when possible,the usesJMP household survey censusand responses thandirectly waterof measuring the delivered. quantity Where focusestheon amountwhen water time of available,is rather measures.For thepurpose monitoring, global of the JMP informationavailability,on but usedifferent of range a Nationalstatistical offices, regulators allutilities and collect Available whenneeded regions.SDG all and premisesare available for centper 99 theof population global estimatestheof population improvedusing sources located on tosupplies premiseson declining.Figureis shows 37 that Eastern and South-eastern and butAsia), Oceaniain access muchfaster in two regionsSDG (Central South and Asia Asia, growing0.78at percentage year.per points Progress been has Globally,access to improved supplies premiseson been has premisesthan unimproved sources. showthat improved sources are more likely to locatedbe on household manyin national surveys censuses. and These data waterfrom sources located offpremises routinelyis collected thelocation sourcesnon-piped of the and taken time to collect Informationtheon population with household connections, Accessible onpremises bythe forJMP monitoring water.global of drinking thecriteriaof human to right safe water, drinking are and used Accessibility,are quality and availability three theof normative levelService monitoring Box Fig. 37 Data on safely managed drinking

water element at national level (%) 4 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 Proportion ofglobal andregional population for whichdataare available onaccessibility, ofdrinkingwater, availability andquality 2015 (%) 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 Eastern Asia eastern Asia and South- Accessible on premises 6 39 Australia and New Zealand excluding Oceania 26 5 Sub-Saharan Africa 51 40 Available whenneeded Australia and New Zealand 97 90 100 and Europe Northern Northern America 38 97 100 Latin AmericaLatin Caribbean and the 57 Free from contamination 54 23 Managed DrinkingWater, Services discussedmorein thein detail JMP associatedchallenges The levels with monitoring service are thatlevels complianceof are low manydevelopingin countries. for and tion three theof regions.SDG eight These suggestdata are quality availableonly for centper 34 theof popula global microbialchemical and contamination. Estimates for water thathave tests shown to compliantbe with standards for Availableshow data that 5.3 usepeople billion water supplies fewcountries currently collect theon data latter. fromwaterof the theat quality consumptionof point but very watertested theat delivery/collection.of point may This differ as faecalcontamination theis presence indicatorof bacteria such theof world than others. parts recommended The measure of contaminationof with arsenic fluorideand greater is in some Microbial contamination isauniversal concern, whereas the risk parameters the as priority highest for monitoring. global Faecalcontamination, arsenic fluorideand have identified been with aligned the guidelinesWHO for water drinking quality. measure‘safety’,of most countriesand have standards national Directtestingprovideswater drinking of quality important an Free from contamination exceptfor Oceania sub-Saharan and Africa. per cent30 least at and theof population regions,SDG all in areneeded available for centper 41 theof population global populationimprovedusing sources that supply water when sourceswith water availableneeded.Estimateswhen the of Availableshow data that 5.8 usepeople billion improved method is described further in Annexin 1. methoddescribedis further

Wa United Nations Children’s Fund andWorld HealthOrganization, Safely Managed Drinking . E. colithermotolerantor coliforms sample mL 100 a in of and Northern and Northern Western Asia 100 ter: Thematic report ondrinkingwater Africa 62 19 and Southern Central Asia 99 Asia 73 74 Over 30% 30% , UNICEFandWHO, New York, 2017, 99 23 Thematic Report onSafelyThematic Report ua ra World Urban Rural 46 and the JMP estimation theand estimation JMP 41 100 37 49 100 41

45 - SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 27 . 24 nnex 1. nnex For a description of the methods used to calculate country, region, and global estimates, see and global estimates, region, country, calculate to of the methods used a description For A

24 households, and where excreta are disposed of in situ disposed or are excreta and where households, global SDG first this . For off-site transported and treated managed sanitation of safely national estimates report, 9 per and ranged from 84 countries made for services were 38). (Figure 100 per cent to cent managed safely for country estimates The JMP makes management is on excreta when information sanitation using the population of the at least 50 per cent for available - con (sewer facility sanitation dominant type of improved and global Regional systems). sanitation nections or on-site at least for available data are made when such are estimates population relevant of the 30 per cent - SDG 6.1.1 population usingpopulation sanitation servicessanitation (population basic Proportion of national population using safely managed sanitation services, 2015 managed sanitation using safely population of national Proportion Target 6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate to access achieve 2030, By 6.2 Target and all for hygiene and equitable sanitation and to attention special paying defecation, open end vulner in those girls and and of women needs the able situations. able using of population Percentage 6.2.1 Indicator a services, sanitation including managed safely water. and soap facility with handwashing Fig. 38 Fig. an improved sanitation facility that is not shared with other other with shared is not sanitation facility that an improved sanitation services represent an ambitious services sanitation represent managed Safely part global servicenew norm, which forms new of the of sanitation global monitoring enhanced JMP ladder for the 2) andservices is defined as (Section The JMP indicator for for The JMP indicator shared) not which are facilities, sanitation using improved does but households by used types the of to facilities refers management. Recognizing of excreta account take not sanitation entire along the management of excreta that from and children communities protect to chain is essential during consultations international exposure, pathogen that recommended Agenda 2030 of the development the and sewered in both — management of excreta downstream for in indicators be reflected should – systems non-sewered national and global monitoring. 4.2 Safely managed sanitation services sanitation managed Safely 4.2 2.9 billion people used safely managed sanitation services sanitation 2015 in managed safely used people 2.9 billion 28 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS wastesare disposed situ. in of Anothercentper 13 used improved on-site facilities where thus having as classified safely managed sanitation services. facilityprovidedwhich wastewatertreatment, were and populationused connected toilets through sewers to a managed can theseof themeet criteria forservices basic Whereexcretaon data aremanagement available, some withother households. improvedon-site sanitation facilities that were not shared centper 32 while used septic latrines tanks, other or provided services basic by sewerof means connections, centper theof population least at had Thirty-six services. centwere not shared countand as improvedsanitation facilities 2015,in per 68 which of Globally, services. centper 76 the of population used accountthe new criteriaSDG for safely sanitation managed Figureillustrates40 the implicationsglobal into taking of areasLeastof Developed Countries. areasonly reached and centper 15 theof population rural in safelywas consistently services managed urban in higher forthree regions areas rural in (Figure 39). Coverage of theregions,SDG eight for four regions areas, urban in and 2015,In national-level estimates were available for five of managed sanitation in 2015 Five out ofeight SDG regions had estimates ofsafely Fig. 39 100 20 40 60 80 0 2015, by region Proportion ofpopulation withsafely managedsanitation in services 22 27 sanitation services. Twenty-six sanitation services. cent per the of Latin America ad the Caribbean 34 Western Asia and Northern Africa 46 55 50

Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia 42 68 Australia and New Zealand 78 87

Northern America and Europe 47 This counts as a formcountsa This as of

Central Asia and Southern Asia 28 at least

Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand

basic Sub-Saharan Africa safely

sanitation sanitation Small island developing States

Least Developed Countries 14 39 43

World 35 classified as havingas classified populationimprovedusing facilities that are not shared is excretaon data aremanagement not available, the entire treatmentalsois and as classified services in 2015 services Two out offive people used safely managed sanitation Fig. 40 Proportion of rural population Proportion of urban population Proportion of national population 100 100 100 20 40 60 20 40 60 20 40 60 80 80 80 0 0 0 Sanitation services in global, urban and rural populations, inglobal,urbanandrural 2015Sanitation services 57 92 Improved 76

Limited Unimproved Open defecation sanitation 83 68 At least basic 50 sanitation atservices. leastbasic 60 36

Sewer 9 connections 42 32 Improved 24 Urban World on-site Rural 27 43 Safely managedsanitation Basic Wastewater 7 treated safely managedWhere. (13) Disposed of 28 in situ Emptied and treated 35 39 Safely managed Safely managed 43 sanitation sanitation 43 40 39 29 16 19 35 24 12 12 9 5 2 8 7

SDG ladder SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 29 safely managed safely AND TREATED TREATED EXCRETA EXCRETA DISPOSED DISPOSED OF IN SITU SAFELY SAFELY SERVICE TREATED TREATED OFF-SITE MANAGED MANAGED WASTEWATER WASTEWATER TREATED TREATED EXCRETA EXCRETA OFF-SITE OFF-SITE EMPTIED AND BASIC BASIC SERVICE Basic Safely managed Safely Limited Unimproved Open defecation Criteria for safely managed sanitation services sanitation managed safely for Criteria Numbers of people using different levels of sanitation services in 2015, services in 2015, of sanitation levels of people using different Numbers million people) 100 block represents urban and rural (each Rural Urban Fig. 41 Fig. Fig. 42 Fig. Safely managed sanitation includes excreta management excreta includes sanitation managed Safely systems sanitation on-site and sewered from 5.3 billion lacked safely managed sanitation services services sanitation managed safely lacked billion 5.3 2015 in If data on wastewater treatment are available, and sewer and sewer available, are treatment If data on wastewater sanitation on-site than prevalent more are connections of an estimate make JMP can the systems, prevalent, is more services. sanitation sanitation If on-site sufficient not to are treatment data on wastewater however, and some managed sanitation of safely an estimate produce is systems on-site from of excreta on treatment information and statistics on treatment of reliable The collection required. management, so safe for is a prerequisite of excreta disposal estimate possible data any to it is not have do not if countries managed. safely which are facilities of on-site proportion the systems Sewer cent), peoplethirds globally (38 per of five two out Two per cent) and 1 in 10 in rural (63 in urban areas of those emptied services, 600 unimproved unimproved basic . defecation open shows that, globally, the globally, that, shows

. For . For off-site treated wastewater services, 856 million using sanitation service. sanitation managed safely Figure 41 shows the population using each type population the of sanitation 41 shows Figure people of five out Three service in urban and rural areas. (1.7 in urban areas lived managed sanitation safely with billion).(1.2 in rural areas were of five out billion), while two managed sanitation safely The 4.5 billion people without billion with 2.1 services included in 2015 limited limited million with population using sewer connections and on-site sanitation are are sanitation and on-site connections using sewer population SDG regions, of the each. In four split, at 38 per cent evenly common. more are systems on-site sanitation and 892 million still practising sanitation meet can in which households main ways three are There a for criteria the out of flushed are excreta the using toilets where Households at a and treated sewers transported household, the through as count plant, treatment tanks septic to connected using toilets or latrines households either are met when excreta or pits, are criteria the This report presents for the first time disaggregated estimates of estimates time disaggregated first the for presents This report sanitation and on-site connections using sewer populations the kinds of different lead to they 3), since Section (see systems 43 management. Figure excreta , or remain stored and are considered considered and are stored , or remain off-site treated and of in situ and disposed . treated 30 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 28 27 26 25 forexample ‘flush drain’, open an to these households are areavailable failureson containmentin and transport, before stations reaching treatment Where plants. data sewagecan overflowor leak of out sewers and pumping dischargeto water surface instead reachingof sewers, or Toilet plants. canlines connect todirectly or drains open Notexcreta all flushed down actually toilets reach treatment areasreport cent) per (9 having sewer connections. • • householdsare havingas classified • undergominimuma least at level treatment:of flushed of out householdthe a reach treatment and plant theif aretoilets services tion not shared, theif and wastes Globally equal numbers ofpeople use sewer connections and on-site sanitation, but large regional variations exist Fig. 43 quality oraspecificusequality of water. solids oftheincoming water are reduced by atleast50per cent. incoming water isreduced by atleast20percent before discharge, and thetotal suspended phoro Tertiary treatment is aprocess thatfollows treatment secondary andremoves nitrogen, phos- of atleast70percent andachemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ofatleast75 percent. logical oro treatmentSecondary isaprocess thatfollows treatment primary ofwater andgenerallyinvolves bio - suspended s treatmentPrimary isamechanical, physical orchemical process involving settlement of Including shared facilities. tert second throughoceanlong a outfall, primary us oranyother pollutant, such asmicrobiological pollution orcolour, thataffects the iary or advancedor treatment. iary On-site andsewered sanitation systems, by region, 2015 ther treatment settlement orother withasecondary process thatresults inaBODremoval olids oranyother process in whichthebiochemical oxygen demand(BOD) ofthe ary treatment, ary treatmentwhere the effluent discharged is 49 45 43 43 42 38 36 27 Eastern AsiaandSouth-eastern Asia or 32 Landlocked developing countries 31 Central AsiaandSouthern Asia Small IslandDeveloping States 27 26 Least Developed Countries 28 safely managed sanita- Sub-Saharan Africa 12 Oceania World 15 25 These These Australia andNew Zealand America andEuropeNorthern Latin America andtheCaribbean Western Africa AsiaandNorthern 4 8 8 9 14 per cent) is estimatedis to cent) per undergo secondaryleast at Globally,three quarters sewer-borneof wastewater (73 on-sitein management systems were available. countries,plus where eight additional an excretaon data safelyof sanitation managed could formade be these connectionsthan on-site sanitation. National estimates 30 29 treatmenta plant. reach ally sewer a line, areand wastewateras transported to fromhouseholds that report having sewer connections - actu absencehowever, data, of the assumesJMP that excreta notas classified having safely In the managed services. wereused. somecases, from data regional internationalor databases suchannual as statistical environmentalor yearbooks. In offices andsanitation regulators,often in published reports wascollected from authorities, national including statistical thepopulationglobal with sewer connections. Information availablefrom countries,115 representing centper 88 of on Data

do? See, for example, theEuropean Union (http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show. For more onSafely details,see ThematicReport theforthcoming Managed Sanitation. Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) (https://www.ib-net.org/).Sanitation Utilities (IBNET) www.acwua.org/mdg+/library), ortheInternational Network for Benchmarking Water and Development (https://data.oecd.org/water/waste-water-treatment.htm), MDG+(http:// dataset=env_ww_con&lang=en), theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and wastewater treatmenttheat level national were 30 33 In 76 of theseof 76 In countries, more usepeople sewer 40 40 29

59 64 ■ ■ SEWER(TOTAL) ON-SITE(TOTAL) 83 88

SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 31 World

Least Developed Countries* Developed Least Small island developing States developing island Small

50 Landlocked developing countries developing Landlocked

Sub-Saharan Africa* Sub-Saharan Central Asia and Southern Asia Southern and Asia Central

30 Latin America and the Caribbean the and America Latin

37 Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand New and Australia excluding Oceania

45 Western Asia and Northern Africa Northern and Asia Western

60 Australia and New Zealand New and Australia

78 Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia South-eastern and Asia Eastern

86 Northern America and Europe and America Northern 95 Proportion of wastewater treated, by region, 2015 region, by treated, of wastewater Proportion 0 80 60 40 20 100 Fig. 44 Fig. Three quarters of wastewater undergoes at least least at undergoes of wastewater quarters Three secondary treatment A total of 750 million people, over 90 per cent of whom of whom per cent 90 over million people, of 750 A total do not that connections sewer have in urban areas, live specified above. of treatment level minimum the receive treatment wastewater to connected are more Many or comply treatment effective plantsprovide do not that requirements. effluent with treatment. By applying this ratio to the population with with population the ratio to applying this By treatment. sharing billion), and adjusting (2.8 for connections sewer of people using sewer toilets 5 per cent with that (given sewer billion people with 1.9 them), share connections managed classified assafely having are connections services. sanitation 32 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS on effectiveon containment latrinesin septicand Excreta tanks. countedbe safely as managed, butaredata rarely available toavoid the forneed principle,In emptying. these should not caseswhere storage facilities are to made intentionally, leak areassanitation rural in Bangladeshof Niger. and There are accounted emptying after for safelyof the majority managed premisesare also considered safely managed.Such burial thatare emptied from storage facilities buried and on thereforedisposed and situ, in of safely Excretamanaged. emptied,been the excreta are considered to treatedbe and theyhave not (Figure storageWhen 44). facilities have not emptied,casesmost in and the respondents report that theirif people latrines septicor have tanks ever been number a In countries,of household surveys have asked treatedand transported off-site. excretaif and are either disposedemptied, or situ in of theif sanitationmanaged facilities services are not shared, suchusing on-site systems can consideredbe to have safely excretaare stored Households tanks. or on-site pits in 31 systemssuch septic as improvedor tanks latrines, population(48 report cent) per improvedusing sanitation theof half and rural cent), per the population urban (29 thirdA of quarter the of a population global cent), per (38 On-site sanitation

Including shared facilities. data are data available. effluentstandards relevant disposal for or reuse, where includingcompliance with environmental public and health target6.3 could consider efficiency actual of treatment, theyif receive someleast at basic level treatment,of while fortarget 6.2, excreta are considered to safelybe managed sanitationof facilities types (sewer, septic, latrine other),or the censuses and population differentusing to quantify bothWhile indicators rely from data on household surveys economic(such activities industrial as wastes). targetwhile 6.3 considers additionally wastewater from 6.2considers excretaonly generatedby households, butalso some key differences. notably,Most target sanitationservices")have manycommon elements, 6.2.1a("Proportion populationof safelyusing managed 6.3.1("Proportion wastewaterof safely treated" and recyclingsafe and reuse globally. indicators SDG global untreatedof wastewaterto and substantially increase targetSDG 6.3 inter aims, to alia, halve the proportion Targets 6.2and6.3 Box

5 31 where managed facilities have never been emptied and count as safely In countries with on-site data sanitation most rural on-sitefacilities areas. rural in latrines’ sanitary ‘harmless account and for two thirds of alternatinglatrines).pit China,In such systems are called tofacilitate safe excretaof management (such twin-vault as Someon-site sanitation facilities are specifically designed thatment they receive. excretathat reach treatment treatof the and type plants, - safelythereif managed informationis theon proportion of thatare off-site emptied transported canand as classified be Fig. 44 Mozambique managed. treatment,higher or secondary are and counted safely as theseof All technologies are considered equivalent to anaerobic and denitrificationand digestion, treatment. technologies’,include which chemical treatment, aerobic centare removed treatedand with ‘night soil treatment excretafrom remainingcentper six use other on-site systems. the Of septicadvancedof called tank type populationhave sewer centper useconnections, an 21 DisposalWaste General of database, cent per 73 the of treatmentsystems. According to the 2014 Survey the on facilities,arewhich called decentralized wastewater registers detailed differentof on-siteof sanitation types theof Environment the Japan, In Ministry maintains On-site in sanitation Japan Box Bangladesh Ecuador Ethiopia Somalia Senegal

6 Proportion ofon-site sanitation facilities never emptied, areas, rural 2015 Niger India 0 jokhasouother and on-site systems, 99.5 per 10 03 05 070 60 50 40 30 20 jokhasou the while , 63 35 74 09 100 90 80 86 91 93 95 98 100 SAFELY MANAGED SERVICES: ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE LEVELS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 33 32 32 1,0 World World 36 88 30% Over Over 0 12 0 88 New Zealand New New Zealand New Australia and Australia Australia and Australia 100 3 26 0 and the and the 60 Caribbean Caribbean 98 Latin America Latin America 45 40 2,8 37 97 and South- and South- eastern Asia eastern eastern Asia eastern Eastern Asia Eastern Eastern Asia Eastern In countries where no information on excreta management is on excreta no information where In countries classified are sanitation using improved households available, of services.those basic or limited aseither having Some re-classified as services be classified basicas having may on excreta managed services when information safely having data coverage The limited available. management becomes of excreta underestimation leads to likely sanitation on-site for assumption the hand, other On the management in rural areas. lead to may contained fully are systems storage all on-site that settings. in some an overestimation systems management in on-site data on excreta Incomplete 6.2. Target monitoring for most challenging data gap is the data new and testing developing are The JMP and its partners questions new gaps, including these help fill to tools collection and septic on emptying of pit latrines surveys household for and service authorities local for tanks, and questionnaires or desludging plant operators as treatment such providers as such systems, sewered Importanttrucks. for exist also gaps is lost in transport, that amount and the of excreta amount the plants or is discharged treatment bypasses that of excreta at least secondary treatment. receiving without Latrines may also be emptied, and excreta removed off-site off-site removed and excreta be emptied, also may Latrines and emptying of on-site While desludging treatment. for management pits data on excreta and tanks is common, at present. scarce are systems on-site from 16 Disposed of in situ Disposed 30 0 Africa Africa 56 94 Western Asia Western Western Asia Western and Northern and Northern 0 15 0,2 America America America America 82 Northern Northern 85 and Europe and Europe 45 39 0 Emptied and treated Emptied sanitation On-site Asia Asia 11 64 and Southern and Southern and Southern and Southern 0 0 28 7 Oceania Oceania Asia Central Oceania Oceania Asia Central 37 6 0 23 Sewer connected Sewer Wastewater treated Wastewater 2 5 Africa Africa Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Proportion of global and regional population for which data are available on safe disposal of excreta in situ, emptying and treatment of excreta from on-site from of excreta and treatment in situ, emptying of excreta disposal on safe available which data are for population and regional of global Proportion (%) 2015 treatment, and wastewater sanitation,

80 60 40 20

on-site on-site 100 (%) level national at elements

% with sewer and sewer with % Data on safely managed sanitation managed safely on Data Fig. 46 Fig. Box and limitations Data coverage and surveys household primarily on data from The JMP relies basic services with population (see the calculate to censuses only limited have respondents survey since 3). But Section the leave they managed once are excreta on how information management has been on excreta information household, ministries, including national authorities, from collected offices. and statistical regulators data on management of wastewater The JMP has collected 88 per comprising 115 countries, from systems in sewer These sewers. to connected global population of the cent in connections sewer with population the applied to data are reflect may data, however, These urban and ruralboth areas. actual performance, than rather technology installed treatment JMP the management. Furthermore, safe overestimating sewer with households from all excreta not that recognizes a line and reach a sewer with actually connect connections 26 per cent that plant. The estimate treatment wastewater lead to that connections sewer uses global population of the managed sanitation and qualify as safely treatment excreta an upper limit. services, is therefore Septic tanks are designed to separate solids from liquids, liquids, from solids separate designed to tanks are Septic be regularly need to retained are that solids and the excreta the deliver then can Trucks or desludged. removed, station. via a transfer sometimes plant, a treatment to 34 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND and geographic location. geographic and income,sex, age, race, ethnicity, disability status, migratory indicatorsSDG should disaggregated,be where relevant, by StatesMember to "leave statesand behind" one no that within and countries". commits 2030 The Agenda further dedicated with10 Goal to "reducing between inequalities have SDGs The much a stronger focus inequalities, on groups theand population. general areas, urban and poor, betweenand rich between and other updateshave also highlighted between inequalities rural accessfocused attention aggregateon coverage, but JMP targetto halve the proportion theof population without water, drinking sanitation hygieneand since 1990. MDG The attention drawing been has toJMP The in inequalities 32 areas, rural and subnational regions wealth and quintiles. region,but also within individual countries between urban betweenSDG regions between and countries within each WASH basic in inequalities defecationopen and services Figure47 shows that there are notsignificant only over80 countries. estimatesby wealth by and quintile subnational region for expanded to include new further been has services basic water managed the sanitationand database on services, disaggregatedinformation theon populations safelyusing forfew monitoring.SDG very While countries have expanded and to incorporate new information required 2016, During the database global JMP was restructured

Unit United Nations, Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ed Nations GeneralAssembly Resolution, October 2015. A/RES/70/1, 21 L Eliminating inequalities: 5. eave noonebehind 32 subnationalregions. concentratedthe among bottom wealth two and quintiles closeto defecation,open eliminating the problem nowis cent.per 54 at behind lags which BangladeshWhile is 80centper exceptall in the poorest wealth quintile, Tunisia,coverage handwashing basic of facilities exceeds centper thein worst-performing subnational region. In thepopulation uses sanitation, basic compared to onejust subnational region performing Panama,in 95 centper of gap between the poorest and richest Inthe quintiles. best- areas rural and between urban percentage65 a and point SaharanAfrica, but there percentage40 an is gappoint water drinking compared to other countries sub-in Forexample, Angola relatively has coveragehigh basicof behind. essential an first step towards ensuring left is one no that Disaggregatingpopulation theseat data different levels is In 2015, at the start of the SDG period, 892 million people theof people million 892 period, SDG 2015,In theat start defecationopen areas rural in by 2030. ratewould toneed more than double orderin to eliminate declining atarate ofjust0.7 percentage peryear. points This areas, rural in especially where defecationopen been has between2000 2015. and But much remains to done,be defecationopen decreased from centper 20 cent per to 12 progress:proportion The theof populationglobal practising extremeend by poverty 2030. world The steady made has closely is and associated to topa priority with efforts wider defecationopen of elimination The as identified been has 5.1 bottom The No ofthe services: ladder ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 35 2.0 2015 24.0 12.1 Panama Sylhet Rangpur Guna Yala Yala Guna Richest Poorest Richest Poorest Rural Urban Rural Urban 2010 Urban Bangladesh Panama Inequalities in basic sanitation Inequalities open defecation in Total 2005 and Asia Central Central Southern Southern Caribbean Latin America and the and the Latin America World World Rural Global population practising open defecation, rural and urban, 2000–2015 (%) rural and urban, 2000–2015 practising open defecation, Global population 0 0

80 80 60 40 20 60 40 20

100 100 not practising open defecation (%) defecation open practising not using basic sanitation services (%) services sanitation basic using

4.4 2000 Proportion of the population the of Proportion Proportion of the population the of Proportion 48 Fig. 33.8 20.1 Faster progress is required to end open defecation by by defecation end open to is required progress Faster 2030, especially in rural areas Sidi Uige Tunis Luanda Bouzid Rich Poorest Poorest Richest Rural Urban Rural Urban Angola Tunisia Inequalities basic hygiene in Inequalities in basic drinking water Africa Western Western Asia and North Africa Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan World estimate No global No Population using basic services and practising open defecation, disaggregated by SDG region, country, urban-rural, subnational regions and wealth quintiles for quintiles for and wealth regions urban-rural, subnational country, SDG region, by disaggregated using basic services open defecation, and practising Population countries selected 0 0

80 80 60 40 20 60 40 20

100 100 using basic drinking water services (%) services water drinking basic using using basic hygiene services (%) services hygiene basic using

Proportion of the population the of Proportion Proportion of the population the of Proportion Fig. 47 Fig. New disaggregations reveal significant subnational inequalities subnational significant reveal disaggregations New still practised open defecation. Nine out of 10 Nine out (812 million) open stilldefecation. practised in just two majority vast and the lived in rural areas, lived Asia in Central million) lived (558 thirds Nearly two regions. quarter another Asia, with (220 million) in sub- and Southern proportion changes in the 48 shows Figure Africa. Saharan between of people practising open defecation and number Asia have Asia and Southern While Central and 2015. 2000 30 to 53 per cent from rates open defecation decreased a decrease has achieved Africa and sub-Saharan per cent, only have in Oceania rates 23 per cent, to 32 per cent from recorded regions 12Only two 13 to per cent. from dropped which rose of open defecators, number in the an increase and Africa 220 million in sub-Saharan 204 million to from million in Oceania. 1.3 1 million to from Note: Figure 47 shows 2015 estimates for the world, regions and countries, and recent surveys for subnational estimates: Angola MIS 2011 (wealth quintiles) and IIMS 2015-2016 (subnational); Panama Panama (subnational); quintiles) and IIMS 2015-2016 (wealth MIS 2011 Angola estimates: subnational for surveys and recent and countries, regions the world, for estimates 2015 shows 47 Figure Note: MICS 2012-2013. Bangladesh MICS 2011-2012; Tunisia MICS 2013; 36 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND Since 2000, the rate ofopen defecation has decreased in all regions except Oceania Fig. 49 100 20 40 60 80 0 Proportion andnumber ofpeoplepractisingopendefecation in2015, by region Central Asiaand Southern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Oceania and the Caribbean Latin AmericaLatin Western and Asia Northern Africa Northern South-eastern Asia Eastern and Asia Trends inopendefecation practising opendefecationpractising Area proportional to population 2010 2015 2005 2000 Northern America Northern and Europeand ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 37 65 39 42 35 39 33 2011 Dec 2012 Oct 2014 2017 June 32 SBM: sanitation infrastructure coverage (rural) coverage infrastructure SBM: sanitation JMP: use of improved sanitation facilities (rural) facilities sanitation of improved use JMP: Changes in infrastructure coverage and use of improved sanitation in sanitation of improved and use coverage in infrastructure Changes (%)rural India, 2011-2017 0

80 60 40 20

100 Proportion of rural population rural of Proportion Fig. 50 Fig. The JMP estimates in this report draw upon data from draw upon data from report in this The JMP estimates period the during conducted and censuses surveys household inception the since only one survey and include 2000–2015 2017 will be Bharat for Mission. JMP estimates Swachh of the rapid any changes time for take and it may in 2019, published theby reflected be fully to facilities of sanitation use in the JMP. the by monitored trends longer-term of sanitation facilities, facilities, of sanitation As of June 2017, according according As of June 2017, 33 use , and is conducting population-based , and is conducting 8 p://sbm.gov.in/sbm.

See India Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, ‘Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin’, Bharat Mission-Gramin’, ‘Swachh and Sanitation, India Ministry of Drinking Water See htt

to the SBM, over 205,000 villages, 149 districts and five States villages, and149 districts five 205,000 SBM, over the to (ODF). The free be open-defecation to themselves had reported start the since that estimated Mission, in of the Government in rural Indiaof latrines has increased coverage 2014, October of rural Indiansnumber defecating and the 65%, 42% to from 330 million people by 550 to from down open had come in the June 2017. - report go beyond need to the recognizes The SBM programme coverageing infrastructure household determine to surveys The Swatch Bharat Mission to end open defecation defecation open end Bharat to Mission The Swatch in India an of India launched Minister Prime the 2014, In October eliminate aims to that programme national ambitious sanitation Bharat Mission (SBM) The Swachh 2019. by open defecation support political and has nearlymobilized has unprecedented and civil sector private the Government, $25 billion from flush pour twin-pit promotes The rural programme society. in situ until they wastes contain designed to toilets, which are change behaviour targets The programme handle. to safe are being adopted are sanitation to approaches and community country. the throughout detailed awith national database The SBM has developed and level household the to down coverage latrine on information process. verification a multi-stage which is the internationally agreed-upon indicator used by JMP by used indicator agreed-upon internationally which is the Annual The National countries. across progress compare to data up-to-date will (NARSS) generate Survey Sanitation Rural and trigger elimination of open defecation towards on progress targets. achieved have that areas for rewards Box 33 38 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND Democratic RepublicDemocratic ofCongo untreated water surface in 22countries Over per 10 cent ofthe population relies still on standardized format for populations. rural and national, urban excludeswater sanitation and variables,are now available a in estimates,calculated customized a using wealth index that water, drinking basic sanitation hygiene. and Wealth quintile newa established has JMP The databasein inequalities on 5.2 Reducing the gap in basic services Papuain highest New Guinea, cent.per 42 at proportion The theof waterpopulation surface drinking is wherecentper theof 10 water. populationsurface drinks still livedareas, rural in over and livehalf sub-Saharanin Africa, waterthe surface using million 159 Of 2015,in 147 million decreasedfrom centper 4 2000in to centper 2 just 2015. in well-being. and populationglobal water The surface using lakesirrigation canalsand face serious to risks their health waterlect directly from water surface sources such rivers,as Populationsthat have col and waterall at drinking no - service Fig. 51 United Republic ofTanzania Proportion ofnationalpopulation drinkingsurfacewater, 2015 Papua New Guinea Equatorial Guinea Solomon Islands Mozambique Sierra Leone Madagascar Afghanistan Cambodia Swaziland Tajikistan Ethiopia Namibia Somalia Zambia Guinea Angola Liberia Eritrea Kenya Togo 20 0 10 10 12 12 12 11 13 13 13 14 10 14 15 15 15 16 16 17 18 21 23 24 42 0 05 070 60 50 4030 09 100 90 80 Basic drinking waterBasic drinking than for drinking water orhygiene Rich-poor gaps are larger generally for sanitation Burundi,Costaand Nepal Rica, absolute are inequalities but quintile cent1 per just theamong poorestquintile. In sanitation Liberia, coverage centper 9 is the among richest butrelative may inequalities large. very be For example, in theabsolute gap tendspoor betweenand rich to smaller,be patternsobserved. countriesIn with low coverage nationally, Thereare nevertheless marked differences between the convergingagain levelshigher at coverage.of thenincrease through lower coverage, mid-range and before gapstend low to very at smaller be levels coverageof and forsanitation than for water drinking hygiene.or Absolute wealthOverall, quintiles. the gaps between are quintiles larger water,basic of sanitation basic hygiene basic and across equitable.Figure reveals52 significant differences in coverage usefulmeasure theof extent to accesswhich is to services coverage service between the different provides quintiles a are Inequalities found countries, all in but the spread basic in 04 60 40 20 0 Fig. 52 Richest Rich Middle Poor Poorest Use ofbasicdrinkingwater, sanitation andhygiene by nationalwealth quintiles, 2010–2014 0100 80 Proportion ofpopulation(%) Ethiopia RepublicDemocratic ofthe Congo Madagascar Mozambique Chad Uganda United Republic ofTanzania Central African Republic Niger Angola Togo Sierra Leone Malawi Rwanda Afghanistan Timor-Leste Guinea Nigeria Mali Cameroon Zimbabwe Haiti Burundi People'sLao Republic Democratic Burkina Faso Mauritania Swaziland Benin Guinea-Bissau Côte d'Ivoire Congo Cambodia Sudan Senegal Liberia Ghana Sao Tome Principe and Namibia Kyrgyzstan Indonesia Comoros Republic ofMoldova Mongolia Peru Gabon Pakistan Nepal Honduras Philippines Bhutan Viet Nam Iraq Kazakhstan Colombia Bangladesh El Salvador Thailand Serbia Tunisia andHerzegovina Bosnia Dominican Republic Belize Montenegro Ukraine Costa Rica Jordan Suriname Guyana West Bank Strip andGaza Saint Lucia The former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia Belarus Armenia Panama Jamaica Barbados 04 60 40 20 0 Basic sanitation Richest Rich Middle Poor Poorest 0100 80 Proportion ofpopulation(%) Central African Republic Liberia Madagascar Chad Niger Togo United Republic ofTanzania Sierra Leone Ethiopia Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Congo Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Uganda Guinea Mali Namibia Haiti Sudan RepublicDemocratic ofthe Congo Comoros Mauritania Guinea-Bissau Gabon Nigeria Afghanistan Cameroon Angola Timor-Leste Malawi Sao Tome andPrincipe Nepal Cambodia Zimbabwe People'sLao Republic Democratic Bhutan Rwanda Senegal Bangladesh Burundi Mongolia Pakistan Republic ofMoldova Swaziland Philippines Peru Indonesia Honduras Jamaica El Salvador Viet Nam Dominican Republic Guyana Colombia Suriname Belize Panama Saint Lucia Iraq Armenia andHerzegovina Bosnia Belarus Kazakhstan Thailand Barbados Tunisia Costa Rica Ukraine Montenegro The former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia Serbia Kyrgyzstan West Bank Strip Gaza and Jordan Basic hygiene 04 60 40 20 0 04 60 40 20 0 0100 80 0100 80 Richest Rich Middle Poor Poorest Proportion ofpopulation(%) Ethiopia RepublicDemocratic ofthe Congo Malawi Sierra Leone Guinea Uganda Ghana Senegal Benin Mali Guinea-Bissau Burkina Faso Togo Nigeria Côte d'Ivoire Mozambique Swaziland Comoros Central African Republic Sudan Chad Suriname Zimbabwe Haiti Sao Tome Principe and Mauritania Bangladesh Afghanistan Namibia Belize Barbados Saint Lucia Costa Rica Jamaica Dominican Republic Pakistan Cambodia Republic ofMoldova Nepal Bhutan andHerzegovina Bosnia Indonesia Guyana Honduras Viet Nam Mongolia Tunisia El Salvador Iraq Armenia Kyrgyzstan ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 39 Kyrgyzstan Armenia Iraq El Salvador Tunisia Mongolia Viet Nam Honduras Guyana Indonesia Bosnia and Herzegovina Bhutan Nepal of Moldova Republic Cambodia Pakistan Republic Dominican Jamaica Rica Costa Lucia Saint Barbados Belize Namibia Afghanistan Bangladesh Mauritania and Principe Tome Sao Haiti Zimbabwe Suriname Chad Sudan Republic African Central Comoros Swaziland Mozambique d'Ivoire Côte Nigeria Togo Faso Burkina Guinea-Bissau Mali Benin Senegal Ghana Uganda Guinea Leone Sierra Malawi Congo of the Democratic Republic Ethiopia Proportion of population(%) Proportion Poorest Poor Middle Rich Richest 80 100 80 100 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 Basic hygiene Basic West Bank and Gaza Strip Bank West Kyrgyzstan Serbia of Macedonia Republic Yugoslav The former Montenegro Ukraine Rica Costa Tunisia Barbados Thailand Kazakhstan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Armenia Iraq Lucia Saint Panama Belize Suriname Colombia Guyana Republic Dominican Viet Nam El Salvador Jamaica Honduras Indonesia Peru Philippines Swaziland of Moldova Republic Pakistan Mongolia Burundi Bangladesh Senegal Rwanda Bhutan Democratic Republic Lao People's Zimbabwe Cambodia Nepal and Principe Tome Sao Malawi Timor-Leste Angola Cameroon Afghanistan Nigeria Gabon Guinea-Bissau Mauritania Comoros Congo of the Democratic Republic Sudan Haiti Namibia Mali Guinea Uganda Mozambique d'Ivoire Côte Congo Ghana Faso Burkina Benin Ethiopia Leone Sierra of Tanzania Republic United Togo Niger Chad Madagascar Liberia Republic African Central Jordan Proportion of population(%) Proportion 80 100 Poorest Poor Middle Rich Richest Basic sanitationBasic 0 20 40 60 The JMP inequalities database also includes new estimates of estimates new includes Thealso JMP inequalities database surveys household from derived region subnational by coverage stratify The majority the of national andsurveys censuses. While the levels. at administrative least one or two by population across varies units at each level of administrative and size number nevertheless them between in coverage difference the countries, of inequality. measure comparative a useful provides small, with the quintiles closely grouped with similarly low or similarly low with grouped quintiles closely the with small, in countries greatest inequalities are Absolute high coverage. poorest, richest and the the between spread largest the with and Pakistan water, for Haiti sanitation, for as Angola such a big have Gabon and Viet Nam water, For hygiene. for while for quintile, poorest and the second the between gap gap a large have and Mozambique d’Ivoire Côte sanitation, these Understanding and richestfourth quintile. the between of inequality patterns in is an step important first different them. reduce to strategies appropriate devising Jamaica Panama Armenia Belarus of Macedonia Republic Yugoslav The former Lucia Saint and Gaza Strip Bank West Guyana Suriname Jordan Rica Costa Ukraine Montenegro Belize Republic Dominican Bosnia and Herzegovina Tunisia Serbia Thailand El Salvador Bangladesh Colombia Kazakhstan Iraq Viet Nam Bhutan Philippines Honduras Nepal Pakistan Gabon Peru Mongolia of Moldova Republic Comoros Indonesia Kyrgyzstan Namibia and Principe Tome Sao Ghana Liberia Senegal Sudan Cambodia Congo d'Ivoire Côte Guinea-Bissau Benin Swaziland Mauritania Faso Burkina Democratic Republic Lao People's Burundi Haiti Zimbabwe Cameroon Mali Nigeria Guinea Timor-Leste Afghanistan Rwanda Malawi Leone Sierra Togo Angola Niger Republic African Central of Tanzania Republic United Uganda Chad Mozambique Madagascar Congo of the Democratic Republic Ethiopia Barbados Proportion of population(%) Proportion 80 100 Use of basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene by national wealth quintiles, 2010–2014 national wealth by and hygiene sanitation of basic drinking water, Use Poorest Poor Middle Rich Richest 0 20 40 60 Basic drinkingBasic water 40 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND Basic hygiene Proportion ofthe population with basichygiene by services, subregion (%) in thein former Yugoslav Republic Macedonia,of are more hygieneKyrgyzstan,in sanitation Afghanistan,in water and coveragehigh similarly lowor coverage, illustrated as by betweenin varies widely. Those that are closely grouped at lowcoverage,high very or but the distribution regionsof showsthat many countries have twoor one regions with very coverage service basic between subnational regions. It Figureabsolute highlights 53 relativeand in inequalities National averages mask significant inequalities between subnational regions 04 60 40 20 0 Fig. 53 Proportion ofpopulation insubnational regions withbasicdrinkingwater, sanitation andhygiene, 2010–2014 0100 80 Ethiopia RepublicDemocratic ofthe Congo Malawi Ghana Togo Guinea-Bissau Guinea Uganda Benin Senegal Sierra Leone Mali Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Central African Republic Mozambique Nigeria Comoros Swaziland Sudan Chad Suriname Mauritania Haiti Belize Afghanistan Costa Rica Zimbabwe Bangladesh Barbados Sao Tome andPrincipe Namibia Pakistan Dominican Republic Jamaica Nepal Cambodia Indonesia Republic ofMoldova Guyana Tunisia Bhutan Herzegovina and Bosnia Honduras Mongolia Viet Nam Armenia Iraq El Salvador Kyrgyzstan inequality. fromthe average national potentially a is useful measure of extent The to coveragewhich subnationalin regions deviates Surinamewateror thein People’s Lao Republic. Democratic than equal those that are spread,widely such sanitation as in Basic sanitation Proportion ofthe population with basicsanitation by services, subregion (%) 04 60 40 20 0 0100 80 Swaziland People'sLao Republic Democratic Bangladesh Bhutan Burundi Honduras Peru Philippines Nepal Indonesia Pakistan Mongolia Republic ofMoldova Panama Suriname Azerbaijan Guyana Viet Nam Dominican Republic Colombia El Salvador Jamaica Belize Tunisia Armenia The former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia Iraq Costa Rica Herzegovina and Bosnia Montenegro Belarus Egypt Barbados Kazakhstan Serbia Thailand Ukraine Kyrgyzstan West BankandGazaStrip Jordan Liberia Central African Republic Madagascar Congo Chad Togo Ghana Sierra Leone Benin Ethiopia Burkina Faso Niger Uganda Côte d'Ivoire Guinea Zambia RepublicDemocratic ofthe Congo United Republic ofTanzania Haiti Lesotho Kenya Guinea-Bissau Mali Gabon Mozambique Sudan Nigeria Comoros Mauritania Afghanistan Zimbabwe Namibia Senegal Timor-Leste Cameroon Sao Tome andPrincipe Cambodia Malawi Angola Rwanda

04 60 40 20 0 Proportion ofthe population with water by basicdrinking services, subregion (%) Basic drinking waterBasic drinking 0100 80 Madagascar Chad Zambia RepublicDemocratic ofthe Congo Angola Congo Central African Republic Uganda Ethiopia Mozambique United Republic ofTanzania Haiti Afghanistan Togo Mauritania Timor-Leste Sierra Leone Niger Malawi Kenya Rwanda Guinea Nigeria Cameroon Senegal Sudan Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Burundi Mali Zimbabwe Liberia Swaziland Ghana Lesotho Benin Côte d'Ivoire Gabon Cambodia People'sLao Republic Democratic Sao Tome andPrincipe Indonesia Namibia (PlurinationalBolivia State of) Mongolia Guyana Comoros Pakistan Peru Kyrgyzstan Azerbaijan Republic ofMoldova Nepal Panama Honduras Philippines Tunisia Colombia Viet Nam Suriname Iraq Bhutan El Salvador Bangladesh Herzegovina and Bosnia Kazakhstan Jamaica Dominican Republic Thailand Montenegro Belize Costa Rica Serbia Egypt Ukraine Armenia formerThe Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia State ofPalestine Belarus Jordan Barbados ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 41

Pakistan Comoros Guyana Mongolia of) State Bolivia (Plurinational Namibia Indonesia and Principe Tome Sao Democratic Republic Lao People's Cambodia Gabon d'Ivoire Côte Benin Lesotho Ghana Swaziland Liberia Zimbabwe Mali Burundi Guinea-Bissau Faso Burkina Sudan Senegal Cameroon Nigeria Guinea Rwanda Kenya Malawi Niger Leone Sierra Timor-Leste Mauritania Togo Afghanistan Haiti of Tanzania Republic United Mozambique Ethiopia Uganda Republic African Central Congo Angola Congo of the Democratic Republic Zambia Chad Madagascar Barbados Jordan Belarus West Bank and Gaza Strip of Macedonia Republic Yugoslav The former Armenia Ukraine Egypt Serbia Rica Costa Belize Montenegro Thailand Republic Dominican Jamaica Kazakhstan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bangladesh El Salvador Bhutan Iraq Suriname Viet Nam Colombia Tunisia Philippines Honduras Panama Nepal of Moldova Republic Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan Peru 80 100 Basic drinkingBasic water Proportion of the population with basic drinking water services, by subregion (%) subregion services, basic drinking by water with population of the Proportion 0 20 40 60 Jordan of Palestine State Kyrgyzstan Ukraine Thailand Serbia Kazakhstan Barbados Egypt Belarus Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina Rica Costa Iraq of Macedonia Republic Yugoslav The former Armenia Tunisia Belize Jamaica El Salvador Colombia Republic Dominican Viet Nam Guyana Azerbaijan Suriname Panama of Moldova Republic Mongolia Pakistan Indonesia Nepal Philippines Peru Honduras Burundi Bhutan Bangladesh Democratic Republic Lao People's Swaziland Rwanda Angola Malawi Cambodia and Principe Tome Sao Cameroon Timor-Leste Senegal Namibia Zimbabwe Afghanistan Mauritania Comoros Nigeria Sudan Mozambique Gabon Mali Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Haiti of Tanzania Republic United Congo of the Democratic Republic Zambia Guinea d'Ivoire Côte Uganda Niger Faso Burkina Ethiopia Benin Leone Sierra Ghana Togo Chad Congo Madagascar Republic African Central Liberia 80 100 0 20 40 60 Proportion of the population with basic sanitation services, by subregion (%) subregion services, by basic sanitation with population of the Proportion Basic sanitationBasic Armenia Viet Nam Mongolia Honduras Bosnia and Herzegovina Bhutan Tunisia Guyana of Moldova Republic Indonesia Cambodia Nepal Jamaica Republic Dominican Pakistan Namibia and Principe Tome Sao Barbados Bangladesh Zimbabwe Rica Costa Afghanistan Belize Haiti Mauritania Suriname Chad Sudan Swaziland Comoros Nigeria Mozambique Republic African Central d'Ivoire Côte Faso Burkina Mali Leone Sierra Senegal Benin Uganda Guinea Guinea-Bissau Togo Ghana Malawi Congo of the Democratic Republic Ethiopia Kyrgyzstan El Salvador Iraq 80 100 0 20 40 60 Proportion of the population with basic hygiene services, by subregion (%) subregion services, by basic hygiene with population of the Proportion Basic hygiene Basic 42 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND peacebuildingmissions. scores Assessments peacekeepingongoing and or as identified ViolenceGroup countriesof list harmonized a maintains universalaccess. World The Bank’s Fragile, Conflict and Conflict, progress derail can violence instability and towards access to basic drinking water and universal sanitation services reach to go to farther have states Fragile Box 34 Western Africa AsiaandNorthern Fig. 54 Latin AmericaLatin the and Caribbean

fragilit World Bank Harmonised ListofFragile Situations

9 yconflictviolence/brief/harmonized-list-of-fragile-situations> Proportion ofpopulation usingbasicdrinkingwater andsanitation infragileandnon-fragilestates in2015, services by SDGregion Sub-Saharan Africa based Countryon fragile Policy Institutional and Eastern Asia Oceania World 77 68 64 63 63 55 40 Use ofbasicwater (%) Fragile Non-fragile 59 Basedtheon World Bank’s classification harmonized observed in all SDG regionsobservedSDG all in (Figure 54). markedand populationssituations, non-fragile in are disparities sanitationfour and likely as times to water drinking basic lack as are situations fragile in living likelyas twice to lackbasic lackedmillion water. drinking basic 177 and Globally, people 2015,In situations. notdid million 284 use sanitation, basic estimatesJMP that 2015,in livedpeople million 466 fragile in 89 90 95 96 96 97 68 65 41 Use ofbasicsanitation (%) 39 Fragile 31 22 21 Non-fragile 30 50 34 70 , the the , 77 87 89 93

ELIMINATING INEQUALITIES: LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES

Israel 3 Andorra 11

7 Switzerland 1 1

0 United Kingdom United

Netherlands

Spain

16 Turkmenistan Iran (Islamic Republic of) Republic (Islamic Iran

7 Austria 5

Ecuador 3

Republic of Macedonia of Republic Germany

The former Yugoslav former The Italy 41

8 Colombia

50 14

Luxembourg

Morocco 2 41 Israel

Malta

Kyrgyzstan United Arab Emirates Arab United

17 Estonia

6 Nicaragua

It shows that urban coverage of safely managed drinking managed drinking of safely urban coverage that It shows in rural than coverage is greater and sanitation water for gaps data. The coverage with almost all countries particularly striking, are managed drinking water safely points countries in half of the 30 percentage and exceed the understand to is required work data. Further with elements inequalities in between different relationship be more can managed services, these that so of safely future. in the monitored systematically Sweden

Bangladesh 38 Czechia

Peru Slovakia 19

42 Latvia 7 GAP IN COVERAGE (RURAL GREATER THAN URBAN) THAN GREATER (RURAL COVERAGE IN GAP GAP IN COVERAGE (RURAL GREATER THAN URBAN) THAN GREATER (RURAL COVERAGE IN GAP

8 Côte d'Ivoire Côte Belarus

■ ■

Pakistan Albania 9

Bhutan

31 Lithuania China 37

Ghana 9 Ecuador

Iraq Nepal 2

39 Senegal

Cambodia Algeria 17

Somalia Ethiopia 8

13 Tuvalu

Uganda Niger Percentage point difference in the use of safely managed services between urban and rural areas, 2015 managed services urban and rural between areas, of safely in the use point difference Percentage GAP IN COVERAGE (URBAN GREATER THAN RURAL) THAN GREATER (URBAN COVERAGE IN GAP GAP IN COVERAGE (URBAN GREATER THAN RURAL) THAN GREATER (URBAN COVERAGE IN GAP Safely managed sanitation managed Safely Safely managed drinking managed water Safely ■ ■ 0 0 Fig. 55 Fig. Large gaps exist between urban and rural coverage of safely managed services managed of safely rural and urban coverage between exist gaps Large Tracking inequalities in safely managed services is more managed services is more inequalities in safely Tracking - avail less information is currently challenging, as there by disaggregated and it is rarely able on service levels, rural have 28 countries Currently, subgroups. population and managed sanitation, safely and for urban estimates safely rural for and urban estimates have only 19 countries percentage the 55 shows Figure managed drinking water. managed services for of safely in coverage point gap rural and both urban areas. for estimates with countries 5.3 Reducing the gap in services in levels gap the Reducing 5.3 80 80 20 40 60 20 40 60 100 100 44 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE INSTITUTIONAL WASH: NEW FRONTIERS WASHschoolsin WASH and healthin care facilities 2018in . comprehensivebaseline global harmonized estimates for compilingsources national with data, of view a topublishing 38 37 36 35 ity of handwashingof facilities ity with soap water. and waterin sanitationand coverage, shortcomings availabil and - countries,54 and 149 respectively, highlighted and serious carefacilities from 2015 have datasets identified least at for landscaping Initial reviews WASHof schoolsin health and monitoring to include other settings institutional inthe future. (SDG health 4a)and care facilities, with plans to expand global global monitoring ofSDGtargets relating to WASH inschools first The tings. is baselineto establish estimates priority to inform databases to include information onWASH set ininstitutional - public spaces. JMPistherefore The global expanding its but also schools, health care facilities, workplaces other and (Section 1).‘Universal’ settings, impliesall not onlyhouseholds, SDGtargetsThe to aim achieve ‘universal access’ by 2030 national and international and surveys. national setting each standards and based norms global on existing and indicators criteriaand harmonized for monitoring WASH in 2016,In the convenedJMP group expert to meetings define regions certain schoolsof healthor care types or facilities. arenot representative theof entire country, cover and only compareprogress across countries. Some theseof datasets to difficult it made the has definitions harmonized lackof

data.org/report/jmp-2016-core-questions-and-indicators-monitoring-winhcf> C World HealthOrganization andUnited Nations Children’s Fund, ‘Monitoring WASH inHealth 2015,. Health C World HealthOrganization andUnited Nations Children’s Fund, Water, Sanitation andHygiene in . WHO andUNICEF, Geneva and New York, 2016, . New frontiers WASH:6. Institutional ators for Monitoring WASH inSchools intheSustainable Development Goals, are Facilities: Status inlow- andmiddle-income countries andway forward, WHO, Geneva, 37,38 The JMP is currentlyis JMP The 35,36 However However hygienematerials bathrooms.management in water, pupilsof toilet,menstrual per ratios of availability or capturedby the indicator,basic such drinking of the as quality advancedlevel includemight normative that are elements not theon context, national resources. and priorities Criteria for an country-defined a (TablecountriesIn 3). where for countriesto track progress towards targetSDG aims which 4a, ladders new The service JMP for WASH schoolsin enable WASH in schools Table 3 No service Limited Basic (SDG) Advanced SERVICE LEVEL drinking water, drinking basic sanitation hygiene and schools all in JMP service laddersJMP service for monitoring WASH inschools water) surface spring, (unprotectedwell/ unimprovedsource waterNo source or surveyof time notis available at water), but water packaged/delivered rainwater, spring, protectedwell/ source (piped, There improved isan theat school source available is fromimproved an water Drinking national level To bedefined at DRINKING DRINKING WATER advancedlevel may appropriatebe based services are services basic not ambitious, bucketlatrines) latrines, hanging or platform,slab latrines without a facilities (pit unimprovedor latrines, or toilets No surveyof time notor usable at butnot single-sex compostingtoilet), latrinepit with slab, pourflush toilets, facilities(flush/ Thereare improved theschool sexusable and at arewhich single- Improvedfacilities, national level To bedefined at AIAINHYGIENE SANITATION

water facilities with no handwashing theschool or facilities at handwashing No water,but soapno facilities with Handwashing available watersoapand are facilitiesthat have Handwashing national level To bedefined at INSTITUTIONAL WASH: NEW FRONTIERS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 45

13 71 17 Secondary

46 44 10 Primary 46 43 12 LIMITED SERVICE LIMITED SERVICE NO

■ ■ Pre-Primary 13 72 12

Secondary

55 28 17 Primary

18 25 57 0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 NO DATA

FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL HANDWASHING FACILITY (%)* COVERAGE ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ service "basic" soap) (no data on calculate to data * Insufficient

2 Pre-Primary

42 56 Secondary 19 30 51

BASIC WATER SERVICE SERVICE SANITATION BASIC SERVICE HYGIENE BASIC Primary ■ ■ ■ 33 45 22

Proportion of schools with different levels of WASH service, by school by service, of WASH levels with different of schools Proportion 2015/2016 Guinea, New Papua type. Pre-Primary 0 80 60 40 20 100

Fig. 57 Fig.

The same data suggest that WASH service coverage may be lower may service coverage WASH that data suggest The same - classifi the 57), but (Figure children younger serve that in schools which limits standardized, yet is not schools of pre-primary cation challenges of This highlights broader comparability. cross-country national monitoring different that type given facility classification, public facilities: types of educational different will include systems schools, community schools, boarding schools, private schools, and others. schools Islamic monastic schools, national that 2012 suggest EMIS data from Colombia’s disparities subnational between mask large may averages considered. departments, are especially when service levels sanitation water, for different be quite may coverage Regional departments 58). While some (Figure in schools and hygiene elements, others all three for of coverage similar levels have separately. them measure need to underlining the vary widely, lower in schools that serve young children young serve that schools in lower

WASH service level service WASH Proportion of schools with with schools of Proportion and

39 Unimproved/ Unimproved/ None Improved 0-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 NO DATA separated toilets) separated FUNCTIONAL TOILET TOILET FUNCTIONAL (%)* COVERAGE * Insufficient data to calculate "basic" servicesex- "basic" (no data on calculate to data * Insufficient ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ No service Limited Basic LADDER have shown how national how shown have JMP SERVICE JMP SERVICE 19 30 51 40 51 water water (basic) available available Which has 81 water With an source of source improved improved Regional coverage of WASH in Colombian schools (including pre-primary, primary and secondary schools) pre-primary, (including schools in Colombian of WASH coverage Regional Proportion of schools with different levels of water services, Papua New services, Papua of water levels with different of schools Proportion 2015/2016 Guinea,

o monitor the SDGs for WASH in schools and health care facilities in the Latin America in the Latin America facilities and health care in schools WASH the SDGs for o monitor 0

80 60 40 20

100 Proportion of schools (%) schools of Proportion 76-100 NO DATA 0-25 26-50 51-75 , WHO and UNICEF, 2017, 2017, , WHO and UNICEF, Asia and the Pacific in East in schools of WASH or SDG reporting , WHO and UNICEF, 2017, . . . - data avail Are Study: Scoping Fund, Children’s Nations and United Health Organization World able t Scoping Study: Preparing Preparing Study: Scoping Fund, Children’s Nations and United Health Organization World f

Fig. 58 Fig. Fig. 56 Fig. Data from EMIS can be mapped to JMP service JMP to mapped ladders be can EMIS Data from is often coverage that suggest data EMIS Preliminary BASIC WATER WATER BASIC (%) COVERAGE ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 40 39 Regional scoping studies in East Asia and the Pacific Asia and the in East studies scoping Regional monitoring data can be mapped to the JMP service ladders, JMP service the be mapped to data ladders, can monitoring definitions further need to the and highlighted standardize countries. across enable comparison to and metrics data(EMIS) System Information Management Education of implications the 56) show (Figure Guinea New Papua from presence as the (such infrastructure counting going beyond as (such of servicepoint)of alevels water and taking account point). that from availability of water the Latin America and the Caribbean and the Latin America Proportion of facilities 46 PROGRESSwith ON service DRINKING (%) WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE INSTITUTIONAL WASH: NEW FRONTIERS systems,complianceor with mandated routines.cleaning levelincludemight water drinking quality, excreta management resources. and requirementsof Examples for advanced an mayappropriatebe based theon context, national priorities alreadythe country-defineda norm, facilities.withAs schools, countriesin where reportingdisaggregatewill different among healthof care types setting(Table indicators The 4). are universally applicable, but carewaste –that focuseach conditionson thein outpatient carefacilities –water, sanitation, hygiene, hand health and Thereare four ladders service JMP for WASH health in WASH in health care facilities JMP service laddersJMP service for monitoring WASH in health care facilities Fig. 59 Table 4 No service Limited Basic (SDG) Advanced 100 SERVICE LEVEL ■ 20 40 60 80 0 BASIC WATER in Haiti, SPA survey, 2014. Proportion ofhealth care facilities withdifferent levels ofWASH services * Insufficient data to calculate to calculate basic service

Water 25 53 22 ■ LIMITED SERVICE

■ surface water, surface waterno or source Unprotecteddug well spring, or wateravailableis improvedsource on-site,is but no availableis off premises; an or Waterfrom improvedan source Tobedefined atnational level Tobedefined at national level availablepremiseson Tobedefined at national level Waterfrom improvedan source is To bedefined at national level ASIC B SANITATION Sanitation 82* 18

WATER ■ ■

service level advancedlevel service BASIC HAND HY NO SERVICE Hand GIENE Hygiene 16 43 41 services are services basic 12

Health ■ toilets or latrinesor toilets theat facility platform, latrines, hanging no or latrinesPit without slabor a limitedmobility) groups(staff, women, with people notthemeet specific of needs presentbut are not usable do or Improvedsanitation facilities are limitedmobility themeet with people of needs menstrualhygiene facilities, and separatedfor women, provide separatedfor staff, and patients Improvedfacilities are usable,

BASIC HEALTH C

ARE WASTE Care 92 4 4 Waste 17 SANITATION

definitions in national monitoring national in definitions systems. limited,however, by the standardizedlackof facility type facilitiessmall (Figure 60). Cross-country is comparability WASHcoverage lower,is average,on areas rural in in and Subnationalanalysis hygiene hand of indicates data that whetherthere are sanitation basic services. menstrualhygiene to thecalculatelimit management ability accessibilityto those with limited mobility, facilitiesand for sex-separatedseparated toilets, for toilets staff patients, and ladders. theservice JMP thisIn example, on data of lack a Haiti2014Provision Service Assessment can to mapped be Figureillustrates59 how health care facility fromdata the Fig. 60 100 20 40 60 80 0 water presentor but with soapno or Handhygiene are stations absent, both careof points but toilets, or not Handhygiene either at station careof points toilets and alcoholrub, hand are available at with basin a water soap and or Handhygiene materials, either Haiti, SPA survey, 2014. Proportion ofhealthcare facilities withhandhygiene materials in National 16 43 41 HAND HYGIENE

Rural 37 14 49 ■ ■ ■ NO FACILITIES LIMITED FACILITIES BASIC FACILITIES

Urban 53 19 28 treateddisposed and of Wastenotis segregated safelyor placebut not used effectively disposedsafely,of arebins or in Wastesegregatedis but not disposedof wasteare safely treated and area,infectious and sharps and thein bins 3 least at consultation Wastesafelyis segregated into 43 Hospitals HEALTH CARE WASTE

65 13 22

Health centers 40 45 /clinics 15 INSTITUTIONAL WASH: NEW FRONTIERS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 47 80 100 Content analysis Content 45 50 43 36 Proportion of data sources (of 15) (of of data sources Proportion 21 14 14 7 7 7 0 20 40 60 coping Study: Are data available to monitor the SDGs for WASH WASH the SDGs for monitor to data available Are Study: coping facilities Usable toilets Usable Water available Water menstrual hygiene menstrual Improved sanitation sanitation Improved Facilities to manage to Facilities with limited mobility with limited Sex-separated toilets Sex-separated Staff-separated toilets Staff-separated Improved water source water Improved gel) near points of care in schools and health care facilities in the Latin America and Caribbean region? 2017. 2017. region? and Caribbean in the Latin America facilities and health care in schools . UNICEF and WHO, S UNICEF and WHO, Soap & water (or alcohol alcohol (or water & Soap

Soap & water near toilets water & Soap

Toilets accessible to those those to accessible Toilets 45 Water source on-premises source Water These surveys already cover some of the JMP core indicators, indicators, JMP core of the some cover already surveys These further SDG establish comparable alignment to require but 61). (Figure estimates baseline an oppor- provides an EMIS that have already countries Many type this but in schools, of WASH monitoring routine tunity for data other against be validated data need to of self-reported SDG of the some include of EMIS already A number sources. of 71 national EMIS In a review in schools. WASH for criteria seven of the or more three included 39 per cent questionnaires, included 14 per cent in schools; basic WASH for SDG criteria soapAvailability at handwashing of 61). (Figure or more five indicator. monitored least frequently the stations was for 15 national data sources of 10 study countries, In a scoping identified. were facilities care in health WASH of these surveys suggests that water source type and water source water that suggests surveys of these while criteria, data captured most frequently the availability are hygiene menstrual for toilets and facilities on sex-separated identified. surveys of in the any collected not management were resource allocation and programming. In preparation for In preparation and programming. allocation resource care and health in schools on WASH JMP reports forthcoming and expanded core standardized the out efforts roll to facilities, the in addition to will continue, and indicators questions in birth use for settings. of indicators set of a new development SDG criteria for WASH in health care facilities (%) facilities care health in WASH for criteria SDG

43 80 100 the World Bank World the 41 41 38 28 the United States Agency for for Agency States United the 20 17 17 42 6 0 20 40 60 Proportion of EMIS qustionnaires (of 71) (of of EMIS qustionnaires Proportion Soap Available water Available Usable sanitation Usable The proportion of national EMIS questionnaires (of 71) that currently include each of the SDG criteria for WASH in schools (left); the proportion of data (left); in schools the proportion WASH for each of the SDG criteria include 71) that currently (of of national EMIS questionnaires The proportion facilities (right) care in health WASH for each of the SDG criteria that include countries) 15 identified in case 10 (of sources Improved sanitation Improved Single-sex sanitation Single-sex Handwashing facilities Handwashing Improved water source water Improved 10

/healthinfo/systems/sara_introduction/en>.

ducation Assessment (LLECE)’,

rogram, ‘SPA Overview’, . cfm>. (%) schools in WASH for criteria SDG education-assessment-llece>. Survey Demographic and Health Development, International for Agency States United P

Box Fig. 61 Fig. 43 44 41 42 The JMP is currently working on baseline estimates for WASH WASH for estimates on baseline working The JMP is currently in 2018. publication for facilities, care and health in schools settings in these of WASH SDG monitoring for Data sources as such systems, national management information include , and facility- systems management information EMIS or health Laboratory Latin American UNESCO as the such surveys, based Quality of the Assessment of Education, for Towards global baseline estimates for WASH in in WASH for estimates baseline global Towards facilities care and health schools Service Delivery Indicators, International Development Service Provision Assessment, Service Provision Development International and the WHO Service Availability and Readiness Assessment. and Readiness WHO Serviceand Availability the While challenges exist, the inclusion of institutional WASH in of institutional inclusion WASH the While challenges exist, an opportunity understand better to provides JMP monitoring This 10). home (Box the from situation away WASH current the towards progress track to will enable national governments effective more SDGs and inform associated meeting the Towards global baseline estimates for WASH in WASH for estimates baseline global Towards facilities care health and schools Annexes

50 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ANNEX 1: JMP METHODS 1 using as water drinking of sanitationand infrastructure are classified facilitiesthein home. populations The differentusing types thehandwashing of and sanitation availability and services, sourcesthat contain information about household water withbegin estimations JMP the collection data national of collectionData and analysis custodianWASHglobal of data theon continued development theof trusted a as JMP Strategica Group Advisory to provide advice independent relatedchallenges to WASH monitoring, established has and technicaladvice issuesspecific on methodological and regularlyJMP The convenes forces task expert to provide regularupdates country,on regional, trends. global and water, drinking on sanitation hygiene,and produced has and in developing mental to norms progress global benchmark Sincewas1990,it in established the instrubeen has JMP - improvedfacilities into the receive,arewhich used to subdivide the population using are Data also collected theon level households service of humancontact. arethose todesigned hygienically separate excreta from construction, and design improvedwhile sanitation facilities thathave the potential to deliver safe water by nature their of (Table all at 1-1). Improved water drinking sources are those wereused to produce estimate; two thirds theseof were sources,covering the years 1990-2015. 1,982 sources 2015JMP The update drew 1,982upon data national and limited facility areused to categorize populations using as handwashingfacilities, soap waterand thein home, which collection Data hygieneon focuses theon of availability Section2. watermanaged drinking in defined as sanitation and services,

For detailssee theJMPwebsite: www.washdata.org further improved unimprovedand facilities, or JMP methods 1 ANNEX . basic facility limited, 1 . , and and basic, no facility, safely safely no facilities

2 suchthe as WHO/UNECE Protocol for Water Health and in offices, ministries, and regulators. Regional programmes publishedreports authorities, national of including statistical theseof Most sources data were collected directly from centtheof database.global JMP updatehouseholdand surveys now comprise per 42 only manyadministrative as were inputs data used for the 2017 werewhich of used to produce estimates. five Nearly times more has than doubled to include 4,710 3,408 inputs, data frommainly administrative sources. database JMP 2017 The informationsafelyon levels service managed comes which therequireddata additional for monitoringSDG including databasesignificantlybeen has expanded incorporate to contributing each global JMP The inputs. data of sixth one householdsurveys, with censuses administrativeand sources facility types facility JMP classification ofimproved and unimproved Table 1-1

No facilities facilities Unimproved facilities Improved and quality criteria.and quality as having‘limited’, ‘basic’or‘safely based ontheaccessibility, managed’services, availability andquality.ability From now on,theJMPwilltreat themasimproved households andclassify w The JMPrecognizes thatbottled water andtanker truck water can potentially deliver safe ater, but haspreviously treated themasunimproved due to lackofdataonaccessibility, avail- Surfacewater • suppliesNon-piped • suppliesNon-piped • supplies Piped • • • • •

springs water bottledwater sachetand Pack Ra Pr Bor Public yardplotor Tap carts tanker trucks small and Unpr Deliv otectedwells springs and DRINKING WATER inwater eholes/tubewells waterthein dwelling, aged water, aged including otectedwells and eredwater, including standposts 2 Open defecationOpen • • • On-sitesanitation • • • • On-sitesanitation • Networkedsanitation

systems container-based and latrinespit includingtwin Compost l Pit latrines Vent Fl Fl septicpits or tanks latrinesor connected to connectedto sewers Bu Ha l Pit ush and pour flush toilets pour and ush flush toilets pour and ush flush toilets cketlatrines nging latrinesnging atrineswithout slabs atrineswith slabs ilatedimproved pit SANITATION ing toilets, toilets, ing ANNEX 1: JMP METHODS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 51 - -

309 162

3408 1494 1443 W, S, or H or S, W, 1 4 83 28

116 Hygiene 2017 report 2017 Hygiene CENSUSES ■ 56 946 279 2538 1257 ecation

ved drinking water sources drinking water ved facilities) shared types (including of sanitation ved Sanitation 2017 Report 2017 Sanitation face water face Impro Sur Impro Open def 230 132 734

2303 1207 HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS The remaining population uses unimproved drinking water unimproved uses population The remaining respectively. facilities, sanitation and unimproved sources specific types made for also are linear regressions Separate connec sewer piped drinking water, facilities: of improved using population tanks. The remaining tions, and septic as using non-piped improved is classed facilities improved sanitation improved and other or latrines sources, water facilities. facility sanitation an improved shares that The population population of the estimates trend the from is subtracted estimate the produce to facilities, sanitation using improved at least sanitationservices. having basic population of the of data from average as the The sharing ratio is taken on information collect that or censuses surveys household • • facilities: ing sanitation • • As well as the proportion of the population using the follow using the population of the proportion as the As well

■ Water 2017 report 2017 Water ADMINISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE

292 312

1982 1378 ■ Water or sanitation or Water OTHER OTHER ■ 312 272 1136 1720

TOTAL Sanitation 2015 report 2015 Sanitation

283 312

1187 1782 Water 2015 report 2015 Water 0 500 2000 4000 3500 2500 1000 1500 Simple linear regression is used to estimate the proportion of proportion the estimate to is used linear regression Simple sources: drinking water following using the population the For each country, the JMP develops estimates for WASH WASH for estimates JMP develops the each country, For data collected the to line regression fitting a by indicators to in contrast used, are onwards 2000 inputs. Only data from 1990. data going back to which included JMP updates previous Country estimates Country The population data used in this report, including the including report, in this data used The population living in urban population and rural of the areas, proportion Division. Population Nations United the by published are Population World the from taken were populations National of population proportion while the revision, 2015 Prospects Urbanization World the from taken was living in rural areas revision. 2014 Prospects the European Region, the Statistical Office of the European European the Office of Statistical the Region, European the Benchmarking International the (EUROSTAT), Union - coun Arabic (IB-NET),Network for MDG+ initiative and the national in compiling important also resources were tries treatment. qualitydata on drinking water and wastewater 52 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ANNEX 1: JMP METHODS • • are: proportionimprovedof water drinking sources used which usesJMP regressionlinear to separately estimate the Tocalculate 50%theof relevant population. only makeestimates national are data if available for least at watercountries. all in sanitationand services will JMP The to find data sufficient estimateto drinking managed safely availablefor countries,most the not has JMP able been water,sanitation handwashing and facilities are readily theWhile requireddata to estimate access to drinking basic • 3 4 the populationwater havingdrinking atleastbasic services improvedwater drinking sources, to generate the estimate of forcollection. subtractedis This from the trend estimates of water drinking sources requirewhich more than minutes30 usedis to estimate points the population improvedusing sharedsanitation. Likewise, the average availableall of data estimates input data the each and regressionslinear used to generate providefiles complete a record theof sources original for estimates national for The services. basic theresulting population estimates are combined to generate Separateregressions areused for areas, rural and urban and facilities,ing soap water and observed home.at facilities,theon data on drawing population with handwash - regression Linear usedis to estimate Basic water: urban

that thestatisticrefers to populations witheitherbasicorsafely managedservices. safely TheJMPsometimes uses managedservices. to theterm beclear at leastbasic services JMP country files can bedownloaded from www.washdata.org s Since often include, thestatisticsonpopulation with basic services thepopulationervices with 100 free av ac 20 40 60 80 0 ailable when needed, and needed,and ailablewhen safely managed drinkingwater andsanitation meetthecriteria for services basic cessiblepremises,on 0020 2010 2005 2000 fromfaecal chemical contamination priority and 4 . Basic estimates Improved estimates Improved datapoints safely the managed water drinking services 2015 basic handwashing basic handwashing JMP country JMP country Basic sanitation: rural 100 20 40 60 80 0 0020 2010 2005 2000 Basic estimates Improved estimates Improved datapoints 3 . • • sanitationfacilities from excretawhich are: usesregressionlinear to estimate the proportion improvedof To calculate theof one at least other(accessibility availability). and elements estimatesare data when available and water on drinking quality water. drinking managed makeonly will JMP The national Manycountries moreone or on lackdata safelyof elements JMP assumesJMP that centper 50 safelyis managed is availablefor sanitationof the system type non-dominant the forsanitationof the system. type dominant information no If produceonly will estimate national informationa if available is treatment theor on-siteof management sanitation. JMP The Manycountries lackinformation either on wastewater sanitationservices. estimatestheof total population safelyusing managed facilitiesarewhich not shared, together added and to produce sewerusing tion connections improvedor on-site sanitation Thesevalues are multiplied by the proportion theof popula - • 6 5 coverageof safely water drinking managed services thenJMP uses the minimum theseof three values to estimate availablefree needed,and when from contamination. The improvedusing tions water sources that are premises,on improvedusing water drinking sources, to estimate the popula Thesevalues are multiplied by the proportion theof population

( See Safely WHOandUNICEF(2017) managedsanitation – JMPthematicreport onsanitation drinking w See Safely UNICEFandWHO(2017) Managed DrinkingWater – JMPthematicreport on forthcoming). empt sa remo treatmenttreated,plantand or treatment plant. emptiedburied and site), on or felydisposed (contained situ in notand emptied, or ied from on-site storage to facilities, a transported vedfrom the throughhome sewer treatedand lines a at ater. 2015 services the JMP safelythe JMP managedservices sanitation Basic hygiene: rural 100 20 40 60 80 0 0020 2010 2005 2000 Improved estimates Improved datapoints 6 . 5 . 2015 - ANNEX 1: JMP METHODS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES 53 54 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ANNEX 1: JMP METHODS 7 averagesfor areas urban and rural regioneach of population.calculatesJMP The population-weighted areavailable for 50% least at theof regional global or sanitationhygiene and are services data when made only Regionalestimatesglobal and for water, drinking basic Regional and global estimates waterregion.each in Following the approach taken for bythe proportion theof population improvedusing drinking improvedwater. drinking Theseare ratios then multiplied availablefor 30%least at theof regional population using populations, national and provided rural urban, that are data are services calculated weightedas averages the amongst three The safelyof elements water drinking managed 30% least theof relevant population. countriesare data actual if lacking data), available for at country-levelestimates (including “imputed” estimates for safelyare services managed calculated by summing up Regionalestimatesglobal and for of individual elements population. water drinking sanitation and facilities rather than the total withestimates weighted by the population improvedusing (sewer, types septic, latrine; improved)piped,non-piped levelservice.of Anequivalent approach takenis for facility calculatethe regional populations and global with each weightedestimates urban are and rural combined to forregional groupings used this in report), population and arethen summed for regionaleach grouping (see Annex 2 Populationsbasic,using limited, unimproved service no and for statistics country-level estimates. forthe reference year. notdoes JMP The use “imputed” these assigns to any countries without estimate national a

Using theM49lev el 2regions, see https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ 7 and and forthcomingmethodological note. estimatesglobal documentedbe will morein a in detail methodology The used to make country, regional and permit. weightedaverages from areas urban and rural where data sanitation.of Regional totals global and are calculated by sanitation,estimates are based theon only formdominant coverage data below is 30% for the formnon-dominant of excretadisposed for situ in of areas. urban and rural Where together adding the populations with wastewater treated and safelyare sanitation managed services then calculated by Finally,regional estimates global and theof population using treated and off-site. on-siteusing people sanitationfacilities with excreta emptied regionalestimates global or to formade be the proportion of aredisposed Data situ. in of currently insufficient allow to onsiteusing facilities is used to weight estimates excretaof proportionwastewaterof treated, thewhile population sewerconnections used is to weight estimates the of connectionson-siteor sanitation). population The using populationtheusing formdominant sanitationof (sewer calculatedwhere are data available for 30% least at the of latrinesotherand improved facilities). Estimates are only connectionsimprovedor on-site sanitation systems (septic, arecalculated based theon populations sewerusing Forsafely regional sanitation managed services, estimates toproduce regional total global and estimates. weightedaverage populations urban used and is theof rural for elements areas. rural and urban Where possible, a regionallevelsglobal and by minimuma taking theof three thenwateris drinking managed calculated services at countries,the proportion theof population safelyusing

ANNEX 1: JMP METHODS 2017 UPDATE AND SDG BASELINES

24 48

11 81

32 84

World 88

65 0

0 81

0 95 78

Small islands developing States developing islands Small

94 69

20 3

41 2 92

Landlocked developing countries developing Landlocked 94

28 5

RURAL RURAL

RURAL 27 Least Developed Countries Developed Least

■ ■

■

42 10

26 92

93 16

94 Western Asia and Northern Africa Northern and Asia Western 84 7

URBAN URBAN URBAN URBAN 5

URBAN URBAN

0 2

Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan ■ ■

0 2 ■ 0

0 0

36 2

0 0

1 0 75

Northern America and Europe and America Northern

2 NATIONAL

NATIONAL NATIONAL

NATIONAL NATIONAL 3 24

Latin America and the Caribbean the and America Latin

15 ■ ■

■ 57

Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia South-eastern and Asia Eastern 24

24 72

0 66

45 64

0 Central Asia and Southern Asia Southern and Asia Central

64 0 0

0 0

Australia and New Zealand New and Australia 100 0 0 0 90 80 90 80 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 70 60 50 40 30 20 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 10

100 100 100 Population with data on handwashing (%) on handwashing data with Population Population with data on disposed of in situ (%) on disposed data with Population Population with data on wastewater treatment (%) treatment on wastewater data with Population

46 41

100

World

37 49

100

41 45

99 0 61

100

32 15 Small islands developing States developing islands Small

100

12 38

93 63

100 Landlocked developing countries developing Landlocked 70 43

97 67 42

100

46 45

100

Least Developed Countries Developed Least 46 40

100 RURAL RURAL 46 43 RURAL

■ ■ ■

100

65 7

Western Asia and Northern Africa Northern and Asia Western 58 12

100 61 19

URBAN URBAN URBAN URBAN

URBAN URBAN 55

100

Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan 48 36

■ ■

■

100

51 41

8 100

41 100

Oceania 10

26 100

0 27 99

35 99

Northern America and Europe and America Northern 32

38 100 97

NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL NATIONAL

NATIONAL NATIONAL 19 72 100

53 100 Latin America and the Caribbean the and America Latin

■ 63 ■ ■

57 100 54

3 5 100

6 100

Eastern Asia and South-eastern Asia South-eastern and Asia Eastern 75

6 100 39

95 75 99

Central Asia and Southern Asia Southern and Asia Central

68 100

73 74 99

20 80 100

Australia and New Zealand New and Australia

100 100 100

97 100 90 0 0 0 90 80 90 80 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 70 60 50 40 30 20 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 10 10 100 100 100 Population with data on free from contamination (%) contamination from on free data with Population Population with data on available when needed (%) on available data with Population Population with data on accessible on premises (%) premises on on accessible data with Population 56 PROGRESS ON DRINKING WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE ANNEX 2: REGIONAL GROUPINGS REGIONAL GROUPINGS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS:  Australia,New Zealand.  Honduras,Mexico, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Guiana,Guadeloupe, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Ecuador,Salvador,El Falkland (Malvinas),Islands French CostaRica, Cuba, Curaçao, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Brazil,British Virgin CaymanIslands, Islands,Chile, Colombia, Bonaire, (Plurinational Bolivia State of), Sint Eustatius Saba, and Barbuda, and Argentina, Bahamas,Aruba, Barbados, Belize,  LATIN AMERICA ANDTHECARIBBEAN:Anguilla, Antigua Timor-Leste,Nam.Viet Philippines, Mongolia, Republic Korea,of Singapore, Thailand, People's Lao Japan, Republic, Democratic Malaysia, Myanmar, Region),People's Democratic Republic Korea,of Indonesia, AdministrativeRegion), China (Macao Special Administrative Darussalam,Cambodia, China, China Kong(Hong Special  EASTERN ASIA ANDSOUTH-EASTERN ASIA: Brunei Tajikistan,Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Nepal,Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,Bhutan, Republic(Islamic Iran India, of),

CENTRAL ASIA ANDASIA: SOUTHERN Afghanistan, AUSTRALIA ZEALAND: ANDNEW Regional groupings 2 ANNEX Sust

ai Oc We No Ce nabl eania e rt nt st he ra ern l rn As e Devel A As xc ia me ia ludi and † and ri  Ireland, Northern United States America.of Macedonia,of Ukraine, United Greatof Kingdom Britain and Spain,Sweden, former The Switzerland, Yugoslav Republic Marino,Saint Pierre Miquelon, and Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Portugal,Republic Moldova,of Romania, Russian Federation, San Malta,Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Man,of Isle Italy, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg, Gibraltar,Greece, Greenland, See,Holy Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Estonia, Denmark, Faroe Finland,Islands, France, Germany, Bulgaria,Canada, Channel Croatia,Islands, Czech Republic, Austria,Herzegovina, and Bermuda, Bosnia Belgium, Belarus,  NORTHERNAMERICA ANDEUROPE:Andorra, Albania, Republic (Bolivarian of). CaicosUnitedIslands, States Virgin Islands,Uruguay, Venezuela Suriname, (Dutch part), Trinidad Maarten Tobago, and Turks and Nevis, and Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent the and Grenadines, Sint Nicaragua,Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts AmericanSamoa, Cook Fiji,Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, ca ng

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a gs Ne Afri Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Georgia, Egypt, Cyprus, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Sudan, Arabia, Saudi Oman, Qatar, Morocco, Libya, Lebanon, Kuwait, West Emirates, Arab United Turkey, Tunisia, Republic, Arab Syrian Yemen. Sahara, Western and Gaza Strip, Bank  Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chad, Republic, African Central Cameroon, Verde, Cabo Burundi, Congo, of the Democratic Republic d'Ivoire, Côte Congo, Comoros, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana,Ethiopia, Eritrea, Guinea, Equatorial Djibouti, Malawi, Liberia, Madagascar, Lesotho, Kenya, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Niger, Namibia, Mozambique, Mayotte, Mauritius, Mauritania, Mali, and Principe, Tome Helena, Sao Saint Rwanda, Nigeria, Réunion, Sudan, South Africa, South Somalia, Leone, Sierra Seychelles, Senegal, Zambia, of Tanzania, Republic United Uganda, Togo, Swaziland, Zimbabwe.

 Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), States Nauru, (Federated Islands, Micronesia Kiribati, Marshall New Papua Northern Niue, Islands, Palau, Mariana Caledonia, New Vanuatu, Tuvalu, Tonga, Tokelau, Islands, Solomon Samoa, Guinea, Islands. and Futuna Wallis a

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UN-Water is the United Nations (UN) inter-agency coordination mechanism for freshwater related issues, including sanitation. It was formally established in 2003 building on a long history of collaboration in the UN family. UN-Water is comprised of UN entities with a focus on, or interest in, water related issues as Members and other non-UN international organizations as Partners.

The main purpose of UN-Water is to complement and add value to existing programmes and projects by facilitating synergies and joint efforts, so as to maximize system-wide coordinated action and coherence. By doing so, UN-Water seeks to increase the effectiveness of the support provided to Member States in their efforts towards achieving international agreements on water.

PERIODIC REPORTS:

World Water Development Report (WWDR) is the reference publication of the UN ✓ Strategic outlook system on the status of the freshwater resource. The Report is the result of the strong ✓ State, uses and management collaboration among UN-Water Members and Partners and it represents the coherent and of water resources integrated response of the UN system to freshwater-related issues and emerging challenges. ✓ Global The report production coordinated by the World Water Assessment Programme and the theme is harmonized with the theme of World Water Day (22 March). From 2003 to 2012, ✓ Regional assessments the WWDR was released every three years and from 2014 the Report is released annually to ✓ Triennial (2003-2012) provide the most up to date and factual information of how water-related challenges are ✓ Annual (from 2014) addressed around the world. ✓ Links to the theme of World Water Day (22 March)

UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and ✓ Strategic outlook Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) on ✓ Water supply and sanitation behalf of UN-Water. It provides a global update on the policy frameworks, institutional ✓ Global arrangements, human resource base, and international and national ﬁnance streams in support of sanitation and drinking water. It is a substantive input into the activities of ✓ Regional assessments Sanitation and Water for All (SWA). ✓ Biennial (since 2008)

The progress report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme ✓ Status and trends for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) is aliated with UN-Water and ✓ Water supply and sanitation presents the results of the global monitoring of progress towards access to safe drinking-water, ✓ Global and adequate sanitation and hygiene. Monitoring draws on the ﬁndings of household surveys ✓ Regional and national and censuses usually supported by national statistics bureaus in accordance with international assessments criteria and increasingly draws on national administrative and regulatory datasets. ✓ Biennial updates (1990-2012, 2017 onwards) ✓ Annual updates (2013-2017)

UN-WATER PLANNED PUBLICATIONS 2017-2018

• Update of UN-Water Policy Brief on Water and Climate Change • UN-Water Policy Brief on the Water Conventions • UN-Water Analytical Brief on Water Eciency • SDG 6 Synthesis Report 2018 on Water and Sanitation

More Information on UN-Water Reports at www.unwater.org/publications DRINKING WATER SANITATION HYGIENE

In 2015, In 2015, In 2015, • 71 per cent of the global population • 39 per cent of the global population • 70 countries had comparable data (5.2 billion people) used a safely (2.9 billion people) used a safely available on handwashing with soap and managed drinking water service; that is, managed sanitation service; that is, water, representing 30 per cent of the one located on premises, available when excreta safely disposed of in situ or global population. needed and free from contamination. treated off-site. • Coverage of basic handwashing facilities • Eight out of ten people (5.8 billion) used • 27 per cent of the global population with soap and water varied from 15 per improved sources with water available (1.9 billion people) used private cent in sub-Saharan Africa to 76 per cent when needed. sanitation facilities connected to sewers in Western Asia and Northern Africa, but • Three quarters of the global population from which wastewater was treated. data are currently insufficient to produce (5.4 billion) used improved sources a global estimate, or estimates for other • 13 per cent of the global population located on premises. SDG regions. (0.9 billion people) used toilets or latrines • Three out of four people (5.4 billion) where excreta were disposed of in situ. • In Least Developed Countries, 27 used improved sources free from per cent of the population had basic • Available data were insufficient to make contamination. handwashing facilities with soap a global estimate of the proportion of and water, while 26 per cent had • 844 million people still lacked even a population using septic tanks and latrines handwashing facilities lacking soap or basic drinking water service. from which excreta are emptied and water. The remaining 47 per cent had no • 263 million people spent over 30 minutes treated off-site. facility. per round trip to collect water from an • 2.3 billion people still lacked even a • In sub-Saharan Africa, three out of five improved source (a limited drinking basic sanitation service. people with basic handwashing facilities water service). • 600 million people used a limited (89 million people) lived in urban areas. • 159 million people still collected drinking sanitation service. • Many high-income countries lacked water directly from surface water • 892 million people worldwide still sufficient data to estimate the population sources, 58% lived in sub-Saharan Africa. practised open defecation. with basic handwashing facilities.

JMP website: www.washdata.org