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Modelo Geotérmico Preliminar De Áreas Volcánicas Del Ecuador, a Partir De Estudios Químicos E Isotópicos De Manifestaciones

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Modelo Geotérmico Preliminar De Áreas Volcánicas Del Ecuador, a Partir De Estudios Químicos E Isotópicos De Manifestaciones MODELO GEOTÉRMICO PRELIMINAR DE ÁREAS VOLCÁNICAS DEL ECUADOR PARTIA , ESTUDIOE RD S QUÍMICOSE ISOTÓPICOS DE MANIFESTACIONES TERMALES . ALMEIDAE ANDS . G ,O VAL Instituto Ecuatorian Electrificacióne od , Quito, Ecuador . PANICHIC . NOTOP , . BELLUCCL , I Istituto Internazionale per le Ricerche Geotermiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pisa, Italia Resumen-Abstract MODELO GEOTÉRMICO PRELIMINA ÁREAE RD S VOLCÁNICA ECUADORL SDE PARTIA , E RD ESTUDIOS QUÍMICO ISOTÓPICOSE MANIFESTACIONEE SD S TERMALES. fi partir de 1986 se mostrearon y anaii:aron las aguas y gases de ocho áreas geotéraicas, para establecer su composición quiíic e aisotópica n ChachisbirE , y Cuicochao e observas , n enriqueciaiento. e hast5X d s l e a en {) y SOS, en Beuteno. La evaporación de una hipotética agua geotersica profunda, desde 2WC hasta la teaperatur n e superficea , pued r responsablse e s variacionela e d e s isotópicas observada n Chachisbiroe s , r otrPo a parte n Cuicochae , n u ,proces e sezcld o a entre agua subterránea calient y ague aa frescun e d a laguna es responsable de los valores observados. En otras áreas, la coiposicién isotópica de las aguas térsales corresponde escencialsente a aguas aeteóncas que caen a diferentes altitudes, desde 2500 nasta 4200 a sobre el nivel del sar. Las relaciones Na/K indican teiperaturas del reservono de aproxiaadasente y EOfl'C EW0 21 ,, para aguas clorurada áreas eiergee la qu s s n e ngeoternca Chacbíibiroe d s , Cuency a papaliacta respectivasente. En la caldera de Chalupas, los datos no peralten hacer ninguna hipótesis razonable sobr a existencil e n acdferj e d a o profund e altd o a teiperatura. Muestras procedente l -oleade s n Tungurahua son de aguas sulfatadas-acidas, que tienen una coiposicién isotópica concordante con aguas calentada r gasepo sa teiperatura s e 200'd s C aproxisadanente l e áre e n d ChiiborazoaE . a reducidl , a cantidad de suestras disponibles no peralten dar ninguna inforaación acerca de sus características térsales. En Tufií5o, las aguas provienen de aculferos superficiales aodificados por gases calientes, cuyos geotersfisetro n teaperaturada s e SSO'Cd s . PRELIMINARY GEOTHERMAL MODEL OF VOLCANIC ÁREAS IN ECUADOR BASED ON CHEMICAL ISOTOPID AN C INVESTIGATIO THERMAF NO L INDICATORS. Since 1986 e water,th d gasean sf eigh o s t geothermal áreas have been sample d analysean d o establist d h their chemica d isotopian l c compositionn I . Chachimbir Cuicochd an o a ^ 0deuteriud an enrichmen % 5 o mt enrichmenp u t p u t % havt20 o e been observed e isotopiTh . c variations see n Chachimbiri n o could be explained by hypothetical deep geothermal water with a temperature range from 240° o surfact C e temperature e valúeTh . s observe n Cuicochai d e th n o , othet mixino groundwatet ho e rf o du ghand e ar , r with fresh lagoon watern I . other áreas e isotopith , c compositio e thermath f o nl waters basically correspond o tha t smeteorif o t c water falling from various altitudes ranging from 250 o 4200t 0m abov a level se e Na/ Th .K ratios indicate reservoir temperatures for the chloride waters emerging in the Chachimbiro, Cuenca and Papaliacta geothermal área f approximatelo s y 240°C, 210 d 200°CQan C , respectively. From the data on the Chalupas caldera it is impossible to construct any reasonable theory regarding the presence of a deep, high-temperature aquifer. Tungurahua volcano samples consist of sulphuric 219 acid water with an isotopic composition similar to waters evaporating at about 200°C. The number of samples from the Chimborazo área was too low to justify any assumptions about the thermal characteristics of the water. The waters in Tufiño origínate in surface aquifers modified by hot gases registering 230°C e geothermometersoth n . 1 INTRODUCCIÓN En el marco del Programa de Exploración de los Recursos Geotérmicos de la Repúblic l Ecuadorde a , ejecutad r n efectuadINECELpo oha e s ,o estudios geocientificos exploratorio s áreala e Tufiflo sd n e s , Chachimbiro, Cuicocha, Papallacta, Chalupas, Tungurahua, Chimborazo y Cuenca, a fin de determinar las posibilidades de utilización del recurso geotérmico en la generación eléctrica. Parte importante de estos estudios, constituyen las investigaciones geoquímicas e isotópicas llevadas a cabo con el apoyo de la Organización Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA), a través del Contrato de Investigación 3991/IG, suscrit n INECELco o s resultado.Lo s finalee d s estas investigaciones se resumen en este documento. 2 SITUACIÓN GEOLÓGICA REGIONAL El margen continental activo del Ecuador es caracterizado por la subducción placa l e ad Nazca e transport,qu Cordillera l a e Carnegid a e l creade r po a paso de la Nazca sobre el punto caliente Galápagos. La subducción de Nazca y Carnegie es muy importante en la evolución de la Cordillera de los Andes, particularmente de su volcanismo. El Ecuador continental se divide en tres regiones: Llanura costanera (Costa), Cordillera de los Andes (Sierra) y Cuenca superior amazónica (Oriente). La Costa esta1 formada por la parte emergida de un prisma acrecionado, constituid r basaltopo o s tolelticos cretácico e representaqu s n corteza oceánic y sedimento 3 C1 a s volcanoclástico e yacequ s n bajo sedimentos pertenecientes a cuencas terciarias y cuaternarias (Figura 1). La Sierra tiene en su mitad septentrional dos cordilleras paralelas, la Occidenta Reala l ,y l separada n u vall r epo s angosto conocido como Depresión Interandina a .L mita d meridional a cordillerun s e , e d menoa r n u vall n ealtur si central y a a L Occidenta. s e formadl r rocapo a s volcánicas básicas e intermedias de edad cretácica, emplazadas en un ambiente submarino (arco volcánico oceánico) cubiertay , e sedimentod s s pelágicos n cinturóu a Rea .L s e l n metamórfico barrowiano, cuyos protolitos son sedimentos de plataforma y pendiente continental metamórfizados en el Cretácic y Terciario o inferior CE], El Oriente forma parte de la cuenca amazónica; tiene un basamento precámbrico sobr l cuae encuentrae s el n potentes depósitos sedimentarios marino e d plataforms a continental, sedimentos lacustre y detríticos s continentales. los terrenos volcánicos continentales se extienden a lo largo de la Sierra, con un ancho promedio de 80 km. La actividad terciaria fue importante en tod a l cordilleraa a cuaternaril n tante e , qu o a esta' restringida l a mitad septentrional, dond e localizas e n casi toda áreas la s s geotérmicas estudiadas (Figur. 1) a 220 80° 79° 78° SIMBOL06IA CUENCA SEDIMENTARIA CUATER- NARIA DE LA COSTA VOLCÁNICO CUATERNARIO Y TERCIARIO DE LOS ANDES BASAMENTO TOLEITICO; SEDI- MENTOS MESOZOICOS Y TER- CIARIOS DE LA COSTA ARCO VOLCÁNICO MESOZOICE OD ANDES LO S J J CUENCA AMAZÓNICA .MESOZOI- CO HASTA CUATERNARIO BASAMENTO METAMORFICO W- LEOZCHC S ANDELO E SD O O ÁREA GEOTÉRMICA FIGURA I. ESQUEMA GEOLÓGICO DEL ECUADOR El volcanismo durant l e Cuaternarie y mu importante s e o n sidha ; o identificados aproximadament O centroeEO emisióe sd n C3 muchoy 3 elloe sd s presenta a evolucióun n n magmátic y desarrolladamu a s volcane.Lo s má s voluminosos y activos se caracterizan por una compleja alternancia de lavas básica e s intermedias, domos ácido y productos s piroclástícoe d s composiciones dacíticas y riollticas. El volcanismo en la parte meridional Sierra l e s d fundamentalmentae e terciari a sidh oy o C4-3 poc5 , o estudiado. 3 ASPECTOS QUÍMICO ISOTÓPICOSE S 3.1 TUFINO e encuentrS frontera l n ae a entre Ecuado Colombiary volcanes lo ; s Chilesy Cerro Negr e s ositúa u interiors n ne cámara .L a magmátic alimentoe qu a a ' este complejo volcánico constituye la fuente de calor [6, 73 del sistema geotérmico estudiado. La aguas mayoríla se d analizadaa s tienen temperaturas comprendidas entre 5E°Cy u composiciólos 2 ,s3 n químic e aisotópic a esta1 resumida l n e a muestras la e n bicarbonáticasd sso % 75 l TablE . I a l 12,57;e n sulfatada.so s y corresponde manantiales lo na salinos smá calientessy , representanda l o interacció aguae nd s superficiale gasen sco s volcánicos CB3 s restante.La s muestra n cloruradasso magnésicassy e ubicas e ,qu a n vario s kilómetroe sd distancia del área de interés. En la Figura E están las relaciones entre el 'I) y el Deuteno, donde se aprecia que tanto las aguas termales como las fría encuentrae s s n sobr recta el enriquecimientn u a e meteóricv e s o n ay o del '13, lo que no permite evidenciar fenómenos de intercambio agua-roca, de particular interés. 221 - 70 C ° 30 < T + QT>30°C -110 2 -1 3 -1 -15 4 -1 B ¿ 0(%0 .V-SMOW) FIGURA Z. DIAGRAM VARIACIÓE D A N ¿**0/¿0 FINU T O E D El análisis datolo se d spermit e conclui e todaqu rs manifestacionela s s termale e sd Tufíflo ,s calientes inclusmá s la o , pertenece n u acuifer a n o superficial alimentad r po aguao s meteórica e d circulaciós n bastante restringida, segú o indicl n l contenide a e tritiod o . Estas agua n sidha so modificadas químic y a térmicament l aporte e gaser d eepo s calientee sd origen magmático (1!C del orden de +2,7*/,. hasta +5,6*/.. PDB) C8] y, probablemente mínimas cantidade e vaporsd . El único indicio geoquímico sobr posibla l e e existenci n sistemu e d a a geotérmic e altd a a entalpi s constituide a notoria l r po oa presenci e gasad , cuyos geotermómetros dan temperaturas del orden de los 230 °C.
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