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AC Line Voltage Transients and Their Suppression

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AC Line Voltage Transients and Their Suppression AC Line Voltage Transients and Their Suppression Application Note January 1998 AN9308.2 Introduction 1. 103 The increasing usage of sensitive solid state devices in HIGH EXPOSURE modem electrical systems, particularly computers, 102 communications systems and military equipment, has given MEDIUM [ /Title rise to concerns about system reliability. These concerns EXPOSURE stem from the fact that the solid state devices are very 101 (AN93 susceptible to stray electrical transients which may be 08) present in the distribution system. /Sub- 1 The initial use of semiconductor devices resulted in a (SEE NOTE) SPARKOVER OF CLEARANCES ject number of unexplained failures. Investigation into these 10-1 (AC failures revealed that they were caused by transients, which SURGE CREST OF ABSCISSA LOW Line were present In many different forms in the system. EXPOSURE -2 Volt- Transients in an electrical circuit result from tile sudden YEAR EXCEEDING NUMBER OF SURGES PER 10 release of previously stored energy. The severity of, and 0.3 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 age SURGE CREST (kV) Tran- hence the damage caused by transients depends on their frequency of occurrence, the peak transient currents and NOTE: In some locations, sparkover of clearances may limit the sients voltages present and their waveshapes. overvoltages. and In order to adequately protect sensitive electrical systems, FIGURE 1. RATE OF SURGE OCCURRENCES vs VOLTAGE Their LEVEL AT UNPROTECTED LOCATIONS thereby assuring reliable operation, transient voltage Sup- suppression must be part of the initial design process and pres- not simply included as an afterthought. To ensure effective The low exposure portion of the graph Is derived from data sion) transient suppression, the device chosen must have the collected in geographical areas known for low lightning /Autho capability to dissipate the impulse energy of the transient at activity, with little load switching activity. Medium exposure r () a sufficiently low voltage so that the capabilities of the circuit systems are geographical areas known for high lightning activity, with frequent and severe switching transients. High /Key- being protected are not affected. The most successful type of suppression device used is the metal oxide varistor. Other exposure areas are rare, but real systems, supplied by long words devices which are also used are the zener diode and the overhead lines and subject to reflections at line ends, where (TVS, gas-tube arrestor. the characteristics of the installation produce high sparkover Tran- levels of the clearances. sient The Transient Environment Investigations into the two most common exposure levels, Sup- The occurrence rate of surges varies over wide limits, low and medium, have shown that the majority of surges pres- depending on the particular power system. These transients occurring here can be represented by typical waveform sion, are difficult to deal with, due to their random occurrences shapes (per ANSI/IEEE C62.41-1980). The majority of and the problems in defining their amplitude, duration and Protec- surges which occur in indoor low voltage power systems can energy content. Data collected from many independent be modeled to an oscillatory waveform (see Figure 2). A tion, sources have led to the data shown in Figure 1. This surge impinging on the system excites the natural resonant ESD, prediction shows with certainty only a relative frequency of frequencies of the conductor system. As a result, not only IEC, occurrence, while the absolute number of occurrences can are the surges oscillatory but surges may have different EMC, be described only in terms of low, medium or high exposure. amplitudes and waveshapes at different locations in the Elec- This data was taken from unprotected circuits with no surge system. These oscillatory frequencies range from 5kHz to suppression devices. tro- 500kHz with 100kHz being a realistic choice. 10-36 1-800-999-9445 or 1-847-824-1188 | Copyright © Littelfuse, Inc. 1998 Application Note 9308 VPEAK Transient Energy and Source Impedance 0.9 V PEAK Some transients may be intentionally created in the circuit due to inductive load switching, commutation voltage spikes, etc. These transients are easy to suppress since their µ T = 10 s (f = 100kHz) energy content is known. It is the transients which are generated external to the circuit and coupled into it which cause problems. These can be caused by the discharge of 0.1 VPEAK electromagnetic energy, e.g., lightning or electrostatic 0.5µs discharge. These transients are more difficult to identify, measure and suppress. Regardless of their source, transients have one thing in common - they are destructive. The destruction potential of transients is defined by their peak voltage, the follow-on current and the time duration of 60% OF VPEAK the current flow, that is: τ FIGURE 2. 0.5µs - 100kHz RING WAVE (OPEN CIRCUIT E= Vc(t)• I(t) dt VOLTAGE) ∫ 0 In outdoor situations the surge waveforms recorded have been categorized by virtue of the energy content associated where: with them. These waveshapes involve greater energy than E = Transient energy those associated with the indoor environment. These I = Peak transient current waveforms were found to be unidirectional in nature (see Figure 3). VC = Resulting clamping voltage t = Time V τ = Impulse duration of the transient VPEAK 0.9 VPEAK It should be noted that considering the very small possibilities of a direct lightning hit it may be deemed economically unfeasible to protect against such transients. However, to protect against transients generated by line 0.5 VPEAK 0.3 VPEAK switching, ESD, EMP and other such causes is essential, and if ignored will lead to expensive component and/or system losses. T 1 50µs The energy contained in a transient will be divided between the transient suppressor and the line upon which it is T1 x 1.67 = 1.2µs travelling in a way which is determined by their two FIGURE 3A. OPEN-CIRCUIT WAVEFORM impedances. It is essential to make a realistic assumption of the transient's source impedance in order to ensure that I the device selected for protection has adequate surge IPEAK handling capability. In a gas-tube arrestor, the low 0.9 IPEAK impedance of the arc after sparkover forces most of the energy to be dissipated elsewhere - for instance in a power-follow current-limiting resistor that has to be added 0.5 IPEAK in series with the gap. This is one of tile disadvantages of the gas-tube arrestor. A voltage clamping suppressor (e.g., a metal oxide varistor) must be capable of absorbing a 0.1 I PEAK large amount of transient surge energy. Its clamping action does not involve the power-follow energy resulting from the T2 20µs short-circuit action of the gap. T2 x 1.25 = 8µs The degree to which source impedance is important depends largely on the type of suppressor used. The surge FIGURE 3B. DISCHARGE CURRENT WAVEFORM suppressor must be able to handle the current passed through them by the surge source. An assumption of too FIGURE 3. UNIDIRECTIONAL WAVESHAPES (OUTDOOR high an impedance (when testing the suppressor) may not LOCATIONS) 10-37 Application Note 9308 subject it to sufficient stresses, while the assumption of too outlet. Table 1 is intended as an aid in the selection of surge low an impedance may subject it to unrealistically large suppressors devices, since it is very difficult to select a stress; there is a trade off between the size/cost of the specific value of source impedance. suppressor and the amount of protection required. Category A covers outlets and long branch circuits over 30 In a building, the source impedance and the load impedance feet from category B and those over 60 feet from category C. increases from the outside to locations well within the inside Category B is for major feeders and short branch circuits of the building, i.e., as one gets further from the service from the electrical entrance. Examples at this location are entrance, the impedance increases. Since the wire in a bus and feeder systems in industrial plants, distribution structure does not provide much attention, the open circuit panel devices, and lightning systems in commercial voltages show little variation. Figure 4 illustrates the buildings. Category C applies to outdoor locations and the application of three categories to the wiring of a power electrical service entrance. It covers the service drop from system. pole to building entrance, the run between meter and the distribution panel, the overhead line to detached buildings These three categories represent the majority of locations and underground lines to well pumps. from the electrical service entrance to the most remote wall TABLE 1. SURGE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS DEEMED TO REPRESENT THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT AND RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN DESIGNING PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS ENERGY (JOULES) DEPOSITED IN A SUPPRESSOR WITH IMPULSE CLAMPING VOLTAGE COMPARABLE MEDIUM TYPE OF SPECIMEN LOCATION CATEGORY TO IEC EXPOSURE OR LOAD CIRCUIT CENTER 664 CATEGORY WAVEFORM AMPLITUDECIRCUIT 500V 1000V (120V Sys.) (240V Sys.) A. Long branch circuits and II 0.5µs - 100kHz 6kV High Impedance (Note 1) - - outlets 200A Low Impedance (Note 2) 0.8 1.6 B. Major feeders short III 1.2/50µs 6kV High Impedance (Note 1) - - branch circuits, and load center 8/20µs 3kA Low Impedance (Note 2) 40 80 0.5µs - 100kHz 6kV High Impedance (Note 1) - - 500A Low Impedance 2 4 NOTES: 1. For high-impedance test specimens or load circuits, the voltage shown represents the surge voltage. In making simulation tests, use that value for the open-circuit voltage of the test generator. 2. For low-impedance test specimens or load circuits, the current shown represents the discharge current of the surge (not the short-circuit current of the power system). In making simulation tests, use that current for the short-circuit current of the test generator.
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