How to Select a Surge Diode
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Insulating Phase of a Two-Dimensional Electron
Challenges and opportunities of ZnO-related single crystalline heterostructures Y. Kozuka1, A. Tsukazaki2,3, M. Kawasaki1,4,a) 1Department of Applied Physics and Quantum-Phase Electronics Center (QPEC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan 2Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan 3PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo 102-0075, Japan 4 RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Japan Abstract Recent technological advancement in ZnO heterostructures has expanded the possibility of device functionalities to various kinds of applications. In order to extract novel device functionalities in the heterostructures, one needs to fabricate high quality films and interfaces with minimal impurities, defects, and disorder. With employing molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) and single crystal ZnO substrates, the density of residual impurities and defects can be drastically reduced and the optical and electrical properties have been dramatically improved for the ZnO films and heterostructures with MgxZn1-xO. Here, we overview such recent technological advancement from various aspects of application. Towards optoelectronic devices such as a light emitter and a photodetector in an ultraviolet region, the development of p-type ZnO and the fabrication of excellent Schottky contact, respectively, have been subjected to intensive studies for years. For the former, the fine tuning of the growth conditions to make MgxZn1-xO as intrinsic as possible has opened the possibilities of making p-type MgxZn1-xO through NH3 doping method. For the latter, conducting and transparent polymer films spin-coated on MgxZn1-xO was shown to give almost ideal Schottky junctions. The wavelength-selective detection can be realized with varying the Mg content. -
Application Note TAN 1002 Application Notes from MTL Surge Technologies
MTL Surge Technologies Lightning and surge protection - basic principles Synopsis This publication discusses the nature of the threat to electronic instrumentation and communications networks posed by voltage surges induced by lightning or other causes. The practical application of surge protection devices (SPDs) designed to prevent damage from such sources is described. Application Note TAN 1002 Application Notes from MTL Surge Technologies MTL Surge Technologies publish an increasing number of Application Notes providing easily understood information on various aspects of lightning and surge protection. At the date of publication of this Application Note, the list included:– TAN1001 Lightning surge protection for electronic equipment – a practical guide A relatively brief and easy to understand introduction to the subject – an excellent starting point. TAN1002 Lightning and surge protection – basic principles A more detailed account of the mechanism of lightning strikes and the measures needed to achieve an adequate level of protection. TAN1003 Earthing guide for surge protection A detailed analysis of the subject of earthing for surge suppression purposes, this is both an easily understood exposition and a valuable reference document. TAN1004 Surge protection for intrinsically safe systems A description of the best methods of combining surge protection and intrinsically safe systems. TAN1005 Surge protection for Zone 0 locations A detailed analysis of this particular aspect of surge suppression in hazardous areas; complements TAN1004. TAN1006 Surge protection for weighing systems Discusses, in some detail, the application of surge suppression to load-cell weighing systems. TAN1007 Surge protection for Local Area Networks Discusses ways in which Local Area Networks can be damaged by lightning induced transients and how they can be protected economically. -
TRIAC Overvoltage Protection Using a Transil™
AN1966 Application note TRIAC overvoltage protection using a Transil™ Introduction In most of their applications, TRIACs are directly exposed to overvoltages coming from the mains, as described in IEC 61000-4-5 or IEC 61000-4-4 standards. When TRIACs are used to drive resistive loads (ex: temperature regulation), it is essential to provide them with efficient overvoltage protection to prevent any turn-on in breakover mode that could lead to device damage. A traditional method to clamp the voltage is to use a varistor in parallel across the TRIAC. But with high power loads (a few kW), the current through the varistor is very high in case of surge voltages (a few hundred amperes). The varistor is then not efficient enough, due to its dynamic resistor, to limit the TRIAC voltage to a low value. We present here a solution that can be used for these kinds of applications and also for all applications where TRIAC voltage protection is required. It should be noted that the overvoltages could also come from the overvoltages that appear at device turn-off due to the TRIAC holding current. This phenomenon occurs mainly with TRIACs controlling low rms current (15-50 mA), high inductive loads like valves. For more information about such behavior, please refer to AN1172. Contents 1 Why overvoltage protection is required . 2 2 Overvoltage protection solution . 3 3 Transil choice for efficient TRIAC voltage protection . 6 3.1 Normal operation: check VRM voltage . 6 3.2 Surge voltage clamping: check max VCL voltage . 6 4 Experimental validation example . 8 5 Conclusion . -
Chip Varistors Countermeasure for Surge Voltage and Static Electricity
Chip Varistors Countermeasure for surge voltage and static electricity AVR series Type: AVR-M AVRL Issue date: September 2013 • All specifications are subject to change without notice. • Conformity to RoHS Directive: This means that, in conformity with EU Directive 2002/95/EC, lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, and specific bromine-based flame retardants, PBB and PBDE, have not been used, except for exempted applications. (2/11) Varistors(SMD) Conformity to RoHS Directive Countermeasure for Surge Voltage and Static Electricity AVR Series AVR-M, AVRL Types Varistors are voltage dependent nonlinear resistive elements with a resistance that decreases rapidly when the voltage is over the constant value. Varistor is equivalent with Zener diode of two series connection. Therefore, do not have polarity. CURRENT vs. VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 2 Zener Diodes ) 10–1 A ( 10–2 Zener diode /Vz:6.8V –3 Positive direction 10 Chip varistor Current /V1mA:12V 10–4 A capacitance content 10–5 –18 –14–10–610–262 14 18 –10–5 –10–4 –10–3 Negative direction –10–2 –10–1 Voltage(V) THE EFFECT OF THE VARISTOR WITHOUT VARISTOR WITH VARISTOR A malfunction and failure of electronic equipment Suppress abnormal voltage by inserting varistor in a circuit ESD, Surge voltage ESD, Surge voltage Power line IC Power line IC Signal line Signal line Insert a varistor between a line and ground : Chip varistor • All specifications are subject to change without notice. 002-01 / 20130927 / e9c11_avr.fm (3/11) FEATURES INTERNAL STRUCTURE • No polarity, due to symmetrical current-voltage characteristics. Inner electrode Varistor body Equivalent to anode common type Zener diode. -
EMP Information and a Site That You Can Research to Find More Information on Faraday Cages, Which Most of You Guys and Gals Have Heard About Already
This is a good read with lots of information bout EMP related information. I got this information of this link and just consolidated it without all the pictures. http://www.bioprepper.com/2015/07/11/emp-101everything-you-need-to-know-about-emphemp-and- how-to-guard-against-it/ LENGTHENED LIST OF ITEMS IN PREPARATION OF AN E.M.P. SCENARIO EMPAUGUST 6, 2014BY BIO PREPPER Items may be added to this list at later times. Be sure to check back for future add-ons. Necessities and Consumables -food supply for a year (including food for any livestock or house animals) -water supply for three months, one gallon per person per day, for washing and cooking as well as drinking -gasoline for all vehicles that would still work and for the gas powered electrical generator -large quantities of iodized salt -large quantities of chlorine tablets and bleach for purifying water -batteries for any electronics that may still work -a year supply of bar soap and shampoo (if you are dirty for too long you can catch/spread disease) -a tooth brush and as much toothpaste as you can get Tools -an ax with a strong handle (not wooden) -a hammer and nails -hand saw -lumber for various repairs and home defense needs (trees will also work, sorry tree huggers) -multiple cheap flashlights -One good flashlight (such as a Mag-lite or Mag-LED) -if possible, an old radio that uses vacuum tubes and batteries -multiple lighters -gas/dynamo powered electrical generators (do NOT leave these plugged in) Weapons -small handgun (preferred .45 caliber) -shotgun (12 or 20 gauge) -bolt action or semi-automatic rifle with a scope (preferred .223 for semi-auto or 30-06 for bolt action) -as much ammunition for each weapon as you can get -a knife with a 6-8 inch blade with a belt sheath -a bow or crossbow with reusable arrows or bolts Commodities -if you can afford it, an All-terrain vehicle that seats four people and has room for storage, like a small truck bed in the back -a pretty good amount of cash, not only for the initial start of an E.M.P. -
BASIDE. Varistor ASINKE
USOO7768754B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,768,754 B2 Collins, III et al. (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 3, 2010 (54) CERAMICSUBSTRATE FOR LIGHT 4,506,285 A 3/1985 Einzinger EMITTING DODE WHERE THE SUBSTRATE 5,176,772 A 1, 1993 Ohtaki NCORPORATES ESD PROTECTION 5,235,310 A 8, 1993 Cowman et al. 5,290,375 A 3/1994 Nagasaka et al. (75) Inventors: William David Collins, III, San Jose, 5,540,884 A 7, 1996 Chiao CA (US); Jerome Chandra Bhat, San 5,874,378 A 2/1999 Ishida et al. Francisco, CA (US) 5,889.308 A 3/1999 Hong et al. (73) Assignees: Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, 6,217,990 B1 4/2001 Asai et al. LLC, San Jose, CA (US); Koninklijke 6,339,367 B1 1/2002 Takehana Philips Electronics N.V., Eindhoven 6,535,105 B2 3/2003 Heistand, II et al. (NL) 2001/0043454 A1 11/2001 Yoshii et al. 2002/0179914 A1 12/2002. Sheu (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 2003/0043013 A1 3/2003 Shiraishi et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2004/0222433 A1* 11/2004 MaZZochette et al. ......... 257/99 U.S.C. 154(b) by 402 days. (21) Appl. No.: 11/848,055 (22) Filed: Aug. 30, 2007 OTHER PUBLICATIONS O O Lionel M. Levinson et al., “The physics of metal Oxide Varistors'. (65) Prior Publication Data Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 46, No.3, Mar. 1975, pp. 1332-1341. US 2007/O297.108A1 Dec. 27, 2007 Mark Drabkin et al., “Improved Metal Oxide Varistor Packaging Technology For Transient Voltage Surge Suppressers (TVSS)”. -
Electrical Properties & Microstructure Of
Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Baghdad College of Education for Pure Science Ibn-AL-Haitham Electrical Properties & Microstructure Of ZnO - Based Varistor Ceramics Doped With Rare Earth A Thesis Submitted to University of Baghdad / College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn-AL-Haitham) in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Philosophy Doctorate of Science In Physics By Adil Ismaeel Khadim Supervisors Asst. Prof. Dr. Aysar. J. Ibraheem Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdul Hameed.R.Mahdi 2015 Dedication To my teacher and inspirer, Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, to each science student aware of the request and benefit reform, my mother and to my father soul. Adil ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of God the Most Gracious the Most Merciful Praise be to God in the start and finish. I would like to express sincere appreciation and gratitude to Asst. Prof. Dr. Aysar. J. Ibraheem and Asst. Prof. Dr. Abdul Hameed.R.Mahdi for supervision, guidance, and suggestions. My special thanks to (Dr.Samir Atta, Dr. Tariq Al-Dhahir, Dr. Mudhir Shihab, Mr.Ayad Ahmad, Dr.Hameed Majeed, Mr. Firas Khadim, and Mr. Samir Ghanim, in department of Physics). Sincere thanks are due to (Dr. Khalid Waleed, Dr. Ismaeel Yaseen, Dr.Husam Saleem, Dr. Tagreed Hashim and Dr. Maha Abdulsattar, in department of Chemistry). Sincere thanks to Assistant Professor Dr. Khalid Fahad Ali the dean of the college of education for pure science, Ibn Al-Haitham. My sincere thanks and gratitude to my family and my aunt Maida Jassim, and my classmate Zainab Tariq. -
Power Quality Issues and It's Mitigation Techniques
Tejashree G. More et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 4( Version 4), April 2014, pp.170-177 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Power Quality Issues and It’s Mitigation Techniques Tejashree G. More*, Pooja R. Asabe**,Prof. Sandeep Chawda*** *(Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhivarabai Sawant Institude Of Technology and Research(w), Wagholi, Pune, India) ** (Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhivarabai Sawant Institude Of Technology and Research(w), Wagholi, Pune, India) ***(Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhivarabai Sawant Institude Of Technology and Research(w), Wagholi, Pune, India) ABSTRACT In this paper the main power quality (PQ) problems are presented with there associated causes and consequences. The economic impact associated with PQ are characterized. Also this paper tries to give the solution for reducing the losses produced because of harmonics and increasing the quality of power at consumers’ side. Keywords –Flywheel, Harmonics, Power Quality, Power Quality Cost, Supercapacitors. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, reliability and quality of electric customer perspective, a PQ problem is defined as any power is one of the most discuss topics in power power problem manifested in voltage, current, or industry. There are numerous types of Quality issues frequency deviations that result in power failure or and problems and each of them might have varying misoperation of customer of equipment. Fig. 1 and diverse causes. The types of Power Quality describe the demarcation of the various PQ issues problems that a customer may encounter classified defined by IEEE Std. 1159-1995. depending on how the voltage waveform is being Fig 1. -
Emergency Management Plan to Increase Resilience in Transportation Sector Vehicles to an EMP Attack
Department of Fire Science and Emergency Management Emergency Management Plan to Increase Resilience in Transportation Sector Vehicles to an EMP Attack Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Emergency Management By Julian A. LoRusso University of New Haven West Haven, Connecticut November 04, 2020 1 APPROVALS I am sincerely grateful for the valuable comments from my advisor, the committee members, and the department chairperson in completion of this document. Their contributions were clearly an asset in the achievement of the goals of this Study. Thesis Advisor Approval: Mariama Yakubu Mariama Yakubu (Nov 15, 2020 06:50 EST) Mariama Yakubu, Ph.D. - Lecturer (UNH Fire Science & Emergency Management Department) Committee Member Approvals: JEFFREY TREISTMAN JEFFREY TREISTMAN (Nov 15, 2020 17:39 EST) Jeff Triestman, Ph. D. – Assistant Professor (UNH National Security Department, Graduate Program Director) Edward M. Goldberg, DM Edward M. Goldberg, DM (Nov 15, 2020 20:16 EST) Ed Goldberg, Ph. D. – Manager, retired (Eversource, Inc., Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery and Threat Assessment Dept.) Matt Van Benschoten Matt Van Benschoten (Nov 15, 2020 22:11 EST) Mr. Matt Van Benschoten - Vice President (Roush Industries, Inc., Advanced Engineering) University Approvals: Wayne Sandford Wayne Sandford (Nov 16, 2020 08:00 EST) Mr. Wayne Sandford – Lecturer, Emergency Management Program Coordinator (Fire Sciences & Emergency Management Department) David A. Schroeder, Ph. D. - Dean (Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences) Mario Thomas Gaboury Mario Thomas Gaboury (Nov 17, 2020 16:59 EST) Mario Thomas Gaboury, J.D., Ph.D. – Provost (University of New Haven) 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In addition to input from the committee members, I would also like to acknowledge the help from the following individuals for their input in the completion of this report: • Mr. -
The X-Chapters 9X.6 Transformer + Rectifier + Capacitor = Giant Spikes!
Art of Electronics – The x-Chapters abruptly (V = LdI/dt again), and respond by increasing the voltage to maintain continuity of current. In this case that means a negative voltage spike at the transformer sec- 9x.6 Transformer + Rectifier + Capacitor = ondary. Giant Spikes! The effect can be quite large. Fig. 9x.24 shows mea- sured waveforms for a 10 V unregulated half-wave rectifier circuit. We used a Signal Transformer Co. “split bobbin” type, designed for good isolation (low inter-winding ca- pacitance, high breakdown voltage), whose reduced wind- Most designers don’t realize that a simple linear un- ing coupling results in significant leakage inductance. The regulated dc supply can (and often does) generate large diode was a 1N4001 (1 A conventional rectifier), the fil- microsecond-scale spikes, at the powerline frequency; ter capacitor was 3,300 μF electrolytic, and the load was these generate a buzzing sound in low-level audio circuits, a20Ω resistor. You can see the flattening of transformer and generally create havoc. They’re easily tamed, once you output (with its series L and winding resistance), and the know about them. L diode current causing capacitor charging; the mischievous spike occurs when the current goes to zero. The expanded trace (Fig. 9x.24B) shows that the diode current goes neg- 120Vac + C I in RLOAD L ative for about 8 μs before abruptly ceasing (or trying to, anyway!), at which point the spike erupts. t L V ℓ Rsec Lℓ 9x.6.2 Calculations and cures V sec Cwinding For low-voltage unregulated supplies you can use Schot- nsec = Vpri × tky rectifiers to prevent this effect. -
Knowing the Surge Protection Device
Wollemi Technical Incorporation Application Note Knowing the Surge Protection Device There are so many names for protective devices such as 'lightning barriers', 'surge arresters ', 'lightning protection units', etc. In ideal condition, the surge protection devices should dissipate the instantaneous current spike out of the device, module or system to the ground. For long lasting protection, all the SPD (Surge Protection Device) should automatically restore normal operation state right after a sustainable surge has subsided. Protected Surge equipment Surge protection device Here after show and brief most of the practical SPD now engineers can use for surge protection application. Gas Discharge Tubes Gas discharge tubes (GDTs) are developed to overcome some of the disadvantages of air or carbon spark gaps by hermetic sealing, thereby eliminating environmental effects. GDTs can provide a rigorous spark discharge control performance since the breakdown voltage was decided by what kind of the gas filling and the electrode spacing. For example, low voltage protection devices have electrode spacing of around 1mm or and in an argon/hydrogen mixture sealed within a ceramic envelope at about 0.1 Bar presure. Wollemi Technical Incorporation Application Note TVS diode GDT Zener diodes About regular Zener diodes. These devices are fast in operation and are available in a wide range of voltages that provide accurate and repeatable voltage clamping. Standard Zener diodes cannot usually handle high surge currents but some modified dedicated “Surge suppression” diodes can withstand of several kW of power now are getting more and more popular in many electric circuits from power supply to data transmission. Some new applications are developed on using Zener diode to protect ultra small device. -
High Isolation Flyback Transformer Technical Article
HIGH ISOLATION VOLTAGE FLYBACK TRANSFORMER By: Edgar C. Taculog Field Application Engineer, Asia TT Electronics New TT Electronics AEC-Q200 qualified and certified transformers are optimized for use with a gate- drive optocoupler to improve and simplify the design of isolated power supplies. Overview Transformers can often provide an inexpensive solution for a variety of applications. The purpose of the transformer is to isolate the secondary side of the circuit from the primary power source, transfer power efficiently from the electrical source to the target load and protect users from hazards like electric shock, fire and heat. The flyback transformer, which is an isolated version of a buck-boost transformer, does not in truth contain a transformer but a coupled inductor arrangement. When the transistor is turned on, current builds up in the primary and energy is stored in the core, this energy is then released to the output circuit through the secondary when the switch is turned off. The basic concept of this scenario can result in significant heat generation if not properly addressed. V1 Vin I1 I2 Iou t V V Vou 1 2 Vin t Vds Vds Vin I1 Ipri I2 Isec Iout Figure 1: Flyback Converter in Discontinuous Mode The HA00-10043ALFTR and HA00-14013LFTR line of transformers are designed specifically for use with Avago’s ACPL-32JT and ACPL-302J optocoupler ICs for automotive and industrial application respectively. The Avago devices are specifically used in a wide variety of applications that require high galvanic isolation so in designing these transformers materials that can meet the necessary creepage and clearance distances between conductors were taken into consideration.