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The Almohad Hierarchy in the Reign of Ibn Tumart Masatoshi KISAICHI

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The Almohad Hierarchy in the Reign of Ibn Tumart Masatoshi KISAICHI Ibn Tumart時 代 の ア ル モ ハ ー・ド ・ ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー 私 市 正 年 The Almohad Hierarchy in the Reign of Ibn Tumart Masatoshi KISAICHI The purpose of this paper is to try to examine what is called `the Almohad hierarchy' in the reign of Ibn Tumart from a point of view ,of the governmental structure . In his reign, almost all of the Almohads were organized in the Almohad hierarchy which had the characters and the functions as follows : (1) Ibn Tumart was on the top of the Almohads as an absolute chief. ② al- 'Ashara (The Ten), that is, Ibn Tumart's ten confidants, being the first to recognize him as Mahdi. They formed the council which discussed all matters of great moment were under the Mahdi. (3) al-Khamsun (The Fifty), that is, fifty representatives of the Almo- had tribes, forming the grand assembly of the Almohad community which discussed matters of less importance. They were intermediaries between Ibn Tumart and the tribes. ④ The Talaba and the Muff az, being missionaries. The Huff a; were the boys studying the Qur' an and the Almohad doctrine and becoming the Talaba. ⑤ The AN al-Dar, being the chamberlains who served Ibn TUmart days and nights. ⑥ The Almohad tribes equal to the list of al-Qattan : Hargha, Ahl Tinmallal, Jadmiwa, Janf isa, Hintata, Ahl al-Qaba' il. Most of the Almohad soldiers were composed of them. ⑦ The Jund, that is, regular soldiers, being constituted of the forei- gners who came from the towns with Ibn Tumart, but their scale -85- オ リ エ ン ト 第22巻 第1号 (1979) was small. ⑧ The Ghuzat, apparently being the special military groups of boys. は じ め に 12-13世 紀 に か け て,マ グ レ ブ,イ フ リキ ヤ,ア ン ダ ル シ ア の 一 帯 を 支 配 下 にご治 め た ム ワ ッ ヒ ド朝(1130-1269)はIbn Tumart(1091頃-1130)の 宗 教 的 ・政 治 的 運 動 を 土 台 と し て い る 。 そ れ は タ ウ ヒ ー ド(神 が 唯 一 で あ る こ と) の 教 義 を 説 く こ と か ら,ム ワ ッ ヒ ド(タ ウ ヒ ー ドの 教 義 の 信 者)運 動 と 呼 ば れ る 。 彼 は1121年 か ら1130年 ま で の9年 間(彼 の 生 地Ijillizで3年, Tinmallal で6年),宣 教 と ム ラ ー ビ ト朝 打 倒 を め ざ して 運 動 を 展 開 す る が,そ の 間 に 彼 の 下 に 結 集 した 人 々 や 諸 部 族(ム ワ ッ ヒ ド集 団)の 組 織 化 を 行 な っ た 。 そ れ が ア ル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー と呼 ば れ る組 織 で あ る 。 こ う し て ム ワ ッ ヒ ド集 団 に 属 す る 者 は,何 ら か の 形 で 組 織 化 され た 。 と こ ろ で,こ の 組 織 に つ い て は そ の 重 要 性 が 強 調 さ れ る 反 面,曖 昧 な 点 が 多 い 。Roger Le Tourneauは そ の 理 由 と し て,史 料 の 不 明 瞭 さ と 史 料 相 互 の 矛 盾 した証言の二つをあげてい るが,従 来 の研究方法の中に もこの問題を曖昧に してい る原因があ る。 この組織 は,Ibn Tumartに よって創始 され,そ の後あ る組織は解体 ・消滅 し,ま た改 良され,さ らにい くつかの組 織が付け加え られ, 全体 と して大 き く変 ってい ったが,王 朝末期 まで存続 した。それ故,こ の組織 全体 の正 しい性格や役割 の分析,位 置づけはIbn Tumartの 時代 か ら王朝の 崩壊 までの時代 を通 して分析す る ことに よって初めて可 能 とな るものであ る。 それに もかかわ らず,従 来 の研究 では,個 々の組 織を時期,時 代 に分 け ること に 十 分 な 注 意 を 払 わ な か っ た り(J.F. P. Hopkins, R. Le Tourneau),(ch. A. Julien),ま た そ の こ と を 考 慮 し た と し て も'Abd al-Mu'min(Ibn Tumart の 初 代 の 後 継 者)以 後 の 変 化 の 過 程 の 分 析 を 怠 っ た りし て き た(Huici Miranda, Rachid Bourouiba, Henri Terrasse)。 さ ら に 従 来 の 何 れ の 研 究 か ら も,こ の 組 織 と 国 家 構 造 と の 関 係 の 分 析 が 欠 落 して い る 。 従 っ て 筆 者 は,こ う した 研 究 方 法 の 欠 陥 を 補 い1従 来 の ア ル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー の 全 体 像 を 多 少 な り と も 明 瞭 に す る た め 次 の よ うな 方 法 と 目 的 を 持 っ て 考 察 す る が,紙 数 の 関 係 か ら 本 稿 で は 次 に 述 べ る 二 つ の 問 題 の うち ① の み に 限 定 し ② に つ い て は 稿 を 改 め て 論 ず る こ と に す る 。 -86- Ibn Tumart時 代 の アル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒエ ラル ヒー(私 市) ① Ibn Tumartの 時 代 を ア ル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー の 「原 型 」 と して,そ の 中 の 個 々 の 組 織 の 役 割 や 性 格 を 分 析 し,併 せ て 国 家 構 造 と の 関 係 を 考 察 す る 。 ② 'Abdal-Mu'minの 時 代 以 後 を,そ の 「展 開 過 程 」 と し て,そ の 過 程 に お け る 個 々 の 組 織 の 存 在 の 有 無,役 割 や 性 格 の 変 化,新 た な 組 織 の 創 設 な ど を 分 析 し,併 せ て 国 家 構 造 と の 関 係 を 考 察 す る 。 な お 本 稿 で 用 い る主 な 史 料 と そ の 略 称 は 次 の 通 り で あ る 。 Documents inedits ; Documents inedits d'histoire almohade, fragments inedits du "Legajo" 1919 du fonds- arabe de l'Escurial, Levi-Provencal (ed.) Paris, 1928こ れ は,1924年 ス ペ イ ン の エ ス コ リ ア ル 図 書 館 で 発 見 さ れ た マ ニ ュ ス ク リ プ トを 整 理 し た も の で 三 つ の部 分 か ら な る 。 第 一 がIbn Tumartと'Abd al-Mu'minの 書 簡 集(Kitab al-Majmu'),第 二 がKitab al-Ansabと 呼 ば れ る著 者 不 詳 の 書 の 抜 萃(以 後K. al-Ansabと 略 す),第 三 がIbn Tumartと'Abd al-Mu'minに 仕 え たal-Baydhaqの 年 代 記 (Ta'rikh al-Muwahhidin, al-Baydhaq と 略 称)で あ る 。 al-Qattan; Ibn al-Qattan, Juz' min Kitab Nazm al Juman, Tetouan, 刊 行年不詳。 Ibn Sahib ; Ibn Sahib al-Sala, al Mann bi 'l-Imama, Beirut, 1964 al-Mu'jib ; 'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi, al-Mu'jib fi Talkhzs Akhbar al-Maghrib. Cairo, 1949. al-Hulal;著 者 不 詳, al-Hulal al-Mawshiyya fi Dhikr al-Akhaar al- Marrakushiyya. Rabat, 1936 al-Qirtas ; Ibn Abi Zar', al-Anis al-Mutrib Rawd al-Qirtas, Upsaliae; 1843-46. al-Bayan ; Ibn `Idkari al-Marrakushi, al-Bayan al-Mughrib fi Akhbar al-Andalus wa'l-Mughrib. Vol. 3 Tetouan, 1963. al-Zarkashi ; Ta'rikh al-Dawlatayn al-Muwahhidiyya wa'l-Hafsiyya. Tunis, 1966. al-'Umari ; Masalik al-Absar fi Mamalik al-Amsar. Cairo, 1924. 本稿で は抄訳 L' A f rique moins l' Egypte, (tr.) M. Gaudef roy-Demombynes, -87- オ リ エ ン ト 第22巻 第1号 (1979) Paris, 1927を 使 用 。 Ibn Khaldun ; Ibn Khaldun, Kitab al-'lbar. I-VII. Beirut, 1966-61. al-Athir ; Ibn al-Athir, Kamil fi al-Ta'rikh. Vols., X, XI. Beirut, 1966. Ⅰ Ibn Tumart時 代 の ア ル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー 所 謂 ア ル モ ハ ー ド・ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー の 諸 組 織 を 列 挙 し て い る 史 料 はal-rattan, K.al-Ansab, al-Hulalの 三 つ で あ る 〔表(1)〕 。 al-Hulalはal-Qattanを 写 表(1)史 料 に み ら れ る ア ル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒ エ ラ ル ヒ ー の 一 覧 ※( Ahl al-Sab'inに つ い て は,具 体 的 史 料 が 殆 ど な く,ま た 著 者(Ibn al-Qattan) も そ の 存 在 を 疑 が っ て い る の で,考 察 か ら は ず す 。(ロ) al-Ghuzatの 分 析 で 述 べ る よ うに,校 訂 者A.M.Makkiが こ れ をal-Ghirratと 読 む の は 誤 りで あ る 。(ハ) 独 立 した 組 織 と し て 扱 わ れ て い な い 。(ニ) {の 部 分 は ア ル モ ハ ー ド部 族 で あ る 。 -88- Ibn Tumart時 代 の アル モ ハ ー ド ・ヒエ ラル ヒ ー(私 市) し た も の で,Ahlal-Qaba'ilが 落 ち て い る こ と,最 後 にal-Ghuzatと 並 べ て al-Rumatを 付 加 し て い る こ と 以 外 はal-Qattanと 同 じで あ る 。 し か しK.
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