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Stormwater Capture Potential in Urban and Suburban California (PDF)

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Stormwater Capture Potential in Urban and Suburban California (PDF) JUNE 2014 ISSUE BRIEF IB:14-05-G Stormwater Capture Potential in Urban and Suburban California Communities throughout California are facing serious and growing threats to their ability to provide a safe, reliable supply of water. Drought, coupled with over-allocation of existing water sources, is affecting cities, farms, businesses, industries, and the environment all across the state. For many communities, 2013 was the driest year in a century, and the lack of precipitation has critical implications for the continued viability of surface water and groundwater resources that supply our cities. The long-term effects of climate change are likely to exacerbate this. Capturing and using or storing stormwater runoff when it rains can help communities increase water supply reliability—so they have the water they need when it doesn’t. Capturing stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces below the surface and help add to, or recharge, groundwater in urban and suburban areas when it rains—whether aquifers—vast stores of water that fill in the voids, pores, or by directing the runoff to open spaces and allowing it to cracks in soil or rocks underground. Groundwater has been infiltrate into the ground to recharge groundwater supplies used to supply growing communities in Southern California or by harvesting the runoff, primarily from rooftops, in for more than 150 years, and today it fills approximately rain barrels and cisterns for direct use in nonpotable 40 percent of the region’s overall water needs (Figure 1— applications—can be used to increase California’s water showing water supply sources for water districts in Southern supplies dramatically. In southern California and the San California including local groundwater production and Francisco Bay Area, capturing runoff using these approaches imported water sources such as the Colorado River and the can increase water supplies by as much as 630,000 acre- East and West branches of the State Water Project) (NRDC feet each year. Capturing this volume, roughly equal to 2009). It is also used extensively in other portions of the state, the amount of water used by the entire City of Los Angeles supplying communities in the Central Coast, portions of the annually, would increase the sustainability of California’s San Francisco Bay Area, throughout the Central Valley, and water supplies while at the same time reducing a leading into the Shasta-Cascade region. cause of surface water pollution in the state. However, as California’s population has grown and more and more land has been developed or redeveloped, much of the natural landscape in these developed areas STORMWATER RUNOFF, CAPTURE, has been paved over, drastically altering the hydrologic AND WaTER SUPPLY regime that replaces and recharges groundwater. When it rains on urban and suburban landscapes, impervious When it rains on undeveloped lands, much of the rainwater surfaces like streets, sidewalks, rooftops, and parking lots either soaks into the ground or evaporates. Critically in this prevent the water from soaking into the ground. This cuts system, water that is not taken up by plants can infiltrate off groundwater aquifers from a principal supply source and Figure 1. Water supply sources and dominant source type for water districts in Southern California Palmdale Glendale VENTURA LOS ANGELES Victorville } COUNTY San Fernando COUNTY Burbank Pasadena Foothill MWD SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY San Marino Calleguas MWD Ventura Los Angeles Yucaipa Valley WD Oxnard Las Virgenes MWD Upper San Gabriel San Valley MWD Inland Empire Three Valleys Utilities Agency Bernardino MWD Los Angeles Beaumont- Cherry Valley WD Central BasinvMWD Riverside Beverly Hills Santa Monica Long Anaheim Palm Beach Western MWD of Springs West Basin Riverside County MWD Santa Ana ORANGE Hemet COUNTY Eastern MWD Torrance Long Beach Compton Fullerton MWD of Temecula RIVERSIDE Orange County COUNTY Santa Ana Anaheim WATER SUPPLY - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA REGION Oceanside Water Supply Source SAN DIEGO COUNTY Breakout of District Water Supply by Source Escondido (district colored by dominant source) West Branch Los Angeles Aqueduct East Branch Groundwater San Diego Colorado River Other County WA Study Area Boundary Water Supply Aqueduct San or Canal Diego Water supply by district based on 2005 statistics. Map created by GreenInfo Miles Chula Network, January 2009. 0 12.5 25 Vista MEXICO Source: NRDC 2009 PAGE 2 | Stormwater Capture Potential in Urban and Suburban California West Coast groundwater basins on the coastal plain of Los Angeles, approximately 54,000 acre-feet of rain and stormwater runoff per year are currently captured and recharged, primarily by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District (Johnson 2008). But the Water Replenishment District of Southern California, which manages the groundwater basins, also must import roughly 30,000 acre-feet of water per year to make up for excess groundwater pumping by water rights holders. At the same time, an estimated 180,000 acre-feet of stormwater runoff is lost to the ocean each year from its service area (Water Replenishment District 2012), representing a lost opportunity to increase local water supplies. A vegetated swale in a parking lot QUANTIFYING THE POTENTIAL FOR © Haan-Fawn Chou STORMWATER CAPTURE leaves the water with nowhere to go but downhill. Instead In 2009, NRDC and the University of California, Santa of adding to our groundwater supplies or nourishing plant Barbara conducted an analysis of the potential stormwater life, it picks up animal waste, trash, metals, chemicals, and capture for water supply that could be achieved at new other contaminants in its path, ultimately dumping the building projects and redevelopment projects for residential pollution into rivers, lakes, or ocean waters. At the same and commercial properties in urbanized Southern California time, the drastically increased volume of runoff can lead to and the San Francisco Bay Area. Focusing on opportunities increasingly severe flooding and erosion. And even when for either infiltration of runoff to recharge groundwater it isn’t raining, water from excess landscape irrigation, car resources or rooftop rainwater capture for on-site use, washing, industrial processes, and other uses flows into the study found that stormwater capture could increase storm sewer systems—an estimated 10 million to 25 million overall water supplies by up to 405,000 acre-feet per year by gallons flow into Santa Monica Bay alone for each dry- 2030 (NRDC 2009). However, that analysis did not address weather day (City of Los Angeles 2009), and more than 100 stormwater runoff from existing development, by far the million gallons flow to the ocean from across Los Angeles largest source of runoff, and was limited in the types of land County (City of Los Angeles BOS). Altogether, hundreds of use it considered. As a result, while demonstrating a robust billions of gallons of potential water supply are thrown away potential to increase water supply through stormwater each year in a manner that endangers public health and capture, the analysis was conservative in its assessment of the ecosystems, and weakens coastal and other economies that overall potential for stormwater capture. depend on clean water for tourism revenue. To inform ongoing discussions about the drought and “Green infrastructure” is an approach to water and pressing challenges for the California water supply sector, stormwater management that, among other goals, aims we have updated this analysis using new data in order to to maintain or enhance the pre-development or natural provide a more comprehensive picture of the potential for hydrology of urban and developing watersheds. It includes stormwater capture to augment local water supplies. The a wide variety of practices that can be used to capture analysis again focused on urbanized Southern California stormwater runoff to increase water supplies at both a and the San Francisco Bay Area, as the two most heavily distributed (or on-site) scale and at subregional or regional urbanized and developed regions of the state; combined, scales. Green infrastructure may be used to promote they account for approximately 75 percent of California’s infiltration of water into the ground, where it can recharge population. groundwater supplies, or to promote its capture in rain For this analysis, we calculated the potential water supply barrels and cisterns for later use. Many California cities and that could be captured from existing impervious surfaces towns are already using a combination of distributed and in urban and suburban landscapes through infiltration or regional practices to capture stormwater and put it to use. rooftop rainwater harvesting on the basis of a GIS analysis There is a tremendous need, and opportunity, to capture of selected land uses and impervious surface cover.1 more stormwater as a way to sustainably increase water Calculations for runoff were based on an analysis of total supplies. For example, a one-inch rain event in Los Angeles impervious cover and average annual precipitation for each County can generate more than 10 billion gallons (roughly land use type.2 30,000 acre-feet) of stormwater runoff, most of which In addition to precipitation-based runoff, dry-weather ultimately flows into the Pacific Ocean. In the Central and runoff from human activities, such as landscape irrigation PAGE 3 | Stormwater Capture Potential in Urban and Suburban California Figure 2. Map of impervious surface cover within the San Francisco Bay Area study area SAN FRANCISCO BAY AREA SONOMA Imperviousness COUNTY NAPA Sacramento COUNTY E Percent Imperviousness: >1 Santa Rosa SOLANO < 20% COUNTY Napa 20 - 40% } Fairfield 40 - 60% 60 - 80% MARIN COUNTY E 80 - 100% San Stockton Rafael Concord Antioch Richmond Public / Protected Open Space CONTRA COSTA R COUNTY Study Area Boundary San Oakland Francisco Livermore P Modesto ALAMEDA San COUNTY Mateo Fremont @ >1 SAN SANTA MATEO CLARA San Jose Miles COUNTY COUNTY 0 12.5 25 50 Percent imperviousness based } on USGS National Land Cover Data 2011 Percent Developed Imperviousness. Gilroy Map created May 2014.
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