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Surface Water Hydrology and Quality in Farmed Prairie Potholes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa Alexander R

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Surface Water Hydrology and Quality in Farmed Prairie Potholes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa Alexander R Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 Surface water hydrology and quality in farmed prairie potholes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa Alexander R. Martin Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Martin, Alexander R., "Surface water hydrology and quality in farmed prairie potholes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17262. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17262 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Surface water hydrology and quality in farmed prairie potholes of the Des Moines Lobe in Iowa by Alexander R. Martin A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Co-majors: Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering; Environmental Science Program of Study Committee: Amy Kaleita, Co-major Professor Michelle Soupir, Co-major Professor Andy VanLoocke The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this thesis. The Graduate College will ensure this thesis is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2018 Copyright © Alexander R. Martin, 2018. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................... v ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................ 2 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Prairie Pothole Region .................................................................................................. 6 2.3 Hydrology ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Crop Interactions ........................................................................................................ 12 2.5 Water Quality .............................................................................................................. 13 2.6 Drainage ...................................................................................................................... 15 2.7 Restoration .................................................................................................................. 18 2.8 Hydrological Models ................................................................................................... 19 2.9 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 20 2.10 References ................................................................................................................ 23 CHAPTER 3: METHODS .................................................................................................................. 30 Site Summary .................................................................................................................... 30 Location ..................................................................................................................... 30 Elevation .................................................................................................................... 31 Soils ............................................................................................................................ 32 Land use ..................................................................................................................... 34 Fertilization ................................................................................................................ 36 Drainage ..................................................................................................................... 36 Weather and soil moisture ........................................................................................ 37 Data Collection and Analysis ............................................................................................. 37 Inundation monitoring ............................................................................................... 37 Depth to surface area and volume relationships ...................................................... 38 Water sampling .......................................................................................................... 39 Water balance ............................................................................................................ 40 Data analysis .............................................................................................................. 43 References ........................................................................................................................ 44 iii CHAPTER 4: POTHOLE HYDROLOGY .............................................................................................. 46 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 46 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 46 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 48 Site description .......................................................................................................... 48 Weather and soil moisture ........................................................................................ 52 Inundation monitoring ............................................................................................... 52 Depth to surface area and volume relationships ...................................................... 53 Water balance ............................................................................................................ 54 Water balance comparison ........................................................................................ 57 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 58 Inundation events ...................................................................................................... 60 Water balance ............................................................................................................ 64 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................... 69 References ........................................................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER 5: WATER QUALITY ........................................................................................................ 72 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 72 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 72 Methods ............................................................................................................................ 75 Site description .......................................................................................................... 75 Field and laboratory methods ................................................................................... 78 Drainage estimates .................................................................................................... 79 Data analysis .............................................................................................................. 80 Results and Discussion ...................................................................................................... 81 Sample summary ....................................................................................................... 81 Seasonal differences .................................................................................................. 83 Event trends ..............................................................................................................
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