DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecosystems Protecting Infrastructure and Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecosystems Protecting Infrastructure and Communities Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities Lessons learned and guidelines for implementation Editors: Fabiola Monty, Radhika Murti, Sriyanie Miththapala and Camille Buyck Year 2015 Year 2017 Global Ecosystem Management Programme SLF About IUCN IUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations. It provides public, private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together. Created in 1948, IUCN is now the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network, harness- ing the knowledge, resources and reach of more than 1,300 Member organisations and some 10,000 experts. It is a leading provider of conservation data, assessments and analysis. Its broad mem- bership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices, tools and international standards. IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments, NGOs, scien- tists, businesses, local communities, indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development. Working with many partners and supporters, IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of con- servation projects worldwide. Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities, these projects work to reverse habitat loss, restore ecosystems and improve people’s well-being. www.iucn.org https://twitter.com/IUCN/ Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities Lessons learned and guidelines for implementation Editors: Fabiola Monty, Radhika Murti, Sriyanie Miththapala and Camille Buyck The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. This publication has been produced with funding from the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) through the International Climate Initiative (IKI). Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2017 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Monty, F., Murti, R., Miththapala, S. and Buyck, C. (eds). 2017. Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities: lessons learned and guidelines for implementation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 108pp. Contributors: Sylvain Zabré, Karen Podvin, Alejandro Casteller, Erika Cortés, Alexia Stokes, Yan Zhang, Karen Sudmeier-Rieux, Anu Adhikari, Sanjaya Devkota, El H. Ballé Seye, Supranee Kampongsun and Jim Enright. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1867-5 (print) 978-2-8317-1872-9 (PDF) DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH..2017.14.en Cover photos: Time-lapse of mangrove restoration site in Thailand in 2015 (Top) and 2017 (Bottom) © Mangrove Action Project Back cover photo: Exchange visit in Senegal between project beneficiaries from Burkina Faso and Senegal © IUCN/ Camille Buyck Designed by: Chadi Abi (www.chadiabi.com) Printed by: ABP Global Printing Solutions (www.abp-project.ch) Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/resources/publications Acknowledgements: We would like to thank all the partners and actors involved in the EPIC project who contributed largely to its successful implementation. Our colleagues from the Global Ecosystem Management Programme have provided important technical input throughout the duration of this project particularly Edmund Barrow and Ali Raza Rizvi. Special thank you to Angela Andrade and Marisol Estrella for the peer reviews and feedback that contributed to improve this document. Thanks to Caroline Snow for proofreading the document. Any remaining errors are the sole responsibility of the authors. Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Setting the Scene .................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Disasters, Climate change and ecosystem-based approaches ............................ 4 1.3 Ecosystems Protecting Infrastructure and Communities ...................................... 9 Chapter 2: Case studies ........................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Burkina Faso .......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Background and Context in Burkina Faso .................................................... 19 2.1.2 Operational approach in Burkina Faso .......................................................... 21 2.1.3 Results and challenges in Burkina Faso ....................................................... 24 2.1.4 Lessons learned in Burkina Faso .................................................................. 26 2.2 Chile ....................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Background and Context in Chile ................................................................. 28 2.2.2 Operational approach in Chile ....................................................................... 29 2.2.3 Results and challenges in Chile .................................................................... 31 2.2.4 Lessons learned in Chile ............................................................................... 32 2.3 China ...................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Background and Context in China ................................................................ 35 2.3.2 Operational approach in China ..................................................................... 37 2.3.3 Results and challenges in China ................................................................... 39 2.3.4 Lessons learned in China .............................................................................. 40 2.4 Nepal ...................................................................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Background and Context in Nepal ................................................................ 42 2.4.2 Operational approach in Nepal ..................................................................... 44 2.4.3 Results and challenges in Nepal ................................................................... 45 2.4.4 Lessons learned in Nepal .............................................................................. 47 iii Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities: lessons learned and guidelines for implementation 2.5 Senegal ............................................................................................................................. 48 2.5.1 Background and Context in Senegal ....................................................................... 49 2.5.2 Operational approach in Senegal ............................................................................ 50 2.5.3 Results and challenges in Senegal .......................................................................... 52 2.5.4 Lessons learned in Senegal ..................................................................................... 54 2.6 Thailand ............................................................................................................................ 55 2.6.1 Background and Context in Thailand ...................................................................... 56 2.6.2 Operational approach in Thailand ............................................................................ 59 2.6.3 Results and challenges in Thailand ......................................................................... 60 2.6.4 Lessons learned in Thailand .................................................................................... 62 Chapter 3: Lessons learned ............................................................................................................. 64 3.1 EPIC achievements and ingredients of success .............................................................. 65 3.1.1 Building resilience and reducing vulnerability .......................................................... 65 3.1.2 Mitigation of hazards and impacts of climate change ............................................. 65 3.1.3 Generating science-based knowledge .................................................................... 66 3.1.4 Building capacities of local people .........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecreee Energy and Energy Efficiency
    ECOWAS CENTRE FOR RENEWABLE ECREEE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY www.ecreee.org – no 7 – July 2013 highlights ECREEE RECEIVES AWARD AT MessaGE FROM THE ED P. 2 VIENNA ENERGY FORUM The ECOWAS region is now very well positioned to make the most of major developments in renewable energy and energy efficiency. ECREEE AS MODEL FOR OTHER ENERGY CENTRES P. 5 ECREEE’s activities and achievements in the sustainable energy sector have proved a success story for other sub-re- gions on the continent to emulate. HIGH LEVEL GERMAN DELEGATION VISITS ECREEE P. 9 The Vice- Minister President and Minister of Economy, Energy, Climate Protection and Territorial Planning of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, Ms Eveline Lemke ECREEE PARTICIPATES IN CWEE7 IN SHANGHAI 9 ecowas validates regional action plan Framework on clean COOKING The conference also provided a platform Besides validating the action plan framework, this regional workshop provided for the exchange of information between valuable insight into the latest on best practice and information exchange developed and developing regions on wind energy focused on issues such as the challenges regarding the proliferation of clean cooking technologies and services, ways of addressing these challenges from ECOWAS President Visits the a regional and international perspective, as well as and policy and planning ECREEE Secretariat tools that promote clean, safe and efficient cooking as a driver for economic growth and improvement of environmental and social conditions. AUSTRIA DEEPENS PARTNERSHIP WITH ECREEE The Austrian Development Agency (ADA) reinforced its existing collaboration with ECREEE, with the award of a further 2m EUR to support the implementation of the centre’s second operational phase in line with its Business Plan which ends in 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • TEMPERED LIKE STEEL the Economic Community of West African States Celebrated Its 30Th Anniversary in May, 2005
    ECOWAS 30th anniversary and roughly for the same reasons: economic cooperation among of the 15 members have met the economic convergence criteria. member states and collective bargaining strength on a global level. However, it is an instrument whose time has come and it seems cer- Ecowas was an acknowledgement that despite all their differ- tain that the Eco will make its appearance in the near future. ences, the member states were essentially the same in terms of needs, One of Ecowas’ successes has been in allowing relatively free resources and aspirations. It was also an acknowledgement that the movement of people across borders. Passports or national identity integration of their relative small markets into a large regional one documents are still required but not visas. Senegal and Benin issue was essential to accelerate economic activity and therefore growth. Ecowas passports to their citizens. The founders of the organisation were just as convinced that artifi- The Ecowas Secretariat in Abuja is working on modalities to allow cial national barriers, created on old colonial maps, were cutting across document-free movement of people and goods. This might take time, ancient trade routes and patterns and that these barriers had to go. as other regulations, such as residence and establishment rights have However, this came about at a time when sub-regional organisa- to be put in place first. tions were looked on with a degree of suspicion and African coun- One of the organisation's most vital arms is Ecomog, its peace- tries, encouraged by Cold War politics, had become inward-looking keeping force.
    [Show full text]
  • How Feasible Is the ECO Currency? a Study of ECOWAS Business Cycles Synchronicity
    RESEARCH PAPER April 2020 How Feasible Is the ECO Currency? A Study of ECOWAS Business Cycles Synchronicity Youssef EL JAI RP-20/05 About Policy Center for the New South Policy Center for the New South, formerly OCP Policy Center, is a Moroccan policy- oriented think tank based in Rabat, Morocco, striving to promote knowledge sharing and to contribute to an enriched reflection on key economic and international relations issues. By offering a southern perspective on major regional and global strategic challenges facing developing and emerging countries, the Policy Center for the New South aims to provide a meaningful policy-making contribution through its four research programs: Agriculture, Environment and Food Security, Economic and Social Development, Commodity Economics and Finance, Geopolitics and International Relations. On this basis, we are actively engaged in public policy analysis and consultation while promoting international cooperation for the development of countries in the southern hemisphere. In this regard, Policy Center for the New South aims to be an incubator of ideas and a source of forward thinking for proposed actions on public policies within emerging economies, and more broadly for all stakeholders engaged in the national and regional growth and development process. For this purpose, the Think Tank relies on independent research and a solid network of internal and external leading research fellows. One of the objectives of Policy Center for the New South is to support and sustain the emergence of wider Atlantic Dialogues and cooperation on strategic regional and global issues. Aware that achieving these goals also require the development and improvement of Human capital, we are committed through our Policy School to effectively participate in strengthening national and continental capacities, and to enhance the understanding of topics from related research areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecowas Common Currency: How Prepared Are Its Members?
    ECOWAS COMMON CURRENCY: HOW PREPARED ARE ITS MEMBERS? Sagiru Mati Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of the Near East University (Cyprus) Irfan Civcir Faculty of Political Science of the Ankara University (Turkey) Corresponding author: [email protected] Hüseyin Ozdeser Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of the Near East University (Cyprus) Received October 13, 2018. Accepted February 7, 2019. ABSTRACT This study operationalizes the Optimum Currency Area (oca) to investigate the preparedness of Economic Community of West African States (ecowas) members to form a Monetary Union (mu). Inflation and output models are estimated, with the sample 1988:01 to 2017:12 for the former and 1967 to 2016 for the latter. Analyses of ecowas convergence criteria, impulse responses, variance de- compositions and correlations of shocks of these two models, reveal that the shocks across the ecowas members are asymmetric. The conclusion is that ecowas members as a whole are not well-prepared and therefore a full-fledged pan-ecowas mu is not advisable. It is also found that members of the European Monetary Union (emu) tend to be a better fit for oca than the ecowas members. The study recommends various courses of action such as fostering coordination among Central Banks of ecowas members, and providing a fund to serve as an incentive for countries that may incur cost rather than benefit if the single currency is created. Key words: Optimal Currency Area, ecowas, emu, structural var, Blanchard-Quah decomposition. jel Classification: C13, E31, E52, E58, F33, F42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2019.308.69625 © 2019 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Economía.
    [Show full text]
  • West Africa from Franco CFA to Eco: Economic Issues
    ISSN: 2278-3369 International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics Available online at: www.managementjournal.info REVIEW ARTICLE West Africa from Franco CFA to Eco: Economic Issues Palumbo Vincenzo*, Villani Chiara Universita’ di Napoli Federico II Italy. *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Abstract: Born 73 years ago, exactly on December 26, 1945, the day France ratified the Bretton Woods agreements, the CFA franc is the currency adopted by 14 African states and for years the subject of controversy at the local level as well as in France itself. For some months the debate has become international and now this often criticized currency will give way to a new common currency called Eco. Keywords: West Africa, Economic issue, Franco CFA. Article Received: 01 Jan 2021 Revised: 24 Jan 2021 Accepted: 15 Feb. 2021 Introduction First of all, we need to take a big step back in single and independent currency it finally time: It was December 1945 when a decree appears to them as a concrete step in the signed by General Charles de Gaulle actually instituted a currency. Thus was born the direction of real autonomy. But the reality is CFA franc, which at the time when Paris more complex and beyond ideological and ratified the Bretton Woods accords meant political positions there is an objective way in Franco of the French colonies of Africa. which it is possible to approach the issue: economic science. Thus a monetary union was born. The 14 nations that are part of it today are in fact CFA: Economic Technicisms between divided into the Economic and Monetary Advantages and Disadvantages Union of West Africa (UEMOA) and the Substantially, the Economic Technical Economic and Monetary Community of Characteristics on Which the CFA Central Africa (CEMAC).
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Community of Communnaute Economique
    ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF COMMUNAUTE ECONOMIQUE WEST AFRICAN STATES DES ETATS DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington, D.C., October 19, 2007 Lecture On “The Role of the Economic Community of West African States in Achieving the Economic Integration of West Africa” By H.E. Dr. Mohamed Ibn Chambas President, ECOWAS Commission I. INTRODUCTION Director of the Wilson Center, Esteemed Scholars, Researchers, Fellows and Students of Woodrow Wilson Center, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, President Woodrow Wilson was a remarkable President of the United States whose internalisation was to set a high benchmark for multilateral diplomacy. As an accomplished scholar, Woodrow Wilson emphasized policy-oriented research and saw academia in a mutually reinforcing partnership with policy making in the common enterprise to forge a government that delivers “justice, liberty and peace”. As a President, he was a champion of national reconciliation whose anti-corruption and anti-trust crusade in favour of the poor made this country more just and caring. A thorough pacifist and renowned world statesman, his reluctant entry into World War I had one goal – to end the war and launch world peace based on collective security, a task he brilliantly accomplished. I therefore feel humbled, greatly honoured and privileged to be at this famous Center, a living reminder and symbol of the ideals that Woodrow Wilson stood for, to share my thoughts Lecture by H.E. Dr. Mohamed Ibn Chambas 1 President of the ECOWAS Commission At the Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars with you on the role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in achieving the economic integration of West Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Women, Agency, and the State in Guinea
    Women, Agency, and the State in Guinea This book examines how women in Guinea articulate themselves politically within and outside institutional politics. It documents the everyday practices that local female actors adopt to deal with the continuous economic, political, and social insecurities that emerge in times of political transformations. Carole Ammann argues that women’s political articulations in Muslim Guinea do not primarily take place within women’s associations or institu- tional politics such as political parties; but instead women’s silent forms of politics manifest in their daily agency, that is, when they make a living, study, marry, meet friends, raise their children, and do household chores. The book also analyses the relationship between the female population and the local authorities, and discusses when and why women’s claim making enjoys legiti- macy in the eyes of other men and women, as well as representatives of ‘tra- ditional’ authorities and the local government. Paying particular attention to intersectional perspectives, this book will be of interest to scholars of African studies, social anthropology, political anthropology, the anthropology of gender, urban anthropology, gender stu- dies, and Islamic studies. Carole Ammann is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the University of Amster- dam, the Netherlands. Routledge Studies on Gender and Sexuality in Africa 1. The Tunisian Women’s Rights Movement From Nascent Activism to Influential Power-broking Jane D. Tchaicha and Khédija Arfaoui 2. Disability and Sexuality in Zimbabwe Voices from the Periphery Christine Peta 3. Love, Sex and Teenage Sexual Cultures in South Africa 16 Turning 17 Deevia Bhana 4. African Women, ICT and Neoliberal Politics The Challenge of Gendered Digital Divides to People-Centered Governance Assata Zerai 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Monetary Union in West Africa (ECOWAS) Is It Desirable and How Could It Be Achieved?
    OCCASIONAL PAPER 204 Monetary Union in West Africa (ECOWAS) Is It Desirable and How Could It Be Achieved? Paul Masson and Catherine Pattillo INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Washington DC 2001 ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution © 2001 International Monetary Fund Production: IMF Graphics Section Typesetting & Figures: Choon Lee Cataloging-in-Publication Data Masson, Paul R. Monetary union in West Africa (ECOWAS): is it desirable and how could it be achieved? / Paul Masson, Catherine Pattillo. — Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, 2001. p. cm. — (Occasional paper, ISSN 0251-6365 ; no. 204) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-58906-014-8 1. Economic Community of West African States.— 2. Union economique et monetaire Ouest africaine.— 3. Monetary unions — Africa, West. 4. Africa, West — Economic integration. 5. Monetary pol- icy — Africa, West. I. Pattillo, Catherine A. (Catherine Anne). II. International Monetary Fund. III. Occasional paper (International Monetary Fund); no. 204. HC1000.M27 2001 Price: US$20.00 (US$17.50 to full-time faculty members and students at universities and colleges) Please send orders to: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services 700 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A. Tel.: (202) 623-7430 Telefax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.imf.org recycled paper ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution Contents Page Preface v I Introduction 1 II The Proposed Monetary Union 4 III Historical Experience and the Current Situation
    [Show full text]
  • Eco-Labelling in Fisheries Along West African Coast: the Potentials and Pitfalls
    IIFET 2010 Montpellier Proceedings Eco-labelling in Fisheries along West African Coast: the Potentials and Pitfalls. Marie-Christine Cormier-Salem* & Alassane Samba** * IRD, UMR208 PALOC, IRDIMNHN, Dakar, Senegal ** ISRA, Dakar, Senegal Abstract Eco-labelling is considered with increased interest within the scope of fisheries crisis, as a way to tackle both marine biodiversity conservation and development issues. Along West African Coast, diversity and specificity of seafood issued from localised fishery systems (or fishery territories) are remarkable and recognised from long time. Recently, initiatives to draw more value from fish and fishery while maintaining them for the future are more and more developing. Nevertheless, those innovative dynamics are generally initiated and implemented by foreign operators, targeting specific categories of customers and are unequally re­ appropriated by the fishermen communities. They still occupy a minor place in local and national economies. Moreover, these devices are binding and thus exclusive. So, they could have unexpected and contradictory effects on biological and cultural diversity. An Interdisciplinary (anthropology, geography, economic, sociology, ethnobiology, ecology and law studies) and comparative approach, conducted in different environmental, political and socio-economical contexts, leads to assess the constraints and opportunities attached to eco­ labelling in fisheries (Biodivalloc programme, ANR05 BDIV02). Also, the aim of this contribution is to examine the connection and consistency between the devices and norms that shape those instruments and the local practices and actors strategies all along the fish network. It seeks to determine the conditions of using these tools in ways that ensure the eo-viability of coastal (biological and social) systems. This question is adressed through diverse study cases, the Mugil fishery of Mauritania, the Octopus fishery of Senegal, the mollusks exploitation (Area, Crassostrea, Cymbium, Pugilina, etc.) of the Saloum Delta, Senegal.
    [Show full text]
  • OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS the World Bank 1818 H Street N.W (202) 473-1000 INTERNATIONAL SANK for RECONSTRUCTION ANO OEVELOPMENT Washington, 0 C 20433 U.S A
    OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W (202) 473-1000 INTERNATIONAL SANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION ANO OEVELOPMENT Washington, 0 C 20433 U.S A. Cable Address· rNTBAFRAO INTERN!.TIONAL OEVEl.OPMENT ASSOCIATION Cable Address. INDEVAS Public Disclosure Authorized November 26, 2019 Mr. Jean-Claude Kas i BROU President Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Abuja Federal Republic of igeria Public Disclosure Authorized Ref: GMIUII Grant No TFOA488S West African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization Project Ameodtneot to tile Grant Agreement Dear Mr. Brou: We refei to the Gr.mt Agreement dated July S, 2017, between the Econonuc Community of West African States ("Recipient'') and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association ("World Bank"). acting as administrator of grant funds provided by various donors ("Donors") under the Global Medicines Regulatory Harmonization Initiative Trust Fund, for the abovementioncd Project (the "Agrccment"). Please note that the capitalized terms used in this letter Public Disclosure Authorized ("Amendment Letter") and not defined herein have them~ ascribed to them in the Agreement. Pursuant to your letter dated July 16, 2018, requesting some specific modifications to the Agreement, we are pleased to inform you that the World Bank concurs with your request and proposes to amend the Agreement in respect of the provisions below: l . The first paragraph of the Agreement is amended to read as folJows: "In response to the request for financial assistance made on behalf of the Economic Community of West African States (.. Recipient''), l am plea ed to infonn you that the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development aod the International Development Association ('World Bank"), acting as administrator of grant funds provided by vanous donors ("Donors") under the Global Medicines Regulatory Harmonization Initiative Trust Fund.
    [Show full text]
  • The Eco Currency, Expectations and Business Growth in West Africa
    Economic and Financial Review Volume 42 Number 1 Article 2 3-1-2004 The eco-currency, expectations and business growth in West Africa O. J. Nnanna Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.cbn.gov.ng/efr Part of the Economics Commons Recommended Citation Nnanna, O. J. (2004).The eco currency, expectations and business growth in West Africa. Economic and Financial Review, 42(1), 34-53. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by CBN Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Economic and Financial Review by an authorized editor of CBN Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ECO CURRENCY: EXPECTATIONS AND" BUSINESS GROWTH IN WEST AFRICA _/ Abstract The introduction of the ECO has the potential of enhancing trade within the WAMZ member states in the medium to long-term. However, the quest for a common currency must be driven by economic fundamentals, rather than political expediency. Consequently, there is need to ensure macroeconomic convergence and homogeneity of the financial and product markets before the ECO is introduced. Looking backward, the disappointing track record of the WAMZ countries in taming inflation and pursuing prudent fiscal policy, does not give hope for the stability of the ECO. if and when it is introduced. To this end, the business community in Nigeria may be better-off with the naira, than embracing the ECO. Between 1999-2003, the naira depreciated by 8.3 per cent in the DAS, compared with the permissible 15 per cent provided under the WAMZ exchange rate mechanism protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • Final 2013 Annual Report English
    [ \ 2013 ANNUAL REPORT "ECOWAS’ Adaptation to Climate, Security and Development Changes” Abuja, December 2013 [2] TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... 4 ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................... 8 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... 14 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER I: RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN WEST AFRICA ...................................................................... 29 1.1 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT: THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................. 29 1.2 GROWTH OF THE AFRICAN
    [Show full text]