Anti-Americanism and the Rise of World Opinion: Consequences for the US National Interest Monti Narayan Datta Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03232-3 - Anti-Americanism and the Rise of World Opinion: Consequences for the US National Interest Monti Narayan Datta Index More information

Index

Adidas-Salomon legitimacy of 45, 57, 80 comparative consumer study 84–9 and overseas image 191–3 European sales 88 and public diplomacy 191–3 Afghanistan relaxation 4 American foreign policy 4 and tourism 3–4 ISAF (International Security Assistance and unilateralism 3, 8–9, 36–7 Force) 4, 160–70 and world opinion 191 Obama effect on war 159–70 American national interest support for United States 20, 159–63 and anti-Americanism 13–15 troop contributions to ISAF 164–8 and decision-makers 13 troops variable 162–70 measurement of 13–14 alliance variable 64, 72, 77, 80, 133–7 policy objectives in 13–14 America American overseas wars, support for attention to interests of other countries 15–17, 146–7 see also coalition 35 support; First Gulf War (1991); Iraq credit rating 182 war (2003) culture, and anti-Americanism 3, 6, 10, American unipolarity/multipolarity 37–8, 112–14 175, 187 declining world status 181–3 American voters 23 economic power 185 analytic framework description 15–18 exceptionalism 45–6 anti-Bushism, 131–2, 149 see also Bush favorable opinions toward 62, 152, anti-great powerism 187–90 194–229 Arab public opinion 26–7 ﬁnancial status 182–3 Arab Street 26 Gulf wars costs 119–26 Argentina higher education 108, 185–7 on Iraq war 145–6 innovation, and economic strength 185 on Obama effect 172 military spending 185 Armitage, Richard 57 multilateralism 149, 159 attitudes, and anti-Americanism 5 political leaders, and public opinion 24 Aznar, José Maria 30 standing in United Nations 65 tourism to 3–4, 19, 53–4, 102–8 Barratt, Bethany 117–19 tripartite measure of power 184–5 bias, and anti-Americanism 6 unilateralism, and anti-Americanism 3, Blair, Tony 30, 42, 51, 127, 145 8–9, 36–7 Blix, Hans 33–4 working population 185 blogosphere, and world opinion 179 American consumer products overseas Brand America 15, 19, 48–50, 52–3, 81–3, see Brand America 112–14, 116, 174–5 American foreign policy see also Coca-Cola; Starbucks Afghanistan 4 Britain see United Kingdom effects of anti-Americanism 2–4 Bulgaria, anti-Americanism in 9–10 as hypocritical 9–10 Burnside, Greig 84

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03232-3 - Anti-Americanism and the Rise of World Opinion: Consequences for the US National Interest Monti Narayan Datta Index More information

Index 243

Bush, George H. W. pledge variable 133, 140–4 effects on UN voting 156–70 population variable 164–8 Western European attitudes to 131–2 and public opinion 126–7 Bush, George W. troops variable 133–7, 139–40, 162–70 as cause of anti-Americanism 10 USAID variable 133–7, 164–8 effects on UN voting 156–70 see also variables in anti-Americanism and Hugo Chavez 12 Coalition of the Willing 19, 130, 136–9, 145 popularity in Africa 171 Coca-Cola 20, 114 September 11 Address to the Nation xi comparative consumer study 84–9 State of the Union Address (2002) 32–3, cross-national sales 83 145–6 European sales 88 Western European attitudes to 131–2 global sales trends 90–7, 114–15 and WMD 42 see also Brand America Bush Doctrine 8–9, 32–3, 57, 146 Cold War end, and soft balancing 37, 41 Bush presidency variable 65–74, 93–7, collective legitimacy 127–8 101–2, 105–7, 110–12 consequences of anti-Americanism 11–15 consequences for US hard power 14–15 Cadbury-Schweppes consequences for US soft power 14 consumer study 84–9 Converse, Philip A. 23 European sales 88 Canadian public opinion 25 de Villepin, Dominique 33–4, 36, 57 Castro, Fidel 12 deaths variable 164–8 CFR (Council on Foreign Relations) 175 deﬁnitions of anti-Americanism 5–6 Chavez, Hugo 12, 30, 46 distrust, and anti-Americanism 5 China dollar depreciation, against euro 85 and American products 84, 113 anti-Chinese sentiment 188–9 economic boycott, by global consumers economic power 185 48–50, 83–97 global protests against 188 economic consequences of anti- military spending 185 Americanism 3–4, 19, 48–50 public opinion and policy 28 ElBaradei, Mohamed 33–4 as rising superpower 183 electoral variable 133–7 and US debt 183 Europe variable 94–5, 101–2, 108, 110–12 working population 185 European ideology 53–4 Chiozza, Giacomo 2, 10–11, 20, 96 exchange rate variable 101, 105–7 “clash of civilizations” thesis 52, 73–4, 77, 101, 108, 110–11, 135, 139, 165 Facebook, and world opinion 177–8 Claude, Inis 46–8 Falkenberg, Charles S. xi Clinton, Bill 96 favorable opinion data by country 205–29 effects on UN voting 156–70 favorable opinion question wording Clinton, Hillary 179 194–204 coalition support favorable opinion variable 60–1, 65–74, alliance variable 133–7 93–5, 100–2, 105–7, 110–11, 129, collective legitimacy 127–8 133–44, 168, 174–5 deaths variable 164–8 Finnemore, Martha 127–8 electoral variable 133–7 First Gulf War (1991) favorable opinion variable 129, 133–44 coalition size/membership 120 favourable opinion in Western Europe costs compared to Iraq war (2003) 128–30 119–26 freedom variable 133–7, 165 costs to US taxpayer 124 GDP per capita variable 133–7, 164–8 European favorable opinion 128–30 major power variable 133–7 ﬁnancial support for United States membership variable 132 124–5 military strength variable 133–7 in-kind services to United States 125–6 Muslim variable 133–7, 164–8 Iraqi casualties 122–3

244 Index

First Gulf War (1991) (cont.) Iraq Multinational Force 19 overall costs to United States 119 Iraq war (2003) PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) 122 anti-American sentiment and support public opinion 119 119 support by country 121–2 and anti-Americanism 3, 20, 117–19 support in Western Europe 129 coalition size/membership 120 US casualties 120–2 costs compared to First Gulf War (1991) see also coalition support; Iraq war (2003) 119–26 France costs to US taxpayer 124 and American culture 112–13 demonstrations against 21–2, 57 on George W. Bush 171 economic support 132 on Iraq war 144–5 European favorable opinion 128–30 on Obama effect 171 ﬁnancial support for United States 124–5 public opinion, and foreign policy 25, 29 global disapproval of United States 34–7, relations with United States 112–13 50–1, 57 UN voting behaviour 79 in-kind services to United States 125–6 freedom variable 133–7, 165 Iraqi casualties 122–3 Furia, Peter 117–19 overall costs to United States 119 political support 132 GDP per capita variable 94–5, 97, 101–2, prelude to 31–4 105–7, 110–12, 133–7, 164–8 PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) Germany 122 and American culture 112 public opinion 119 on George W. Bush 171–2 public opinion hypothesis results 137 on Iraq war 144–5 support by country 117–19, 121–2, 142–4 on Obama effect 171–2 support in Western Europe 129 relations with United States 112–13 UK public opinion and policy 30 global military spending 185 UN Resolution 1441 21 GMI (Global Market Insite) 48–9 US casualties 120–2 Gulf wars see First Gulf War (1991); Iraq WMD (weapons of mass destruction) war (2003) 31–4 and world opinion 176 see also coalition Habermas, Jürgen 26–7 support; First Gulf War (1991) Hamilton, Lee 1 Iraqi casualties 122–3 Hao, Yufan 84 ISAF (International Security Assistance hard power 146–7 Force) see Afghanistan Holsti, Ole 2, 35–6 Islamophobia 65 Huntington, Samuel 52, 135, 139, 165 Israel, special relationship with America 9 Italian public opinion 25 India, and American products 113 Indonesia Kagan, Robert 52–3 and American foreign policy 29, 78–9 Katzenstein, Peter J. 2, 5, 7, 20, 84–9, 107, and American products 113–14 115, 117, 132 on Obama effect 171 Kennedy, Paul 182 The Innocence of Muslims 1, 82–3 Kenya institutions, as great powers 189 and American products 113 International Reconstruction Fund for on anti-Americanism 79 Iraq 140 on George W. Bush 171 international relations, and Internet/online on Obama effect 171 social media 179–80 on UN voting alignment 79 interview methodology/techniques 17–18 Keohane, Robert O. 2, 5, 7, 20, 84–9, 107, interviews 115, 117, 132 with diplomats/ofﬁcials 29–31, 78–80, King, Martin Luther III 21 112–14, 144–6, 170–2 Kirkpatrick, Jeane 58 questions 17 Krasner, Stephen 13, 19–20

Index 245

Lebanon Obama effect 19–20, 149 anti-American protests 82–3 on Afghanistan war 159–70 US product boycott 84 assessment of 154–63 legitimacy in United Nations 155–70 of American policy 45, 57, 80 Obama presidency, as variable 166–70 of states 57 O’Connor, Brendon 2 liberal anti-Americanism 6, 190 opinion, and anti-Americanism 5 lobbied votes variable 60–1, 65–74, 80 opposition to US policies, and anti-Americanism 36–7 McDonald’s overseas students, in United States 108–12, comparative consumer study 84–9 115–16 European sales 88 Machiavelli, Niccolò, on public opinion 31 Pakistan McPherson, Alan 2, 12 and American foreign policy 29, 78 The Macro Polity 42 and American products 113 Macro Polity 174 on Iraq war 145–6 Madrid Donor Conference 19, 119, 124, 133 on Obama effect 170–1 major power variable 133–7 Palmer, Larry 30 Markovits, Andrei 2, 10, 20 Pape, Robert 38–40, 54 Martin, Dick 85 Paris Club 132 measuring anti-Americanism 7–8, 60–1 Pew Research Center 7–8, 20, 27, 34–5, 40, Meetup, and world opinion 178 93, 96, 167, 187 methodological approaches 16–18 Pickering, Thomas R. 78 Meunier, Sophie 2, 12 pledge variable 133–7 Mexico, policy making 25 plenary session votes variable 60–1, 65–77, military strength variable 133–7 80 Morgenthau, Hans 40 Poland, public opinion and foreign policy multidimensionality, of anti-Americanism 29–30 2–3, 19 policy making, and public opinion 24 multilateralism see America political beneﬁts from anti-Americanism multinationals interviewed 18 11–13 Muslim variable 65, 73–4, 94–5, 97, 101–2, political consequences of anti-Americanism 105–6, 108, 110–12, 133–7, 165 18–19 political elites, and public attitudes 43–4, National Archives (US) 7, 20, 93, 173–4 174 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty polyvalent sources of anti-Americanism Organization) 10–11 decline 36 population variable 94–5, 97, 101–2, troop contributions to ISAF 164 105–7, 110–12, 164–8 Nau, Henry 19–20 post-America idea 181–3 Nestlé, comparative consumer study 84–9 post-Cold War era, inﬂuence on Middle Nike East 27 comparative consumer study 84–9 Powell, Colin 31–3, 36, 47, 57 European sales 88 power types (tripartite) 184 North Korea, public opinion and policy pre-emption see Bush Doctrine 28–9 prejudice, and anti-Americanism 5 Nye, Joseph S. Jr. 45, 57, 81, 184–5 pro-Americanism 148–9 pro-Bushism 131–2 Obama, Barack PTSD (post traumatic stress disorder) and Afghanistan war 159–70 122 and anti-Americanism 12, 19–20, 96 public diplomacy 191–3 effects on UN voting 156–9 public opinion global popularity 19–20 in authoritarian regimes outside Middle Nobel Peace Prize 154 East 27–9 world reactions to 149–54 in democracies outside United States 25

246 Index

public opinion (cont.) critique of 39–41 interviews with diplomats/ofﬁcials 29–31, and domestic political initiatives 39–40 78–80, 112–14, 144–6 and end of Cold War 41 as macro polity 174 and macro polity 174 in Middle East 26–7 neoliberal theory 41–8, 54–6, 80 power of 22–31 realism theory 40–2, 54see also public in United States 23–4 opinion hypothesis worldwide 24–31 soft power 14, 187 public opinion hypothesis 8, 18–19, 45, sources of anti-Americanism 8–11 47–8, 50–1, 54, 67–70, 74, 80, 180 sovereign-nationalist anti-Americanism 6, and alliances 51 190 and Brand America 52–3 Spain “clash of civilizations” thesis 52 on Obama effect 172 and coalition membership 117 public opinion and technology 30 and coalition support 126–7 relations with United States 113 and Coca-Cola global sales trends 90–7, UN voting behaviour 79 114 Starbucks 20 and foreign aid 51–2 global growth 83, 97–102, 114–15 and Iraq war 117–19 statistical analysis 16–17 in Kosovo 127 Stearns, Peter 176 and Obama effect 164 Steinberg, Guido 83–4 and political explanations 53–4 store change variable 100 and religion 52 students, as variable 108–12, 116 and Starbucks global growth 97–102, 114 studying abroad, in United States 108–12, UN votes and foreign aid 63–4 115–16 and UN voting alignment 58–70 Su, Lin 84 public sphere theory 26–7 Putin, Vladimir 33 technology, inﬂuence on Middle East 27 technology, and world opinion 177–81 Quelch, John 15 Thailand, and American foreign policy 29 tipping point, in anti-Americanism 43 radical anti-Americanism 6, 190 tourism to America, and anti-Americanism Reagan, Ronald, effects on UN voting 3–4, 19, 53–4, 102–8, 115–16 156–70 tourist arrivals variable 103–5 Rebuilding Brand America 85 tourist spending variable 104–5 religion, and public opinion 52, 73–4, 94 tripartite measure of power 184–5 Report to the Congress on Voting Patterns in the troops variable 133–7, 139–40, 162–70 United Nations 47, 58–9 Tutu, Archbishop Desmond 21 Roh Moo-hyun 12 Twitter, and world opinion 178 Rusciano, Frank 176 types of anti-Americanism 6, 190

Saddam Hussein 31–2 Ukraine, policy making 25 sanctions, and anti-Americanism 5 UN (United Nations), authority of Saudi Arabia, US product boycott 83–4 46–8 Schröder, Gerhard 12, 33 UN weapons inspectors 33–4 Second Gulf War see Iraq war (2003) UNGA (UN General Assembly) 2–3, 14, security consequences of anti-Americanism 43 19 voting alignment 18–20, 36–7, 51–5, September 11 attack xi, 1 58–74 social anti-Americanism 6, 190 across US presidencies 157–70 social networking sites alliances and 64, 72, 80 inﬂuence on Middle East 27 foreign aid inﬂuence on 63–4, 156 and world opinion 177–81 and morality 79 soft balancing 37–9 Obama effect on 155–9 competing explanations for 39 regional effects 65, 73–4

Index 247

statistical methodology 67 Muslim influence 65, 73–4, 94–5, 97, and UN membership 65, 73–4, 77, 101–2, 105–6, 108, 110–12, 165 156 plenary session votes 60–1, 65–77, 80 US-lobbied votes 59 population 94–5, 97, 101–2, 105–7, variables see variables in anti- 110–12 Americanism store change 100 voting abstentions 60, 65–6, 70 students 108–12, 116 wealthy states 64–5, 156 tourist arrivals 103–5 see also public opinion hypothesis tourist spending 104–5 unilateralism see America UN membership 65, 73–4, 77 United Action Council (Pakistan) 12 USAID 51–2, 72, 74, 165 United Kingdom visa waiver 104–7 and American culture 112–13 voting abstentions 65–6, 70 consumption of US products 84 see also coalition support variables on Iraq war 145 Venezuela, public opinion and policy 30 public opinion and foreign policy 30 visa waiver variable 104–7 relations with United States 112–13 Voeten, Erik 36–7 UN voting behaviour 79 Vogt, Ulrich 84 university ranking, worldwide 185–7 voting alignment see UNGA UNSC (UN Security Council) VWP (Visa Waiver Program) 104–5 and Iraq war 47 Resolution 1373 47 Whittington, Leslie A., and family xi Resolution 1441 21, 31–2, 41 WikiLeaks, and world opinion 178–9 Resolution 1483 47 Wikipedia, and world opinion 178 US Standing in the World: Causes, Wilcox, Clyde 176 Consequences, and the Future 19–20 WMD (weapons of mass destruction) 31–4, US (United States) see America 42, 146 USAID (US Agency for International Wohlforth, William 38 Development) 51–2, 72, 74, 133–7, Woodnutt, Tom 84 165 world opinion USIA (US Information Agency) 7–8, and climate change 181 173–4, 191 definitions of 176 and Egypt crisis 177–8 variables in anti-Americanism in foreign policy crises 176 alliances 64, 72, 77 future research questions 181 Bush presidency 65–74, 93–7, 101–2, implications for study of 175–7 105–7, 110–12 individuals in networks 180 Europe 94–5, 101–2, 106, 108, 110–12 rising significance of 180–1 exchange rate 101, 105–7 and social networking 177–81 favorable opinion 60–1, 65–74, 93–5, and technology 177–81, 187 100–2, 105–7, 110–11 GDP per capita 94–5, 97, 101–2, 105–7, Zakaria, Fareed 181–3, 185–7 110–12 Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez 30 lobbied votes 60–1, 65–74, 80 Zogby International 7–8, 93, 173–4