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Media Diplomacy: the Negotiator's Dilemma Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1990-12 Media diplomacy: the negotiator's dilemma Howell, Abigail S. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27601 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DTQ ===== MARO0, igzrm+ THESIS MEDIA DIPLOMACY: THE NEGOTIATOR'S DILEMMA BY ABIGAIL S. HOWELL DECEMBER 1990 Thesis Advisor: R. MITCHELL BROWN III Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 92-05046 92 2 26052'| ', SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 la REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLASSIFIED 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approved for public release; 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE Distribution ig unlimiteA. 4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION N~va' Postgraduate School I(If applicable) 38 Naval Postgraduate School 6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING .. 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) 8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO NO NO ACCESSION NO 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) MEDIA DIPLOMACY: THE NEGOTIATOR'S DILEMMA 12 PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Howell, Abigail S. 13a TYPE OF REPORT 13b TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) 15 PAGE COUNT Master's Thesis I FROM TO December 1990 241 16 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. 17 COSATI CODES 18 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Media diplomacy, Media Elite, Freedom of the Press, Public Relations, NegotiationProcess, Military Elite, Official and Unofficial Practitioners and Methods of Media Diplomac 19 ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) The concept of Media Diplomacy is examined focusing on the influence of the media in the realm of intrnational relations in general, and the military negotiator, in particular. Three geo-political government types are discussed, the United States as representative of a democratic government answerable to a free press; the Union of Soviet Socialist Re- publics as a stt-controlled system tn jhe midst of transit on to a liberated prss; and a Thjn1rd World military regime, specif ca ly Brazil from the 1960s to the 198Os, with :.ts development, control, and subsequent loss of authority over the press. Each Veopolitical area study examines both the official and unofficial practitioners of Media Diplomacy. Offered in direct contrast to the authoritarian military regime is the establishment and development of the U. S. constitutional military. Although the Department of Defense efforts are reviewed, the focus is on the U. S. Navy and its past diplomatic efforts, the military's official and unofficial efforts at media diplomacy are explored. The military negotiator's dilemma in the current Media Diplomacy environment is presented. Four areas which offer the potential for improvement are included: media reform, military public affairs preventive maintenance, limited censorship, and designing an information strategn as a possible means to resolve the negotiator's dilemma. 20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION rBUNCLASSIFIED/UNLIMITED [0 SAME AS RPT 0 DTIC USERS UNCLASSIFIED 22a NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (Include Area Code) 22c OFFICE SYMBOL R. Mitchell Brown, II (408) 646-2286 1 B DD Form 1473, JUN 86 Previous editions are obsolete SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE S/N 0102-LF-014-6603 i SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE Item 18 cont: Information Strategy, Censorship, Communications, Alternative Media. DO Form 1473, JUN 86 (Reverse) SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Media Diplomacy: The Negotiator's Dilemma by Abigail S. Howell Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.A., Nazareth College of Rochester Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 1990 Approved by:_ _ _ CDR R. Mitchell Brown, II,Thes- s"A't*sor r Dr. Thomas C. Bruneau, Chairman 0o0ss.ton For Department of National Security Affairs NTIS C-A&I DTLu TAF ii' / !. i ' c". - fl ___ "( 1t:11,b" V%... ,. ,, ___f _. ' I I II I I I r ' ABSTRACT The concept of Media Diplomacy is examined, focusing on the influence of the media in the realm of international relations in general, and the military negotiator, in particular. Three geo-political government types are discussed, the United States as representative of a democratic government answerable to a free press; the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a state-controlled system in the midst of transition to a liberated press; and a Third World military regime, specifically Brazil from the 1960s to the 1980s, with its development, control, and subsequent loss of authority over the press. Each geopolitical area study examines both the official and unofficial practitioners of Media Diplomacy. Offered in direct contrast to the authoritarian military regime is the establishment and development of the U. S. constitutional military. Although the Department of Defense efforts are reviewed, the focus is on the U. S. Navy and its past diplomatic efforts, the military's official and unofficial efforts at media diplomacy are explored. The military negotiator's dilemma in the current Media Diplomacy environment is presented. Four areas which offer the potential for improvement are included: media reform, military public affairs preventive maintenance, limited censorship, and designing an information strategy, as a possible means to resolve the negotiator's dilemma. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 II. MEDIA DIPLOMACY - ORIGINS AND MEANINGS .......................... 4 A. HISTORY OF COMMUNICATIONS ............................................... 4 1. The Language of Speech ......................................... 5 2. The Written Word ................................... ................................. 7 3. Newsbooks, Newspapers, and the Rise of Reporters ................... 10 B. TECHNOLOGY OF COMMUNICATIONS .................................. 17 1. Telegraph, Telephone, Tell the World ......................................... 17 2. Radio and Television: The Voice and the Eyes of the W orld ........................................................ 20 3. Mass Media Minus the Monopoly ................................................ 22 C. HISTORY OF DIPLOMACY ......................................................... 23 1. Origins ............................................................................................. 23 2. The Congress System in Concert With Europe ........................... 25 3. The New World Foreign Policy ................................................... 28 D. DIPLOMACY OF COMMUNICATIONS ....................................... 29 1. Purposes of Diplomatic Communication ....................................... 30 2. The Personnel of Diplomacy ............. ................................... 31 E. TECHNOLOGY OF DIPLOMACY ................................................... 34 1. Rapid Speech Transmitted but Slowly ...................................... 34 2. The Middle Ages of Diplomatic Exchanges ............................... 35 3. The Industrial Revolution ............................................................ 36 V F. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS ......... ......................................... 38 1. Mass Media .. ............... ................. ..... ...... .............................. ...38 2. The Eight Faces of Diplomacy ................................................. 39 3. Media Diplomacy Defined at Last .................... ........... 40 III. MEDIA IN THE U.S. - LEVELS OF DIPLOMACY IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY .................................................................. 42 A. OFFICIAL PRACTITIONERS OF MEDIA DIPLOMACY ...... 42 1. Embassy Information Officers ................. ......... 42 2. United States Information Agency - "Public Diplomacy?" ...... 44 3. Presidents, Press Secretaries, and the Power of Words .............. 47 B. UNOFFICIAL PRACTITIONERS OF MEDIA DIPLOMACY ..... 49 1. Styles of Journalism ............. ...... ..... 49 2. The Media Elite .......... ............................ 52 3. The Fourth Estate .................................... ..... 53 C. MEDIA DIPLOMACY METHODS ....................... 55 1. Official: Sanctioned Manipulation of the Press ........... ....... 55 a. News Conferences and Rebuttals .............................................. 55 b. Leaks and Publications..... ................ 56 c. Media Opportunity ..................................................................... 58 2. Unofficial: Manipulation is a Two-Way Street ___........... 58 a. Recycled News and UnidentiftedSources ................................. 59 b. Interviewing and Outerviewing................................................. 59 c. Twenty-Two Minute Laws .......................................................
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