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International Crimes in Crimea
International Crimes in Crimea: An Assessment of Two and a Half Years of Russian Occupation SEPTEMBER 2016 Contents I. Introduction 6 A. Executive summary 6 B. The authors 7 C. Sources of information and methodology of documentation 7 II. Factual Background 8 A. A brief history of the Crimean Peninsula 8 B. Euromaidan 12 C. The invasion of Crimea 15 D. Two and a half years of occupation and the war in Donbas 23 III. Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court 27 IV. Contextual elements of international crimes 28 A. War crimes 28 B. Crimes against humanity 34 V. Willful killing, murder and enforced disappearances 38 A. Overview 38 B. The law 38 C. Summary of the evidence 39 D. Documented cases 41 E. Analysis 45 F. Conclusion 45 VI. Torture and other forms of inhuman treatment 46 A. Overview 46 B. The law 46 C. Summary of the evidence 47 D. Documented cases of torture and other forms of inhuman treatment 50 E. Analysis 59 F. Conclusion 59 VII. Illegal detention 60 A. Overview 60 B. The law 60 C. Summary of the evidence 62 D. Documented cases of illegal detention 66 E. Analysis 87 F. Conclusion 87 VIII. Forced displacement 88 A. Overview 88 B. The law 88 C. Summary of evidence 90 D. Analysis 93 E. Conclusion 93 IX. Crimes against public, private and cultural property 94 A. Overview 94 B. The law 94 C. Summary of evidence 96 D. Documented cases 99 E. Analysis 110 F. Conclusion 110 X. Persecution and collective punishment 111 A. Overview 111 B. -
Key Findings
Briefing Paper Released on: 31 March 2021 ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES IN THE AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA AND THE CITY OF SEVASTOPOL, UKRAINE, TEMPORARILY OCCUPIED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION KEY FINDINGS 1. Since the beginning of the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, Ukraine, (“Crimea”) in 2014,1 OHCHR has documented 43 cases of enforced disappearances in Crimea; 2. These mostly took the form of abductions and kidnappings and the victims consist of 39 men and 4 women; 3. The first documented enforced disappearance took place on 3 March 2014 and the most recent on 23 May 2018; 4. Out of the 43 victims of enforced disappearances, 11 persons (all men) remain missing and one man remains in detention; 5. Alleged perpetrators comprised militia groups, such as the Crimean self-defense and Cossack groups; agents of the Russian Federal Security Service; and other law enforcement authorities, including the Crimean police. 6. Perpetrators have used torture and ill-treatment to force victims to self-incriminate or testify against others, as well as retaliation for their political affiliation or position; 7. No individual has been prosecuted in relation to any of the enforced disappearances, as well as torture and ill-treatment, documented by OHCHR. 1 For an overview of applicable bodies of international human rights law and international humanitarian law in Crimea, see OHCHR, “Situation of human rights in temporarily occupied Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol (Ukraine)” (hereinafter “OHCHR first report on Crimea”), paras. 36-45, available at www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/Crimea2014_2017_EN.pdf. -
1 Introduction
State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES For map and other editors For international use Ukraine Kyiv “Kartographia” 2011 TOPONYMIC GUIDELINES FOR MAP AND OTHER EDITORS, FOR INTERNATIONAL USE UKRAINE State Service of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre State Scientific Production Enterprise “Kartographia” ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prepared by Nina Syvak, Valerii Ponomarenko, Olha Khodzinska, Iryna Lakeichuk Scientific Consultant Iryna Rudenko Reviewed by Nataliia Kizilowa Translated by Olha Khodzinska Editor Lesia Veklych ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ © Kartographia, 2011 ISBN 978-966-475-839-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ................................................................ 5 2 The Ukrainian Language............................................ 5 2.1 General Remarks.............................................. 5 2.2 The Ukrainian Alphabet and Romanization of the Ukrainian Alphabet ............................... 6 2.3 Pronunciation of Ukrainian Geographical Names............................................................... 9 2.4 Stress .............................................................. 11 3 Spelling Rules for the Ukrainian Geographical Names....................................................................... 11 4 Spelling of Generic Terms ....................................... 13 5 Place Names in Minority Languages -
CRIMEAN ALBUM: Stories of Human Rights Defenders IRYNA VYRTOSU CRIMEAN ALBUM: STORIES of HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS УДК 342.72/.73(477.75-074)(092) К82
IRYNA VYRTOSU CRIMEAN ALBUM: Stories Of Human Rights Defenders IRYNA VYRTOSU CRIMEAN ALBUM: STORIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS УДК 342.72/.73(477.75-074)(092) К82 Author of text: Iryna Vyrtosu. Editor and author of idea: Tetiana Pechonchyk. Production photographer: Valeriya Mezentseva. Photographers: Mykola Myrnyi, Iryna Kriklya, Olexiy Plisko, as well as photos from the personal archives of the heroes. Transcription of the interviews: Yana Khmelyuk. Translator: Olga Lobastova. Proofreader: Arthur Rogers. Design composition and layout: Pavlo Reznikov. I. Vyrtosu К82 Crimean Album: Stories of Human Rights Defenders / I. Vyrtosu; edit. Т. Pechonchyk; Human Rights Information Centre. – Kyiv: KBC, 2019. – 232 p. ISBN 978-966-2403-16-9 This book contains evidence and memories of Crimean human rights defenders including their work experience before and after the occupation. There are twenty personal stories about the past, present and future of people, who continue to fight for the protection of human rights in Crimea even after losing their home, as well as those, who oppose reprisals living under the occupation. These are stories of Olga Anoshkina, Eskender Bariyev, Mykhailo Batrak, Oleksandra Dvoretska, Abdureshyt Dzhepparov, Lilia Hemedzhy, Sergiy Zayets, Synaver Kadyrov, Emil Kurbedinov, Alyona Luniova, Roman Martynovsky, Ruslan Nechyporuk, Valentyna Potapova, Anna Rassamakhina, Daria Svyrydova, Olga Skrypnyk and Vissarion Aseyev, Iryna Sedova and Oleksandr Sedov, Tamila Tasheva, Maria Sulialina, Volodymyr Chekryhin. The book is intended -
SGGEE Ukrainian Gazetteer 201908 Other.Xlsx
SGGEE Ukrainian gazetteer other oblasts © 2019 Dr. Frank Stewner Page 1 of 37 27.08.2021 Menno Location according to the SGGEE guideline of October 2013 North East Russian name old Name today Abai-Kutschuk (SE in Slavne), Rozdolne, Crimea, Ukraine 454300 331430 Абаи-Кучук Славне Abakly (lost), Pervomaiske, Crimea, Ukraine 454703 340700 Абаклы - Ablesch/Deutsch Ablesch (Prudy), Sovjetskyi, Crimea, Ukraine 451420 344205 Аблеш Пруди Abuslar (Vodopiyne), Saky, Crimea, Ukraine 451837 334838 Абузлар Водопійне Adamsfeld/Dsheljal (Sjeverne), Rozdolne, Crimea, Ukraine 452742 333421 Джелял Сєверне m Adelsheim (Novopetrivka), Zaporizhzhia, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine 480506 345814 Вольный Новопетрівка Adshiaska (Rybakivka), Mykolaiv, Mykolaiv, Ukraine 463737 312229 Аджияск Рибаківка Adshiketsch (Kharytonivka), Simferopol, Crimea, Ukraine 451226 340853 Аджикечь Харитонівка m Adshi-Mambet (lost), Krasnohvardiiske, Crimea, Ukraine 452227 341100 Аджи-мамбет - Adyk (lost), Leninske, Crimea, Ukraine 451200 354715 Адык - Afrikanowka/Schweigert (N of Afrykanivka), Lozivskyi, Kharkiv, Ukraine 485410 364729 Африкановка/Швейкерт Африканівка Agaj (Chekhove), Rozdolne, Crimea, Ukraine 453306 332446 Агай Чехове Agjar-Dsheren (Kotelnykove), Krasnohvardiiske, Crimea, Ukraine 452154 340202 Агьяр-Джерень Котелникове Aitugan-Deutsch (Polohy), Krasnohvardiiske, Crimea, Ukraine 451426 342338 Айтуган Немецкий Пологи Ajkaul (lost), Pervomaiske, Crimea, Ukraine 453444 334311 Айкаул - Akkerman (Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi), Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Odesa, Ukraine 461117 302039 Белгород-Днестровский -
Resolution on the State of Freedom of Expression in Crimea
RESOLUTION ON THE STATE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN CRIMEA Proposed by PEN Ukraine Seconded by German PEN, PEN Estonia, Latvian PEN, Polish PEN, PEN Belarus PEN International is deeply concerned about sweeping restrictions to freedom of expression in Crimea, occupied and ‘annexed’ by the Russian Federation in March 2014 in violation of international law. In the five and a half years since the unrecognized ‘annexation’ of Crimea, the United Nations and human rights groups have recorded multiple and grave human rights violations in the peninsula, including arbitrary searches, arrests and detentions, enforced disappearances, ill-treatment and torture, flagrant abuses of fair trial rights and killings.1 The Russian Federation continues to apply its laws in Crimea in violation of the obligation under international humanitarian law to respect the existing legislation of the occupied territory. At least 90 people from Crimea, including citizen journalists and human rights activists, were being kept in Crimean and Russian prisons on politically motivated ground at the time of writing. 2 Journalists and creative professionals have been subject to repression. Since 2014, 12 independent Crimean media outlets have been forced to leave the peninsula and to temporarily operate from Kyiv, Ukraine. 3 The Russian Federation authorities in Crimea have denied various manifestations of Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar culture and identity. Since the ‘annexation’ the number of schools teaching in Crimean Tatar has decreased more than twofold; there is not a single school left with Ukrainian as the language of instruction.4 Institutions promoting Ukrainian culture and traditions have been shut down. The most significant historical monument of the Crimean Tatars, the XVI century Khan’s Palace in Bakhchysarai, is being destroyed under the guise of restoration.5 The Mejlis, a Crimean-Tatar elected representative body, has been banned since 2016 on the grounds that it was an ‘extremist organisation’. -
Racism, Discrimination and Fight Against “Extremism” in Contemporary Russia
RACISM, DISCRIMINATION and FIGHT AGAINSt “EXTREMISm” IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA Alternative Report on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination By the Russian Federation For the 93rd Session of the UN CERD July 31 – August 11, 2017 Racism, Discrimination and fight against “extremism” in contemporary Russia. Alternative Report on the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination By the Russian Federation. For the 93rd Session of the UN CERD. July 31 – August 11, 2017. INDEX INTRODUCTION . 4 RACIALLY MOTIVATED VIOLENCE . 6 Hate crimes . 6 Reaction of the authorities to xenophobic speech . 7 Combating online incitement to hatred . 7 Federal list of extremist materials . 9 Definition of “extremist activities” . 9 DiSCRIMINATION IN CRIMEA . 12 Racial discrimination against Crimean Tatars in Crimea . 12 Restrictions on the operating of national institutions and systematic violation of civil and political rights . 12 Barriers to studying and using the Crimean Tatar language . 14 Freedom of religion and access to religious and culture sites . 15 State propaganda and incitement of ethnic strife . 18 Discrimination against Ukrainians . 21 Studying and using the Ukrainian language . 24 Holding of cultural events . 26 DiSCRIMINATION AGAINST MIGRANTS FROM REGIONS OF THE CAUCASUS TO RUSSIA (in the example of cities in western Siberia) . 28 Restrictions during the hiring process, lower salaries, and the glass ceiling in the public sector and at large corporations . 29 Problems with registration, renting housing, and conscription . 31 Increased attention from law enforcement authorities . Discriminatory and accusatory rhetoric in the media and society . 32 Nationalist organizations and their initial support from the government . -
Ukraine: Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk
Country Policy and Information Note Ukraine: Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk Version 3.0 September 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. -
STATEMENT by MR. ALEXANDER LUKASHEVICH, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION, at the 1186Th MEETING of the OSCE PERMANENT COUNCIL
PC.DEL/630/18 18 May 2018 ENGLISH Original: RUSSIAN Delegation of the Russian Federation STATEMENT BY MR. ALEXANDER LUKASHEVICH, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, AT THE 1186th MEETING OF THE OSCE PERMANENT COUNCIL 17 May 2018 On the anniversary of the deportation of the Crimean Tatars Mr. Chairperson, The Crimean Tatars did indeed suffer a great deal during the period of repression, having endured deportation from their native territory. Together with them, we remember this tragic fact. And it was only Crimea’s reunification with Russia that made the rehabilitation, revival and development of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group, their language and culture, which had previously been ignored or disregarded by the Ukrainian authorities, a reality. On 21 April 2014, the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, signed Decree No. 268 on measures to rehabilitate the Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek, Crimean Tatar and German peoples and to provide State support for their revival and development. Later the Italian people were added to this list. A set of measures was developed to restore historical justice through the political, social and spiritual revival of peoples subjected to illegal political repression on ethnic and other grounds, including administrative expulsions. In addition, the scope of Law No. 1107-1 of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of 26 April 1991 on the rehabilitation of repressed peoples and Law No. 1761-1 of the Russian Federation of 18 October 1991 on the rehabilitation of the victims of political repression was fully extended to include the Crimean Tatars. As a result, more than 20,000 certificates of rehabilitation and certificates of the right to social support measures from the Russian State have already been issued to citizens. -
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES in RUSSIAN-OCCUPIED CRIMEA by Andrii Klymenko © 2015 the Atlantic Council of the United States and Freedom House
HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES IN RUSSIAN-OCCUPIED CRIMEA by Andrii Klymenko © 2015 The Atlantic Council of the United States and Freedom House. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Atlantic Council or Freedom House, except in the case of brief quotations in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. Please direct inquiries to: Atlantic Council Freedom House 1030 15th Street, NW, 12th Floor OR 1850 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20005 Washington, DC 20036 ISBN: 978-1-61977-980-8 Publication design: April Brady. Cover is a treatment of a photo of pro-Russia forces in Perevalne, Crimea. Photo credit: Anton Holoborodko This report is written and published in accordance with the Atlantic Council Policy on Intellectual Independence. The author is solely responsible for its analysis and recommendations. The Atlantic Council, Freedom House, and their funders do not determine, nor do they necessarily endorse or advocate for, any of this report’s conclusions. March 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 3 Human Rights Abuses in Russian-Occupied Crimea ...............................................................................4 Changing the Guard, -
Analytica Report
EU/UNDP Support to the Regional Development in Crimea ANALYTICAL REPORT including situation and revitalization needs analysis and recommendations on selection of pilot cities for the further development and implementation of revitalization strategies Sorina Racoviceanu – May 2013 1 EU/UNDP Support to the Regional Development in Crimea FOREWORD: Context and methodology of the analytical report In August 2010, UNDP launched a two year EU funded Technical Assistance Project in Crimea to build the capacity of the newly created Regional Development Agency set up by the Crimean Government. Since March 2012, the project has entered a second phase, providing support to selected Crimean municipalities and districts to help them design development projects and attract development funding to their territories.P Several municipalities (old cities/towns with an important historical heritage) share a common issue: despite of having the potential to attract visitors, tourists and businesses, they are not sufficiently equipped in terms of infrastructure and services to do so. This report is based on the expert’s assignment that took place during 22 April – 3 May 2013, and focused on eleven pilot municipalities – Bakhchisaray, Belogorsk, Evpatoriya, Feodosiya, Gurzuf, Kerch, Simeiz, Simferopol, Stariy Krym, Sudak, and Yalta. Its objective is to carry out an in depth analysis of these cities, which will help them understand their current situation and revitalization needs, and to contribute to the selection of up to 5 cities, which could be recommended as pilots for development and implementation of revitalization strategies.. The report is developed by Sorina Racoviceanu, international expert in old cities revitalization, supported by Kostiantyn Ploskyi, local expert. -
The Genocide of the Crimean Tatars from 1944 to the Present The
The Genocide of the Crimean Tatars from 1944 to the Present The Crimean Tatars were subjected to an intentional campaign of genocide and ethnic cleansing in 1944, when Stalin and the Soviet leadership ordered the forcible deportation of the Crimean Tatars from Crimea. Soviet propaganda sought to justify this mass deportation as a form of collective punishment for collaborating with the Nazi occupation regime in during 1942– 1943. Most scholars and commentators, however, agree that the true aim of the Soviet government was the ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars. This constituted the continuation of a policy practiced earlier in the Caucasus, whereby ethnic groups were selected to be deported and then charges of “treason” were fabricated. Soviet motivations for the elimination of the Crimean Tatars included the strategic location of Crimea next to the Black Sea and close to Turkey. Another motivation was their close historical and cultural ties with Turkey. Since the Soviet Union had a long-term plan to annex of the Ardahan and Karsprovinces of Turkey, and to demand naval bases at the Turkish Straits, the deportation of the Crimean Tatars took place in preparation for a possible future Soviet-Turkish conflict. At least 238,500 people were deported, mostly to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. This included the entire ethnic Crimean Tatar population. A large number of deportees (more than 100,000 according to a 1960s survey by Crimean Tatar activists) died from starvation or disease as a direct result of deportation. This was a clear-cut case of genocide and “ethnic cleansing.” Prior to the Stalinist repression, the Crimean Tatars had long been recognized as the indigenous people of the Crimean Peninsula, and the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Crimean ASSR) was established as an integral part of the Soviet Union.