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Os Abutres E Os Soberanos.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE DE COIMBRA FACULDADE DE DIREITO 2º CICLO DE ESTUDOS EM DIREITO Os “Abutres” e os “Soberanos” O surgimento e o papel dos fundos “abutres” no âmbito das dívidas soberanas Guilherme Berger Schmitt Dissertação apresentada no âmbito do 2.º Ciclo de Estudos em Direito da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra. Área de Especialização: Ciências Jurídico-Políticas Menção: Direito Internacional Público e Europeu Orientador: Prof. Dr. Jónatas E. M. Machado Coimbra 2014 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à minha família. Aos meus pais, Carlos Alberto e Leoni, pois, certamente, tive a minha curiosidade pelo saber desperta durante a observação aos seus árduos anos de estudos. Agradeço, igualmente, porque foram as suas realizações que auxiliaram a compreensão de que as minhas próprias ambições eram possíveis. Pelo apoio incondicional, pela paciência, por acreditarem em minha capacidade e, mais importante, por me fazerem acreditar nela. À minha irmã, pela amizade, pelo seu amor e por todos os momentos de alegria que partilhamos. À Thuane, namorada e amiga, pelo incondicional apoio a mim dedicado. Pelas inúmeras madrugadas de vigília, nas quais me acompanhava e incentivava. Igualmente, pela compreensão naquelas noites em que mal conversávamos, pois os prazos não permitiam. Agradeço, ainda, pelo incentivo nos momentos em que não encontrava forças para estudar. Acima de tudo, agradeço pelo nosso amor. Ao Professor Doutor Jónatas Machado, agradeço, primeiramente, pelo privilégio que tive em participar das suas aulas, ministradas no decorrer do período letivo. Agradeço, especialmente, por toda a sua dedicação e conhecimento compartilhados durante o período de orientação, assim como pelos esclarecimentos e fundamentais comentários nos momentos mais vitais desta pesquisa. Sua experiência e sabedoria foram essenciais à finalização desta longa etapa. Por fim, faz-se necessário o reconhecimento de que não é possível atribuir a produção de um trabalho desta magnitude, ou seja, de uma dissertação de mestrado, somente ao autor do texto. Não há dúvida alguma de que esta pesquisa é fruto da colaboração de diversas pessoas, mesmo que, em alguns casos, esta colaboração tenha se dado de maneira indireta. Assim, agradeço, enfim, aos colegas, professores, e a todos aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram ao desenvolvimento deste trabalho. ii RESUMO A presente dissertação visou investigar o papel dos fundos “abutres” no cenário internacional, nomeadamente no âmbito das dívidas soberanas. Para tal, estudou-se o contexto do aparecimento dos fundos “abutres” no cenário internacional. Este trabalho sugere a hipótese de que o ingresso destes fundos no âmbito das dívidas soberanas resultou diretamente dos “incentivos” jurídico-econômicos presentes, à época, no âmbito internacional. Deste modo, a análise de importantes marcos econômicos e jurídicos, assim como a análise da crise latino-americana da década de 80 e da paulatina erosão do instituto das imunidades jurisdicionais do Estado, fazem-se presentes nesta pesquisa. Este estudo busca colaborar à caracterização destes “novos” atores internacionais, apresentando uma detalhada explanação sobre o que são os fundos “abutres”, como surgiram, o seu modus operandi e, por fim, sobre os seus principais objetivos. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises de alguns casos de Estados soberanos que se declararam incapazes de pagar as suas dívidas, considerando as consequências políticas, econômicas e jurídicas advindas destas decisões. A análise destes objetivos indica que os fundos “abutres” podem ter, com algumas ressalvas, um papel positivo no âmbito das dívidas soberanas. Ademais, as conclusões deste trabalho sugerem a necessidade de futuros estudos para melhor compreender o intrincado papel dos fundos “abutres” no cenário internacional como um todo, pois a importância dos indícios da proliferação global destes fundos pode estender-se além do âmbito das dívidas soberanas. Palavras-chave: Fundos Abutres. Dívida Soberana. Reestruturação da Dívida Soberana. Imunidade Jurisdicional do Estado. iii ABSTRACT The purpose of the present master thesis was to investigate the role of vulture funds in the modern international relations, particularly in the context of sovereign debts. This was performed by studying the judicial and economical context of the appearance of vulture funds in the international scenario. This study suggests that the international emergence of these funds occurred as a direct result of the legal- economic "incentives" established at the time. Hence, the analysis of economic and legal landmarks, such as the Latin American sovereign debt crisis of the 80s, and the gradual erosion of the jurisdictional immunities of foreign States, are present in this research. This study seeks to collaborate to the characterization of these “new” international actors, by presenting a detailed explanation about the vulture funds, their appearance, modus operandi and, finally, their main objectives. To that end, specific cases of sovereign defaults were analyzed, considering the political, economic and legal consequences of these decisions. The analysis of these objectives indicate that the vulture funds could have, with some exceptions, a positive role in the context of sovereign debts. Furthermore, the findings suggest the need of future research to better understand the intricate role of the vulture funds in the international scenario, considering that the importance of their global proliferation may extend beyond the scope of the sovereign debts. Keywords: Vulture Funds. Sovereign Debt. Sovereign Debt Restructuring. State Immunity. iv RÉSUMÉ Le but du présent dissertation a été celui de déterminer le rôle des fonds vautours sur la scène internationale, notamment dans le contexte des dettes souveraines. Pour l’atteindre, le processus de l’apparition des fonds vautours sur le monde financier international a été étudié. Cette étude formule l’hypothèse que des incitations juridiques et économiques existant à l’époque sur la scène internationale sont les responsables directs de l’émergence de ces fonds dans le domaine des dettes souveraines. En conséquence, d’importants cadres économiques et juridiques, la crise latino-américaine des années 80 et l’érosion progressive des immunités juridictionnelles de l’État font l’objet d’analyse tout au long de ce travail. Cette étude cherche à collaborer à la caractérisation de ces nouveaux acteurs internationaux, en présentant une explication détaillée sur les fonds vautours, comment ils ont vu le jour, leur modus operandi et finalement leurs objectifs principaux. À cette fin ont été faites des analyses de certains cas d’États souverains qui se sont déclarés incapables de payer leurs dettes, compte tenu des conséquences politiques, économiques et juridiques qui en découlent. L’analyse de ces objectifs indique que les fonds vautours peuvent avoir, sous quelques réserves, un rôle positif dans le contexte des dettes souveraines. En outre, les conclusions de ce mémoire suggèrent le besoin d’études futures afin de mieux comprendre toute la complexité de la présence des fonds vautours sur la scène internationale, puisque l’importance des indices de sa prolifération mondiale peut s’etendre au delà du domaine des dettes souveraines. Mots-clés: Fonds Vautours. Dette Souveraine. Restructuration de la Dette Souveraine. Immunité Juridictionnelle de l’état. v LISTA DE SIGLAS E ABREVIATURAS AAF Acordo da Agência Fiscal APFD Acordo Plurianual de Facilidade de Depósito CAC Cláusula de Ação Coletiva CCB Comitê Consultivo Bancário FMI Fundo Monetário Internacional FSIA Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ONG Organização Não Governamental OPEP Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo vi ÍNDICE Introdução ................................................................................................................................. 1 Os “abutres” .............................................................................................................................. 7 I. Os fundos “abutres” .......................................................................................................... 9 II. As particularidades dos fundos “abutres” ....................................................................... 10 1. Os fundos de hedge ......................................................................................................... 10 2. A alcunha dos “abutres” .................................................................................................. 12 3. O mercado das dívidas soberanas ................................................................................... 14 4. Os “abutres” como hold-out creditors ............................................................................. 15 III. A recepção dos fundos “abutres” pela comunidade internacional .................................. 16 IV. A essência dos “abutres”: brevíssimas conclusões ......................................................... 19 O ninho dos “abutres”: as dívidas soberanas ...................................................................... 21 I. As Dívidas Soberanas ..................................................................................................... 21 II. A crise latino-americana de 1980: rumo ao sistema lucrativo “abutres” ........................ 23 1. Um negócio mutuamente atrativo ................................................................................... 24 2. O término das relações favoráveis: a grande crise de 80 ...............................................
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