DOCSLIB.ORG

HR TA-2.Pages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
HR TA-2.Pages ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] THE UNITED NATIONS Human Rights Council ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] Committee: United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) Topic A: Improving the legal, social, and economic status of non-binary and transgender individuals Written by: Leopoldo Salinas, Raúl Correa and Guillermo Maldonado I. Committee Background The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was created with the purpose of promoting, protecting and strengthening the universal human rights of all individuals. It was established on March 15, 2006 by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly as a replacement to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Moreover, its first session took place between June 19 and 30, 2006 in Geneva, Switzerland. Various issues such as freedom of association and assembly, freedom of expression, freedom of belief and religion, women's rights, LGBT rights, and the rights of racial and ethnic minorities are topics generally discussed by the UNHRC. Currently, the council consists of 47 member states which are selected by the General Assembly every three years (OHCHR, 2017). II. Topic information A) History of Topic A transgender individual refers to those whose gender differs from the one that they were given when they were born, while a non-binary person refers to a self- identification for genders that are not exclusively male or female (BeLonG To, 2017). ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] Examples of non-binary include being “genderfluid” (the identification of being able to change gender) and “agender” (not having a gender) (National Center for Transgender Equality, 2016). Individuals who identify as transgender or non-binary are discriminated against legally, socially and economically. The idea of heteronormativity or bigenderism, the belief that there are only two genders which are dictated by an individual’s genitalia at birth, is the main contributing factor to this problem (Gilbert, Transgender Studies and Feminism, 2009). Heteronormativity has lead to acts of violence being committed against transgender and non-binary people. According to a survey conducted by the National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs (NCAVP), 48% of all transgender and non-binary people have experienced a hate-motivated crime in their life. Many have not reported these crimes due to the fear of social discrimination or retaliation (Human Rights First, 2008). Moreover, transgender and non-binary people face social discrimination in simple acts such as using a public restroom. In 2016, almost 60% of all transgender and non-binary people in the United States (US) avoided using public restrooms in order to avoid physical, sexual or verbal violence. Political and religious leaders within the US have spoken out about transgender and non-binary people using public washrooms, saying that they should be banned in order to “protect children and preserve traditional values.” This point of view has contributed to fear and misunderstandings and in some areas of the US, increased the number of transgender and non-binary hate crimes (Trotta, Business Insider, 2016). Within the workplace, transgender and non-binary people face discrimination, however, it is much worse for those who identify as transgender. In a 2011 survey ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] administered by the Center for American Progress, 90% all of transgender workers interviewed said that they had experienced harassment or mistreatment while at work. Around 28% believe they have missed out on job promotions due to being transgender, while 17% said they had been fired due to their gender identity (Burns and Krehely, Center for American Progress, 2011). As a result of workplace discrimination, the unemployment rate for transgender and non-binary individuals is approximately twice the national average in the US. Many live in poverty, unable to pay bills, purchase food or medical insurance, a necessity for transgender individuals who have transitioned and need hormone injections. According to the National Center for Transgender Equality in the US, this has led to 41% of those who identify as transgender and non-binary to attempt suicide, with 30% not surviving the attempt and dying. Alcoholism and drug abuse are also common among unemployed transgender and non-binary individuals because they feel trapped and unable to fit into society and support themselves economically (Sheridan, The Huffington Post, 2013). Some progress has been made by countries around the world to ensure the rights of transgender and non-binary individuals, however, much more needs to be done. Countries such as India, Thailand, Germany, Australia and some areas of the US allow individuals to register as non-binary. Malta and Ireland possess the most progressive laws that protect the rights of transgender and non-binary individuals. Malta’s Gender Identity, Gender Expression, and Sex Characteristics Bill allows transgender citizens to select their gender identity on all official documents without undergoing a medical inspection and contains an option for non-binary individuals to use an “X” to denote a third gender option. Ireland’s Gender Recognition Act is quite similar, however, it only applies to those above the age of 18. In other countries such as ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] the US, transgender and non-binary individuals are often not recognized or are forced to undergo invasive medical inspections to prove that they “have undergone appropriate clinical treatment for gender transition.” This process can be long, humiliating and expensive since it is not covered by medical insurance. Moreover, non- binary individuals who have passports marked with an “X” have had difficulty traveling to countries that do not recognize a third gender such as the US (Macarow, ATTN, 2015). So, while some nations have made great strides in securing the rights of transgender and non-binary people, much more progress needs to be made to ensure those rights around the world. B) Current Issues United States of America: Transgender individuals in the US are struggling to secure equal rights and protections. In 2016, 27 transgender individuals were murdered because of their gender identification (Ansari, CNN, 2017). In May 2016, former President Barack Obama’s government ordered public schools to allow transgender students to use restrooms consistent with their gender identity. This order was put in place to prevent the bullying and assault of transgender teenagers. However, current President Donald Trump withdrew this order in February 2017, causing civil liberty groups such as the National Center for Transgender Equality to state: “These young people already face incredible hurdles in their pursuit of education and acceptance… [the] Trump administration effectively sanctions the bullying, ostracizing, and isolation of these children, putting their very lives in danger” (Smith and Redden, The Guardian, 2017). In addition, non-binary individuals also face discrimination within the country. Only two people from the states of Oregon and California have been recognized as ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] non-binary. Moreover, these identifications were only recognized after lengthy court battles (Macarow, ATTN, 2015). China: It is very difficult in China for transgender individuals to find employment. This topic came to national attention in January 2017, when a transgender man, identified as Mr C, won a court case that said he had been wrongly dismissed from a health center where he had worked. His former employer had fired him because his appearance "really didn't fit [the company’s] standards.” According to the BBC, many transgender people in China are forced to hide who they really are and conform to what is expected of them or face discrimination. China, a very conservative society, does not allow gay marriage and has limited laws protecting transgender individuals (BBC News, 2017). Iraq: Transgender people face persecution and death daily in Iraq. In areas of the country that had been occupied by the Islamic State, a terrorist organization, being transgender could result in an automatic death sentence. Moreover, due to the nation’s political and military instability, wandering militia groups have taken it upon themselves to punish individuals who identify as transgender. They have labeled transgender people as “perverts” and “criminals”. In May 2014, a Shi’a militia posted the names of confirmed and suspected transgender individuals, endangering their lives. Others have been beaten, beheaded or hung publicly in town squares. Non-binary data is not available for Iraq (OutRight Action International, 2014). Egypt: Transgender people in Egypt are frequently discriminated against and abused. Since 2014, more than 150 transgender people, primarily women, have been arrested ISRMUN 2017 Ave. Real San Agustín No. 4 CP. 66260 Garza García, N.L México. + (52) (81) 8625 1500 [email protected] and beaten. Those arrested are charged under the nation’s debauchery law and if convicted can be sentenced with up to three years in jail. According to The Guardian, transgender women are mostly targeted by police because “they’re seen as a particularly degrading example of men who reject their own masculinity.” Since gender reassignment is not permitted in Egypt for transgender people, many purchase hormones without a medical prescription and this can lead to health complications and depression. As of March 2017, non-binary people have not been recognized by the Egyptian government (Magid, The Guardian, 2015). Iran: While homosexuality is illegal in Iran, the government openly supports the rights of transgender individuals.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 10 Tips for Working with Transgender Patients
    Introduction to the transgender community MEDICAL PROTOCOLS The World Professional Association for Gender identity is our internal understanding of Transgender Health (WPATH) publishes our own gender. We all have a gender identity. Standards of Care for the treatment of The term “transgender” is used to describe people gender identity disorders, available at whose gender identity does not correspond to their www.wpath.org. These internationally rec- birth-assigned sex and/or the stereotypes asso- ognized protocols are flexible guidelines ciated with that sex. A transgender woman is a designed to help providers develop individ- woman who was assigned male at birth and has ualized treatment plans with their patients. 10 Tips for Working a female gender identity. A transgender man is a man who was assigned female at birth and has a Another resource is the Primary Care Proto- with Transgender male gender identity. col for Transgender Patient Care produced by Center of Excellence for Transgender Patients For many transgender individuals, the lack of con- Health at the University of California, San An information and resource publication gruity between their gender identity and their Francisco. You can view the treatment birth sex creates stress and anxiety that can lead protocols at www.transhealth.ucsf.edu/ for health care providers to severe depression, suicidal tendencies, and/or protocols. These protocols provide accu- increased risk for alcohol and drug dependency. rate, peer-reviewed medical guidance on Transitioning - the process that many transgen- transgender health care and are a resource der people undergo to bring their outward gender for providers and support staff to improve expression into alignment with their gender iden- treatment capabilities and access to care tity - is for many medically necessary treatment for transgender patients.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Identity • Expression
    In New York City, it’s illegal to discriminate on the basis of gender identity and gender expression in the workplace, in public spaces, and in housing. The NYC Commission on Human Rights is committed to ensuring that transgender and gender non-conforming New Yorkers are treated with dignity and respect and without threat of discrimination or harassment. This means individuals GENDER GENDER have the right to: • Work and live free from discrimination IDENTITY EXPRESSION and harassment due to their gender One's internal, External representations of gender as identity/expression. deeply-held sense expressed through, for example, one's EXPRESSION • Use the bathroom or locker room most of one’s gender name, pronouns, clothing, haircut, consistent with their gender identity as male, female, behavior, voice, or body characteristics. • and/or expression without being or something else Society identifies these as masculine required to show “proof” of gender. entirely. A transgender and feminine, although what is • Be addressed with their preferred person is someone considered masculine and feminine pronouns and name without being whose gender identity changes over time and varies by culture. required to show “proof” of gender. does not match Many transgender people align their • Follow dress codes and grooming the sex they were gender expression with their gender standards consistent with their assigned at birth. identity, rather than the sex they were gender identity/expression. assigned at birth. Courtesy 101: IDENTITY GENDER • If you don't know what pronouns to use, ask. Be polite and respectful; if you use the wrong pronoun, apologize and move on. • Respect the terminology a transgender person uses to describe their identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12695 Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction Nick Drydakis OCTOBER 2019 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12695 Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction Nick Drydakis Anglia Ruskin University, University of Cambridge and IZA OCTOBER 2019 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 12695 OCTOBER 2019 ABSTRACT Trans People, Transitioning, Mental Health, Life and Job Satisfaction For trans people (i.e. people whose gender is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth) evidence suggests that transitioning (i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Takatāpui, Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Scoping Exercise
    Takatāpui, Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Scoping Exercise Report to the Alcohol Advisory Council of New Zealand Prepared by Frank Pega Ian MacEwan March 2010 ISBN 978-1-877373-51-0 (print) ISBN 978-1-877373-63-3 (online) ALCOHOL ADVISORY COUNCIL OF NEW ZEALAND Kaunihera Whakatupato Waipiro o Aotearoa PO Box 5023 Wellington New Zealand www.alac.org.nz www.waipiro.org.nz March 2010 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 3 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 4 Background .............................................................................................................................. 4 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 4 Scoping the Need .................................................................................................................... 5 Gaps in Service Provision ........................................................................................................ 6 ALAC’s Potential Role .............................................................................................................. 6 Strategies ALAC Can Look to Implement ................................................................................ 7 1 Background ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Disparities in Childhood Abuse Between Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents Brian C
    Disparities in Childhood Abuse Between Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents Brian C. Thoma, PhD,a Taylor L. Rezeppa, BS,a Sophia Choukas-Bradley, PhD,b Rachel H. Salk, PhD,a Michael P. Marshal, PhDa BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transgender adolescents (TGAs) exhibit disproportionate levels of abstract mental health problems compared with cisgender adolescents (CGAs), but psychosocial processes underlying mental health disparities among TGAs remain understudied. We examined self-reported childhood abuse among TGAs compared with CGAs and risk for abuse within subgroups of TGAs in a nationwide sample of US adolescents. METHODS: Adolescents aged 14 to 18 completed a cross-sectional online survey (n 5 1836, including 1055 TGAs, 340 heterosexual CGAs, and 433 sexual minority CGAs). Participants reported gender assigned at birth and current gender identity (categorized as the following: cisgender males, cisgender females, transgender males, transgender females, nonbinary adolescents assigned female at birth, nonbinary adolescents assigned male at birth, and questioning gender identity). Lifetime reports of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse were measured. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of TGAs reported psychological abuse, 39% reported physical abuse, and 19% reported sexual abuse. Compared with heterosexual CGAs, TGAs had higher odds of psychological abuse (odds ratio [OR] 5 1.84), physical abuse (OR 5 1.61), and sexual abuse (OR 5 2.04). Within separate subgroup analyses, transgender males and nonbinary adolescents assigned female at birth had higher odds of reporting psychological abuse than CGAs. CONCLUSIONS: In a nationwide online sample of US adolescents, TGAs had elevated rates of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse compared with heterosexual CGAs. Risk for psychological abuse was highest among TGAs assigned female at birth.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethical Trans-Feminism: Berlin's Transgender Individuals' Narratives As Contributions to Ethics of Vegetarian Eco- Feminism
    ETHICAL TRANS-FEMINISM: BERLIN’S TRANSGENDER INDIVIDUALS’ NARRATIVES AS CONTRIBUTIONS TO ETHICS OF VEGETARIAN ECO- FEMINISMS By Anja Koletnik Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies Supervisor: Assistant Professor Eszter Timár CEU eTD Collection Second Reader: Professor Allaine Cerwonka Budapest, Hungary 2014 Abstract This thesis will explore multi-directional ethical and political implications of meat non- consumption and cisgender non-conformity. My argument will present how applying transgender as an analytical category to vegetarian eco-feminisms, can be contributive in expanding ethical and political solidarity within feminist projects, which apply gender identity politics to their conceptualizations and argumentations. I will outline the potential to transcend usages of gender identity politics upon a cisnormative canon of vegetarian eco-feminisms lead by Carol J. Adams’ The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990). Adams’s canon of vegetarian eco-feminisms appropriates diet as a central resource of their political projects, which contest speciesism and cis-sexism. Like Adams’ canon, my analysis will consider diet as always having political connotations and implications, both for individuals and their embodiments, within broader socio-political realms. Alongside diet, transgender as an analytical category will be employed within analysis, due to its potential of exposing how genders as social categories and constructs are re-formed. My analysis will be based on narrative interviews, which will explore the multi-directional ethical and political implications of meat non-consumption and cisgender non-conformity among members of Berlin’s transgender / cisgender non-conforming and meat non-consuming subcultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Felicia Elizondo TRANSGENDER B
    FELICIA ELIZOndO TRANSGENDER b. July 23, 1946 ACTIVIST “I am your history. You can never change that no matter what you do to me.” Her activism has been Felicia Elizondo is a self-described “Mexican spitfire, screaming queen, pioneer, crucial in raising legend, icon, diva, 29-year survivor of AIDS and Vietnam veteran.” Her activism has public awareness of been crucial in raising public awareness of transgender rights and history. transgender history. Elizondo was born in San Angelo, Texas. Assigned male at birth, she knew she was “feminine” from the age of 5. Due to the lack of awareness of transgender people, Elizondo grew up believing she was gay. She was sexually assaulted by an older man and suffered bullying and name calling from her peers. At age 14, Elizondo moved with her family to San Jose, California. Around the age of 16, she found refuge at Gene Compton’s Cafeteria in San Francisco’s Tenderloin neighborhood, where she became a regular. It was one of the few places in the city where drag queens and transgender women could congregate publicly. In 1966, three years before Stonewall, it became the site of one of the first LGBT riots in U.S. history. The Compton’s Cafeteria riot was led by a group of transgender women against police harassment. Elizondo joined the Navy at age 18 and volunteered to serve in Vietnam. She decided, “If the military couldn’t make me a man, nothing would.” While serving, she realized she would always be attracted to men and told her commanding officer that she was gay.
    [Show full text]
  • Transgender Terminology
    Transgender Terminology Agender Individuals: People who identify as genderless or gender-neutral. Cisgender Individuals: People who identify with the gender that was assigned to them at birth (i.e., people who are not transgender). Cisgender Privilege: The set of conscious and unconscious advantages and/or immunities that people who are or who are perceived as gender conforming benefit from on a daily basis. Crossdressers: Individuals who, regardless of motivation, wear clothing, makeup, etc. that are considered by the culture to be appropriate for another gender but not one’s own (preferred term to “transvestites”). Drag or In Drag: Wearing clothing considered appropriate for someone of another gender. Drag Kings and Drag Queens: Female-bodied crossdressers (typically lesbians) and male-bodied crossdressers (typically gay men), respectively, who present in public, often for entertainment purposes. FTM Individuals: Female-to-male transsexual people, transsexual men, transmen, or transguys— individuals assigned female at birth who identify as male. Some transmen reject being seen as “FTM,” arguing that they have always been male and are only making this identity visible to other people (instead, they may call themselves “MTM”). Gender: The beliefs, feelings, and behaviors that a specific culture attributes to individuals based on their perceived sex. It involves gender assignment (the gender designation of someone at birth), gender roles (the expectations imposed on someone based on their gender), gender attribution (how others perceive someone’s gender), and gender identity (how someone defines their own gender). Gender Affirming Surgery: Surgical procedures that change one’s body to conform to one’s gender identity. These procedures may include “top surgery” (breast augmentation or removal) and “bottom surgery” (altering genitals).
    [Show full text]
  • An Argument for Intersectionality Originally, the Feminist Movement
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy By Charles Bengtson for the University of Minnesota First-Year Writing Program under the Department of Writing Studies 1 Transfeminism: An Argument for Intersectionality Originally, the feminist movement arose in opposition of the patriarchal society that oppressed women and perpetuated the social hierarchy that granted men additional rights. As time went on, feminist views diversified, and different branches of feminism began to take form. Naturally, these separate branches arose from conflicting perspectives on a myriad of issues. Recently, the issue at the fore front of the feminist movement is the place of trans people in women’s organizations and feminist spaces. Certain feminist platforms have taken an intersectional approach by seeking to include women from a diverse set of backgrounds, including transwomen and transmen, and others have gone in the opposite direction by developing radical and cisgender feminist platforms. By looking at a handful of arguments made for intersectionality in feminist theory, legal studies, and case studies, this paper will show that the acceptance of trans people into the feminist movement, including feminist spaces and women’s organizations, will further the trans community and feminist community’s agendas of dissolving the social hierarchy that oppresses them both. Since women have begun organizing to address the common injustices they face in society, feminist spaces have arisen correspondingly. “Transgender and Feminist Alliances in Contemporary U.K. Feminist Politics”, written by Deborah M. Withers, discusses how feminist spaces work to serve the feminist agenda, and outlines the debate on the trans community’s place in these spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • An Activist's Guide to the Yogyakarta Principles
    An Activist’s Guide to The Yogyakarta Principles Guide to The Yogyakarta An Activist’s The Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity An Activist’s Guide to The Yogyakarta Principles Section 1 Overview and Context In 2006, in response to well- documented patterns of abuse, a distinguished group of international human rights experts met in Yogyakarta, Indonesia to outline a set of international principles relating to sexual orientation YogYakarta, and gender identity. IndoneSIa The result is the Yogyakarta Principles: a universal guide to human rights which affirm binding international legal standards with which all States must comply. They promise a different future where all people born free and equal in dignity and rights can fulfil that precious birthright. 2 An Activist’s Guide to The Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity In November 2006, we were honored to This Activist’s Guide is a tool for those Foreword serve as co-chairs of a four-day meeting who are working to create change and at Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, build on the momentum that has already Indonesia. That meeting culminated a begun around the Yogyakarta Principles. We all have the same human rights. drafting process among twenty-nine In local neighborhoods and international Whatever our sexual orientation, gender international human rights experts organisations, activists of all sexual who identified the existing state of orientations and gender identities are a identity, nationality, place of residence, sex, international human rights law in relation vital part of the international human rights to issues of sexual orientation and gender system, serving as monitors, educators, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests
    Home Country of Origin Information Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests Responses to Information Requests (RIR) are research reports on country conditions. They are requested by IRB decision makers. The database contains a seven-year archive of English and French RIR. Earlier RIR may be found on the European Country of Origin Information Network website. Please note that some RIR have attachments which are not electronically accessible here. To obtain a copy of an attachment, please e-mail us. Related Links • Advanced search help 26 May 2020 COL200263.E Colombia: Situation and treatment of sexual and gender minorities, including treatment by authorities and society; state protection and support services available (2017-May 2020) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada 1. Legislation In its Global Workplace Briefings 2019 on Colombia, Stonewall, a UK-based organization whose work includes collaborating with institutions “to ensure they offer inclusive, equal and inspiring environments for LGBT people” and to improve legal protection available to LGBT people in Britain and abroad (Stonewall n.d.), writes that sexual relations between same-sex partners are “not criminalised and are therefore legal” (Stonewall Sept. 2019, 1). Similarly, the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA World) State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019: Global Legislation Overview Update report further specifies that Colombia decriminalized same-sex sexual relations in 1981 with the “repeal
    [Show full text]
  • How Could the Yogyakarta Principles Help Improve the Situation Of
    How could the Yogyakarta Principles help improve the situation of transgender people, when examined in the framework of existing bodies of international non-discrimination norms? Alexandra PISA, ANR 835165 University of Tilburg International and European Public Law, Human Rights Track Supervising professors: S.J. Rombouts Stefanie Jansen 1 Table of contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................... .1 1. Chapter I – A general view of the 'Yogyakarta Principles' …............................................................... 1 1. What are the Yogyakarta Principles and what is their role?........................................................... 3 2. What is their legal status?.............................................................................................................. 4 3. What do the principles contain?..................................................................................................... 6 4. How were the Principles received by the international community?................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Chapter II – Comparing the Principles with existing international legal norms.................................. 13 1. Are the 'Yogyakarta Principles' derived from existing international legal norms?.........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]