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IPTVIPTV Broadcasting,Broadcasting, ProtocolsProtocols andand SwitchingSwitching Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -1 CourseCourse ObjectivesObjectives When you have completed this course you will be able to • Understand the equipment and software used to deliver IPTV and VoD services • Describe the architecture of a these modern TV services • Compare Cable, over-air terrestrial, satellite and Internet delivery systems • Appreciate the trend in the technologies • Understand addressing schemes for IP network prefix configurations • Examine resilience for MAC/IP mappings for reliable redundancy switching • Select the best routing and switching strategy for server and delivery networks • Analyze protocols used to carry multimedia and troubleshoot services problems • Appreciate how multicast routing protocols function • Specify requirements for firewall transit of video services • Compare how DiffServ, DSCP, RSVP, WFQ, MPLS and 802.1P/Q can provide quality of service • Select the most appropriate quality of service option © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -2 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -2 CourseCourse MaterialsMaterials • Course Notes — Copies of all slides and supplemental presentation material © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -3 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -3 CourseCourse ContentsContents • Chapter 1 Television Architecture and Evolution • Chapter 2 Broadband Distribution Systems • Chapter 3 IP Delivery of Multimedia Services • Chapter 4 Layer 2 Addressing • Chapter 5 Layer 3 Addressing • Chapter 6 Routing • Chapter 7 Multicasting • Chapter 8 Management of Devices With SNMP • Chapter 9 Next Generation Network Technology • Chapter 10 Customer Home Network • Chapter 11 Industry Trends • Chapter 12 Summary and Evaluation © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -4 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -4 CourseCourse ScheduleSchedule Each day, the course will follow this schedule: Start class 9 a.m. Morning break 10:15 a.m. (approximately) Lunch Noon Resume class 1 p.m. Afternoon break(s) As needed Adjourn 4:30 p.m. © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -5 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -5 LogisticsLogistics • Restrooms/toilets • Drinking fountains, coffee and soft drink machines, snacks • Restaurants • Messages/phones • Security • Emergency measures • Use of equipment after class hours (if applicable) • Other important items © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -6 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -6 CourseCourse InstructorInstructor • Background and education • Current position • Experience © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -7 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -7 AttendeeAttendee IntroductionsIntroductions • Your name • Organization name • Current position • Experience in:- — Television Technology — Networking and LANs — Telecommunications Technology • Expectations © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -8 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -8 ChapterChapter 11 TelevisionTelevision ArchitecturesArchitectures andand EvolutionEvolution Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -9 ChapterChapter ObjectivesObjectives In this chapter we will • Examine what the major TV systems in the world are • Explore how the various systems have evolved • Compare various system capabilities • See how digital and analogue systems differ © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -10 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -10 TelevisionTelevision ArchitecturesArchitectures andand EvolutionEvolution What is Television Today? Analogue and Digital Compared Delivery Systems: What are they Chapter Summary © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -11 Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -11 HumanHuman VisionVision • What we see as essentially white light is a band of energy • Individual colours map on to particular wavelengths • The eye can be fooled into seeing white by using 3 primary colours • Other colours can be formed by mixing these in proportion © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -12 The light that lights up our world and allows us to see that world is solar energy in what is known as the visible region of the Spectrum. This visible region is a very narrow segment of this spectrum extending from ~ 440nm in the extreme blue (near ultra violet) to ~ 690 nm in the red region--with green in the middle @ ~ 555 nm. Human vision is such that what appears as white light is really composed of weighted amounts of a continuum of so-called Black Body energy. Tungsten lamps have a similar spectral distribution. Sodium, Mercury vapor, fluorescent (a variant of Mercury), etc., on the other hand, do not have this continuum of spectral energy, but are composed of several discrete wavelengths in proportions that "fool" the eye. Color cameras are designed to "see" three (overlapping) segments of this spectral continuum by the action of red, green and blue optical bandpass filters. The encoded color signal from the camera does not convey any real wavelength information relative to the original hue. Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -12 ColourColour TVTV CameraCamera • A colour TV camera filters the light into three primary bands — Orange for example at about 570nm would be make up from proportions of green and red Wavelength in nm © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -13 If a predominantly orange color is imaged the red sensor will describe the light as some intensity of Red only. However, the green sensor will also image some part of this orange light and convey some intensity of what is essentially green light. This only works because the optical color filters are bandpass in nature and posses finite selectivity. If they were discrete monochromatic filters the color imaging system would fail. This points out the ratiometric nature of this imaging system, i.e., the overlapping gradual gradation of the color filters--all three filter have a weighted proportion of the visible spectrum. On the display side of this arrangement is a display device capable of producing only three narrow nearly discreet wavelengths of Red, Green, and Blue light. This is a result of electron bombardment of certain selected phosphors inside the CRT, each releasing a quanta of photons which are essentially "Monochromatic. "The wavelength of which is a function of each's atomic structure. This all works because human vision can be easily fooled when it comes to absolute color discrimination. Within reason, the actual color or hue of each of these three colors is not critical. Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -13 MixingMixing ColoursColours • Primary colours can be mixed in proportion to form white © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -14 The addition of colors in the correct proportion creates white; unlike paint which darkens, e.g., black is the addition of Yellow, Cyan and Magenta pigments. Yellow absorbs all but yellow light so it in fact absorbs blue removing it from what we see. In order to produce "White" light to the human observer there needs to be 11 % blue, 30 % red and 59% green (=100%). However, if you shifted, say the red light source to a longer wavelength, the white light would appear more toward cyan. White balance could be restored by changing the three color's weights, i.e. other than the original 11, 30, 59 percent ratios. Each phosphor is formulated as a compromise between its quantum efficiency and desired hue or color. An example of this is the fact that red phosphor requires more energy to cause it to "appear" equally bright to the human observer. Evidence of this can be seen when a CRT is over driven, the first color to bloom, is red. One point should be made: the human observer is very discriminating when it comes to flesh or skin tones. Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -14 TheThe ColourColour PalletPallet © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -15 The luminance of the image seen will affect the perceived colour as well. By adjusting the luminance, effectively the black to white level, at the same time as changing the proportion of different proportions of red, green and blue light the full range of colours needed to produce a television picture can be formed. Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -15 FormingForming TelevisionTelevision PicturePicture ColourColour TestTest PatternPattern © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -16 In a test pattern different combinations of luminance level and colour mixes are used to provide the range of signals needed in a full picture. This allows flaws in the systems caused by malfunctions or incorrect adjustment of signal levels to be detected. Notes: Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast -16 PALPAL D1D1 testtest PatternPattern © Copyright: All rights reserved. Not to be reproduced without prior written consent. Silicon-IPTV-Broadcast
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