Mountain Formation

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Mountain formation 2 Listen and read the text about mountains. Which type of mountains are formed when: a magma erupts from under the Earth? b magma pushes up under the Earth, but doesn’t erupt? c two tectonic plates push together? d water or wind cut away the land? e rock is pushed up through a crack in the Earth? The top layer of the Earth (the crust) is divided into seven large, independent sections, called tectonic plates. Below the Earth’s crust is the mantle – a layer of very hot, solid rock with some semi-molten rock called magma. Most mountains are formed by the movement of tectonic plates and rising magma. 1 Fold mountains are created when two tectonic plates collide. Their edges push together and up, causing mountains to be formed where they meet. Example: the Himalayas in Asia, the Alps in Europe Venture Level 2 . Mountain formation, p.255 © Oxford University Press PHOTOCOPIABLE 2 Fault-block mountains are formed when rock is forced up a crack in the Earth’s crust. They usually have a steep front and a sloping back. Example: the Sierra Nevada Mountains in North America 3 Volcanic mountains are created when magma pushes through the Earth’s crust and erupts. The material that erupts falls on the ground and becomes solid. With each future eruption, this material gradually builds into a mountain. Example: Mount Fuji in Japan 4 Dome mountains occur when magma pushes up under the Earth’s crust without erupting. The magma then cools and hardens, leaving a dome-shaped mountain. Example: the Adirondack Mountains in North America Venture Level 2 . Mountain formation, p.255 © Oxford University Press PHOTOCOPIABLE 5 Erosional mountains are formed in areas of high, flat land. Over millions of years, rivers or wind erode the land. The high ground that is left as a result of the erosion makes tall mountains. Example: the Catskill Mountains in the USA Venture Level 2 . Mountain formation, p.255 © Oxford University Press PHOTOCOPIABLE.

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TO BE DONE in BOOK} A
CLASS6 DATE: 16.05.2020 CHAPTER 2. LANDFORMS EXERCISE WITH QUESTION ANSWERS AND MAP WORK. 1. TICK THE RIGHT OPTION {TO BE DONE IN BOOK} a. Aravallis. b. Intermontane plateau. c. Faulting. d. Deposition. 2. FILL IN THE BLANKS {TO BE DONE IN BOOK} a. Pointed. b. Minerals. c. Fault zone. d. Old fold. 3. Differentiate between: {TO BE DONE IN NOTEBOOK} a. Old Fold Mountain Young Fold Mountain These mountains have been subjected to the They are newly formed and having forces of denudation for a long geological heights higher than old fold mountain. period. They are much lower with rounded peaks They have pointed peaks, steeper and and gentle slopes. deeper slopes. Eg: Aravalli in India. Eg: The Himalayas in India. b. Rift Valley Block mountain The lowland mass remaining after the The uplifted land mass remaining after faulting are known as Rift valley. the faulting are known as Block mountains It is bordered by fault zones and separated Block mountains are steep sided and flat by land masses. topped. Eg: Great Rift Valley of Africa. Eg: Vindhyas in India. c. Erosional Plains Depositional Plains This type of plains are formed as result of It is formed as a result of deposition of erosion and weathering. sediments. These plains have been flattened by the These plains are made by depositing the erosion of soil and rocks away from a soil and rocks on a lower surface. higher feature. Eg:- Upper Mississippi valley of USA. Eg:- The Indo-Gangetic Plains in India. d. Intermontane Plateaus Piedmont Plateaus They are the highest and the most extensive They are relatively low rolling hills with type.
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Topic B - Geologic Processes on Earth
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AGAP Antarctic Research Project Image by Zina Deretsky, NSF Image from - http- //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6145642 Build Your Gamburtsev Mountain Formation Mountain Building: Remember mountain ranges can be built in different ways. With the Gamburtsev Mountains there are several possible theories, but with the mountains under ice, there is little data available. Let’s focus on the two main theories, collision and hot spot volcanic activity. Select one theory to support. Your task is to create a model of your mountain building event and explain why you picked it, how your model supports your theory, and what ‘tools of the trade’ from our geophysical tools you could use to test your theory. The Gamburtsevs, the Result of a Collision? Mountain belts are formed along boundaries between the Earth’s crustal (lithospheric) plates. Remember, the Earth’s outside crust is made up of plates (or sections) with pieces that are slowly moving. When the different plates collide they can push or fold the land up forming raised areas, or mountains. The European Alps and the Himalayas formed this way. The sections of Earth’s continental crust are constantly shifting. During the Cambrian Period, a time between ~500 and 250 Ma, the piece of crust that would become Antarctica (we will call this proto-Antarctica) was on the move! Early in the Cambrian it was located close to the equator, a much Proto Antarctica Other Continent milder climate than its current location, but as the Cambrian Period advanced proto-Antarctica moved slowly south. The collision theory suggests that as these pieces of continent moved, like bumper cars they collided with each other.
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Mountains Block Mountains
Mountains Block Mountains • Block mountains are created when large areas or blocks of earth are broken and displaced vertically. • The uplifted blocks are termed as horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben. • Block mountains are also called fault block mountains since they are formed due to faulting as a result of tensile and compressive forces. • Block mountains are surrounded by faults on either side of rift valleys or grabens. • The Great African Rift Valley (valley floor is graben), The Rhine Valley and the Vosges mountain in Europe are examples. Compression and Tension • When the earth’s crust bends folding occurs, but when it cracks, faulting takes place. • The faulted edges are very steep, e.g. the Vosges and Black Forest of the Rhineland. • Tension may also cause the central portion to be let down between two adjacent fault blocks forming a graben or rift valley, which will have steep walls. • The East African Rift Valley system is the best example. It is 3,000 miles long, stretching from East Africa through the Red Sea to Syria. • Compressional forces set up by earth movements may produce a thrust or reverse fault and shorten the crust. A block may be raised or lowered in relation to surrounding areas. • In general large-scale block mountains and rift valleys are due to tension rather than compression. • The faults may occur in series and be further complicated by tilting and other irregularities. • Denudation through the ages modifies faulted landforms. • Block mountains may originate when the middle block moves downward and becomes a rift valley while the surrounding blocks stand higher as block mountains.
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South African Great Escarpment
Sentinel Vision EVT-227 South African Great Escarpment 19 April 2018 Sentinel-1 CSAR IW acquired on 30 August 2017 from 17:17:27 to 17:18:42 UTC Sentinel-2 MSI acquired on 03 September 2017 at 08:19:59 UTC ... Se ntinel-1 CSAR IW acquired on 08 September 2017 from 16:53:05 to 16:53:30 UTC Sentinel-3 SLSTR RBT acquired from 04 January 2018 to 07:59:47 UTC Author(s): Sentinel Vision team, VisioTerra, France - [email protected] 2D Layerstack Keyword(s): Land, mountains, geology, faults, subduction, plateau, orogeny, South Africa Fig. 1 - S2 (03.09.2017) - 11,8,2 colour composite - Zoom on Cape Town region evidencing Table Mountain. 3D view 2D view Table Mountain, Sandstone layers form the ramparts overlying a basement of Precambrian slates and granite - source: Cape Town University Department of Geological Sciences of Cape Town University describes the Geology of the Cape Peninsula: "The late-Precambrian age Malmesbury Group is the oldest rock formation in the area, consisting of alternating layers of dark grey ﬁne-grained greywacke sandstone and slate, seen along the rocky Sea Point and Bloubergstrand shorelines. These sediments were originally deposited on an ancient continental slope by submarine slumping and turbidity currents. The sequence was subsequently metamorphosed by heat and pressure and folded tightly in a NW direction so that the rock layers are now almost vertical. The Peninsula Granite is a huge batholith that was intruded into the Malmesbury Group about 630 million years ago as molten rock (magma) and crystallized deep in the earth, but has since then been exposed by prolonged erosion.
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Spatial Characteristics and Controlling Factors of the Strike-Slip Fault Zones in the Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Ba
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The Role of Subducting Plate Rheology in Outer-Rise Seismicity: Implications for Japan and South American Subduction Systems
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Terræ Conceptions of Mountain Formation, Folding, Fault and the Continental Drift in Geography Textbooks Between the Decades Of
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Exploring Development in Relation to Terrain: 3D Skeletal Analysis of the Femoral Neck-Shaft Angle by Celia Mason Bachelor of Arts, University of Victoria, 2018 An Essay Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the HONOURS PROGRAM in the Department of Anthropology Celia Mason, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. Abstract Bioarchaeologists have expressed interest in the study of past populations and their mobility, with studies focusing on behavioural adaptations and subsistence strategies. While the effect of the topographical terrain on bone expression has been explored briefly, our understanding of it, especially in juvenile specimens, is limited. The object of this essay is to explore the effect of terrain in two archaeological samples, Indian Knoll (Green River, Kentucky) and Later Stone Age South Africans (Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa). These are both considered highly active populations, who inhabited vastly different geographical areas. To study skeletal expression, the femoral neck-shaft angle was chosen for study, due to its importance in clinical literature – cited as being highly developmentally plastic, and bioarchaeologists such as Erik Trinkaus have found changes in its expression that correspond to behavioural patterns. While no effect of terrain was observed in this study, future research with juveniles, the femoral neck-shaft angle, and the 3D method created for this project can benefit bioarchaeology and wider understandings of juvenile skeletal expression and attendant terrain-based effects. Keywords Biomechanics; juveniles; terrain; bony response; plasticity; environment; evolutionary constraint; femoral neck-shaft angle; 3D methods 2 1 INTRODUCTION For bioarchaeologists, the analysis of skeletal material is the greatest resource for understanding the health, behavior and mobility of past archaic and modern human populations.
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Earth and Plate Tectonics Online Workshop Booklet
Dynamic Earth Science The Earth and plate tectonics Workshop prepared by: Paul Baggaley, Susan Beale, Dee Edwards, Peter Kennett, Phillip Murphy, Dave Turner, Royanne Wilding Edited by: Chris King, Susie Lydon, Cally Oldershaw, Peter Kennett and Hazel Benson © The Earth Science Education Unit Copyright is waived for original material contained in this booklet if it is required for use within the laboratory or classroom. Copyright material contained herein from other publishers rests with them. Every effort has been made to locate and contact copyright holders of materials included in this document in order to obtain their permission to publish them. Please contact us if, however, you believe your copyright is being infringed: we welcome any information that will help us to update our records. If you have any difficulty with the readability of these documents, please contact the Earth Science Education Unit for further help. The Earth Science Education Unit email: [email protected] ESEU KS4 Workshops: The Earth and Plate Tectonics Contents Workshop outcomes ....................................................................................................................... 2 The Story for Teachers: Plate Tectonics ......................................................................................... 3 The big picture and the ‘facts’ of plate tectonics .............................................................................. 4 Continental Jigsaws .......................................................................................................................
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The Youngest Fold Mountains of the World – the Himalayas
The Youngest Fold Mountains of the world – The Himalayas Millions of years ago the continents on the earth formed a single large landmass that was known Pangaea. The water body that surrounded Pangaea was called Panthalassa. When Pangaea was split first it formed two parts. The part to the north or the northern continent was known as Angaraland. The land to the south or the southern continent was termed as Gondwanaland. The sea lying between these two landmasses was known as the Sea of Tethys. The stretch of this sea was in the east-west direction. Further both these continents got divided into more parts and that is how different continents came into existence. The part of the land that had the Indian sub-continent was located in the southern hemisphere. Over the period a lot of erosion of the Angaraland and the Gondwanaland took place and the sediments got deposited on the bed of the Sea of Tethys. Slowly the Indian landmass started moving northwards towards the Eurasian landmass. The pressure on the compressed sediments deposited on the floor of the Tethys and the push of the Indian landmass resulted in folding of this material. As a result the uplifted material gave rise to different mountain ranges. These were the Himalayan ranges. The upward movement of the Indian plate continues even today which is causing an increase in the height of the Himalayas. As the Himalayas were getting formed the land between the southern peninsular plateau and the Himalayas formed a huge depression. Geologists term this depression as a geosyncline.
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