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Abstract Keywords Impact of Parthenium Hysterophorus L ISSN 1989-8649 Manag. Biolog. Invasions 2011, 2 Abstract Impact of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) on Herbaceous This study was conducted in Awash Plant Biodiversity of Awash National Park (ANP), Ethiopia National Park (ANP), East Shewa Zone of Oromia National Regional Sate, Ayana ETANA, Ensermu KELBESSA & Teshome SOROMESSA Ethiopia, aimed at determining the impact of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on herbaceous diversity. A transect belt of Invasive Alien Species yet identified 13.5 km * 0.10 km of parthenium weed Introduction, Hypotheses and infested land was identified for the problems for Management in Ethiopia. Since its introduction in determination of the impact. Four 1976 into Ethiopia (Tefera 2002) quadrats were purposively laid every Invasive alien species are a serious parthenium weed has been 250 m interval two for infested and two impediment to conservation and reported as relentlessly spreading for non-infested each from both sides of sustainable use of global throughout the agricultural lands, the road and a total of 216 quadrats of biodiversity (GEF 2003) with forests, orchards, poorly managed 2 m x 2 m (4 m2) were considered. A significant undesirable impacts on arable crop lands and rangelands, total of 91 species were identified from the goods and services provided by almost throughout the country. which five of them were out of the quadrats. All species were categorized ecosystems. This time biological EARO (2002) reported as, Awash into 21 families, from which Poaceae invasions operate on a global scale National Park, one of the prominent and Fabaceae shared about 40%. The and especially in this century, they national parks in Ethiopia and where species in the non-infested quadrats are rapidly increasing due to a number of wild animals and were found to be more diverse and interactions with other global various woody and herbaceous even when compared to those of the changes such as increasing species inhabit has been at risk due infested quadrats. Infested quadrats globalization of markets, explosive to the aggressive spread of the were found to be more abundant and rises in global trade, travel, tourism, weed to the park. Herbaceous dominant. Tetrapogon tenellus was vegetations are the dominant found the dominant specie in the non- and exchange of goods infested quadrats while Parthenium (Groombridge 1992). Parthenium component of most wildlife reserve hysterophorus was found dominant in weed is one of the aggressive areas. It was reported as the infested followed by T. tenellus. invasive species that can cause parthenium weed has the potential There was no statistically significant significant and sometimes to decline adversely the herbaceous difference between the total stand crop irreversible environmental and socio components of the vegetation upto biomass of the infested and non- -economic impact at the genetic, 90% by its aggressive competition infested. Parthenium weed have been species and ecosystem levels (Hens and allopathic effect (APFISN 2007; found creating great challenge on & Boon 2003). Mahadevappa et al. 2001). This herbaceous plant diversity of ANP. above all can shrink the biodiversity Parthenium weed of the Park and hinders the Keywords (Parthenium hysterophorus), attractiveness, which further results mesquites (Prosopis juliflora) and in the decline of the national East shewa, infestation, invasive alien water hyacinth (Eichhornia economy. species, Oromia, tourism. crassipes), lantana weed (Lantana camara) and witch weeds (Striga Several study results species) are among the major revealed the adverse effect of 69 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2011.2.1.07 A. Etana et al. Impact of P. hysterophorus in Awash National Park , Ethiopia. parthenium weed on plant most geologically active regions of Resumen biodiversity (Cock 2001; Tadele the world (Birdlife International, Tefera 2002), but yet there is no 2008). Este estudio se realizó en el Parque Na- information on quantifying the sole Much of the grassland in the cional de Awash (ANP), Oriente de She- wa, zona de Oromia del Estado Regional impact of parthenium weed on northern and western part of the Nacional, Etiopía, con el fin de determi- herbaceous specie. This study Park is overgrazed, resulting in up to nar el impacto de la mala hierba part- quantified the impact of parthenium 50% bare soil and rock and the henium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) weed on the diversity and domination of invasive, unpalatable sobre la diversidad herbácea. Se realizó productivity on herbaceous species such as needle grass Aristida un transecto de 13,5 km * 0,10 kilome- vegetation. spp. Shrubby areas around the tros en la tierra infectada por la mala grassland are more mixed with hierba parthenium para determinar su impacto. Se colocaron cuatro cuadran- Materials and Methods some Acacia, Grewia spp., Psiadia tes en intervalos de 250 m, dos para incana and Vernonia sp (Birdlife infectados y dos para no infectados a Study area International 2008). Awash National cada uno de los lados de la carretera, Park has been experiencing the semi considerando un total de 216 cuadran- The study was carried out in the -arid agro-ecological condition. tes de 2 m x 2 m (4 m2). Se identificaron Awash National Park (ANP), 225 km un total de 91 especies, cinco de ellas o south-east of Addis Ababa at 39 48' Sampling methods ubicadas fuera de los cuadrantes. Todas o o o - 40 10' E and 8 50' - 9 10' N las especies fueron clasificadas en 21 (Figure 1). ANP lies to the either side A reconnaissance survey was carried familias, de las que Poaceae y Fabaceae of the main Addis Ababa-Asab/ out to see the pattern of compartían alrededor del 40%. Se en- DireDawa highway between the parthenium weed distribution and contró mayor diversidad de especies en los cuadrantes no infectados, e incluso towns of Metehara and Awash to design appropriate sampling en comparación con los cuadrantes in- station. Its altitude ranges from 705- method. Based on the uniform fectados. Los cuadrantes infectados 2007 m a. s .l. ANP is one of the distribution of the weed along the resultaron ser más abundantes y domi- nantes. Tetrapogon tenellus se encontró como especie dominante en los cua- drantes no infectados, mientras que Parthenium hysterophorus se encontró dominante en el infectado seguido de T. tenellus. No hubo diferencias estadísti- camente significativas entre la biomasa total de la cosecha de pie de los infecta- dos y no infectados. La mala hierba Parthenium se presenta como un gran reto en la creación de diversidad de plantas herbáceas en el ANP. Palabras clave Este de Shewa, infectación, invasión de Figure 1. Map of study area (Awash National Park) (Source: Ethiopia Insti- especies alóctonas, Oromia, turismo. tute of Agricultural Research, GIS unit) 70 ISSN 1989-8649 Manag. Biolog. Invasions, 2011, 2 highway run east-west a total length Shannon Diversity Index (H’) was m of 50 m x 13.5 km was considered in computed as: minXi,Yi i1 both sides of the road. A s preferential sampling method was H’ = - pilnPi i1 used. The sampling plots were Abundance of each category arranged on the transect line laid on Where: (infested and non-infested) was both side of the road. A quadrat of H’ = Shannon’s diversity index determined as of MacIntosh (1967a) 2mx2m was laid in an interval of pi = the proportion of individuals of diversity index (U). the ith species 250. At each point two quadrats, s 2 S = total number of species in the U ni one from infested (IN) and one from i1 non-infested (NI) and a total of 216 quadrate quadrats were considered. Each Where: species available in the quadrat was The evenness was computed from U = Maclntosh diversity index counted and recorded. Visual cover the Shannon index as: S = the number of species estimation of each specie was taken. s n = number of the individuals or For stand crop biomass pi lnpi abundance of the ith species in the H' i1 determination, 1mx1m area in the J quadrat H'max lns center of the main quadrat was harvested at ground level. For the Importance value (IV) of each Where: infested plots separation was made species in both categories (IN & NI) J = Species evenness to parthenium and non-parthenium was computed following Shabbir & s = the number of species (INNP) and kept in separate paper Bajwa (2006). IV is equal to the sum Pi = the proportion of individuals of bag. The harvested biomass was of the relative density (RD) and the ith species made to dry in an oven adjusted to relative frequency (RF) of species in 0 ln = log base 105 C for 24 hours for Dry Matter 10 the stand. Absolute density for a given species (DM) determination. Voucher RD% X 100% Similarity coefficient was Total absolute density for all species specimens were collected, coded, Absolute frequency value for a species determined by the Czekanowski RF% X 100% pressed and taken to Addis Ababa Total absolute frequency for all species (1913) coefficient. The coefficient IV RD RF University National Herbarium and has a value from 0 (0%) to 1 (100%), identified to species level following The above ground biomass data was where 1 reveals complete similarity Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea analyzed by SAS statistical software and 0 complete dissimilarity. volumes. release 8.2 (SAS, 2001). m 2minXi,Yi Data analysis i1 Sc m m Results Xi Yi 1 1 Diversity (H’), Evenness (E), and i i Impact of Parthenium Weed on Species richness (S) of the species Where: Xi and Yi = the abundance of Herbaceous Diversity for both infested and non-infested species I = the sum of the lesser quadrats were determined following scores of species i where it occurs in A total of 91 species were identified Shannon-Wiener (1949) diversity both quadrats (Apendix1) and grouped into 21 indices procedures.
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