DOCSLIB.ORG

The Conquest of Suffrage and Women's Political

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Conquest of Suffrage and Women's Political CONSTRUCTING WOMEN’S CITIZENSHIP: THE CONQUEST OF SUFFRAGE AND WOMEN’S POLITICAL RIGHTS IN SPAIN1 Ana Aguado Historical Context: The Second Spanish Republic Women were granted sufffrage on equal terms with men in 1931 in Spain. This came about in the context of democratizing measures introduced after the Second Republic (1931–1936) was established on April 14, 1931. Men over the age of 23 had been granted sufffrage rights by a decree issued on September 9, 1868, following the 1868 revolution and the overthrow of Isabel II. The constitution of Spain’s First Republic (1869) ratifijied such misnamed ‘universal sufffrage’. More than 60 years later, in 1931, Spain began its second republican experience. During the Restoration of the reign of Alfonso XIII, following the military dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera (1923–1930), the king’s supporters failed to transform the monar- chy into a constitutional regime. Opposition parties won the municipal elections held on April 12, 1931, in 41 of the 50 provincial capitals amidst scenes of ‘popular celebration’, thus revealing the monarchy’s lack of sup- port and leading to the abdication of Alfonso XIII and the peaceful estab- lishment of the Second Republic. Republican groups symbolized the new intellectual, reformist vitality of the urban middle classes. The short-lived Second Republic brought about political modernity for the fijirst time in Spain, through democrati- zation, secularism, and codifijication, against a predominantly traditional backdrop. It also took decisive steps towards women’s equality, including the recognition of civil, social, and political rights (that is, sufffrage).2 Spain’s Second Republic was challenged by a military uprising on July 18, 1936, followed by the Civil War, which ended with the victory of the conservative forces under General Francisco Franco in 1939. Franco’s 1 This paper is part of the R+D+i Project HAR 2008–03970/HIST. Translated by Paul Edgar. 2 Aguado A., “Identidades de género y culturas políticas en la España del siglo XX”, elec- tronic publication for the website of the Spanish Institute for Women, Ministry for Equality, 2009, www.migualdad.es/mujer/mujeres/estud_inves/index.htm. 290 ana aguado dictatorial regime introduced an extremely patriarchal system and repre- sented a full step backwards for women’s rights. Freedoms and rights, including women’s rights, were only re-established after Franco’s death in 1975, with the transition to democracy and the 1978 constitution currently in force. The Long Road Towards Political Equality: Feminism, Sufffragism, and Political Cultures Although women had been involved in freethinking, laicist, Masonic, and republican movements, their political proposals did not include women’s sufffrage until the second decade of the 20th century. The initial forma- tive period of Spanish feminism, which began at the turn of the cen- tury, witnessed the development of so-called ‘social feminism’, whose demands centred on civil rights, the development of personal freedom, and social (labor and educational) reforms, the main priority being non-denominational education. Rooted in the previous generation of pro-secularization and freethink- ing women, from the beginning of World War I and during the inter-war period, Spain saw the initial organization of sufffragist feminism, which was linked to the increasing presence of women in republican and socialist political culture.3 The Spanish League for the Progress of Women (Liga Española para el Progreso de la Mujer) was set up in 1918 and was presented to the public through the manifesto ‘To Spanish women’. The league comprised previous groups such as the General Women’s Association (Asociación General Femenina) set up by Belén Sárraga and Ana and Amalia Carvia in Valencia in 1897, the Progressive Women’s Society of Barcelona (Sociedad Progresiva Femenina de Barcelona) created in 1898 together with its newspaper The Gladiator (El Gladiador), and the Concepción Arenal Society (Sociedad Concepción Arenal). The league clearly supported sufffragism, as did the Catholic, centrist National Association of Spanish Women (Asociación Nacional de Mujeres Españolas [ANME]), also founded in 1918. It worked together with other groups in the Supreme Feminist Council (Consejo Supremo Feminista), founded in 1919, and which that same year sent a request for women’s sufffrage to 3 Aguado A., “Los feminismos: Movimientos sociales y teorías críticas en la construc- ción de la ciudadanía femenina en España”, in De la Calle Velasco, M.D. (ed.), Mov- imientos sociales en la España del siglo XX (Salamanca: 2008) 215–227..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Expressive Function of Constitutional Amendment Rules Revista De Investigações Constitucionais, Vol
    Revista de Investigações Constitucionais E-ISSN: 2359-5639 [email protected] Universidade Federal do Paraná Brasil ALBERT, RICHARD The expressive function of constitutional amendment rules Revista de Investigações Constitucionais, vol. 2, núm. 1, enero-abril, 2015, pp. 7-64 Universidade Federal do Paraná Curitiba, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=534056245002 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons Licensed under Creative Commons Revista de Investigações Constitucionais ISSN 2359-5639 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rinc.v2i1.43100 The expressive function of constitutional amendment rules* A relevante função das regras de mudança constitucional RICHARD ALBERT** Boston College Law School (United States of America) [email protected] Recebido/Received: 24.11.2014 / November 24th, 2014 Aprovado/Approved: 10.12.2014 / December 10th, 2014 Resumo Abstract A presente pesquisa enfoca a questão de como as mu- The current scholarly focus on informal constitutional danças constitucionais informais obscureceram a per- amendment has obscured the continuing relevance of manente relevância das regras de alteração formal da formal amendment rules. In this article, I return our atten- Constituição. Nesse artigo, retoma-se a atenção para as tion to formal amendment in order to show that formal mudanças formais com o intuito de demostrar que as re- amendment rules—not formal amendments but formal gras de alteração formal – não as alterações formais, mas amendment rules themselves—perform an underappre- as próprias regras de alteração – desempenham uma ciated function: to express constitutional values.
    [Show full text]
  • Tainted by Torture Examining the Use of Torture Evidence a Report by Fair Trials and REDRESS May 2018
    Tainted by Torture Examining the Use of Torture Evidence A report by Fair Trials and REDRESS May 2018 1 Fair Trials is a global criminal justice watchdog with offices in London, Brussels and Washington, D.C., focused on improving the right to a fair trial in accordance with international standards. Fair Trials’ work is premised on the belief that fair Its work combines: (a) helping suspects to trials are one of the cornerstones of a just society: understand and exercise their rights; (b) building an they prevent lives from being ruined by miscarriages engaged and informed network of fair trial defenders of justice, and make societies safer by contributing to (including NGOs, lawyers and academics); and (c) transparent and reliable justice systems that maintain fighting the underlying causes of unfair trials through public trust. Although universally recognised in research, litigation, political advocacy and campaigns. principle, in practice the basic human right to a fair trial is being routinely abused. Contacts: Jago Russell Roseanne Burke Chief Executive Legal and Communications Assistant [email protected] [email protected] For press queries, please contact: Alex Mik Campaigns and Communications Manager [email protected] +44 (0)207 822 2370 For more information about Fair Trials: Web: www.fairtrials.net Twitter: @fairtrials 2 Tainted by Torture: Examining the Use of Torture Evidence | 2018 REDRESS is an international human rights organisation that represents victims of torture and related international crimes to obtain justice and reparation. REDRESS brings legal cases on behalf of individual Its work includes research and advocacy to identify victims of torture, and advocates for better laws to the changes in law, policy and practice that are provide effective reparations.
    [Show full text]
  • PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS in SPAIN 20Th December 2015
    PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS IN SPAIN 20th December 2015 European Elections monitor Uncertainty reigns just one month before the parliamentary elections in Spain Corinne Deloy Abstract: On 20th December next the Spanish will be renewing the two chambers of parliament (Congress of Deputies and the Senate). Just one month before the election the People’s Party of outgoing Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy is in the lead but it seems that it will not win the absolute majority. Analysis The Spanish have been severely hit by the economic IS SPAIN OVER THE CRISIS? crisis that started in 2008 and the ensuing political crisis. They have expressed their extreme mistrust of The Spanish economy recovered growth mid-2013 their political leaders. The two party system that has after two years of recession. From 2009 and 2013 the prevailed since the country’s return to democracy in country’s GDP contracted by 7.5 points in the wake of 1975 is under threat. The party which wins – either the collapse of the real estate bubble. In office since the People’s Party or the Socialist Party (PSOE) will the November elections of 2011 Prime Minister Rajoy probably have to govern in coalition with another has implemented structural reform including that of party, undoubtedly Podemos (We can) or Ciudadanos the labour market in 2012 (flexibility of dismissal rules (Citizens). and permission for semi-redundancy for businesses In this struggle for alliances the PP is in a worse position in difficulty in order to make the labour market more than its socialist rival. Indeed since union between the flexible), and many budgetary cuts (reduction of staff PP and Podemos is impossible, Mariano Rajoy’s party and salaries in the civil service, modification in the has almost only one option, of turning to Ciudadanos, calculation of retirement pensions).
    [Show full text]
  • English Version of the Report
    EU-China Information Society Project 中国欧盟信息社会项目 Access to Government Information in Europe and China: What Lessons to be Learned? 欧洲与中国政府信息公开：我们能够学到什么？ Megan Carter The Constitution Unit, University College, London 英国伦敦大学学院宪法组·伦敦 Lv Yanbin / 吕艳滨 Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing 中国社会科学院,北京 This report was conducted for the EU-China Information Society Project (supervised and edited by Dr. Thomas Hart) 由中国-欧盟信息社会项目法规专家 Thomas Hart 先生指导修订 November 2007 2007 年11月 This is the English version of the report. For the Chinese version, please contact the Project Office on: [email protected] 此报告为英文报告，如需中文版本请联系项目办公室： [email protected] The EU-China Information Society project is a joint initiative between the Chinese Government and the European Union. The project started in July 2005 and runs through to the end of June 2009. The project aims to promote economic and social development through Informatization and works closely with the State Council Informatization Office (SCITO) in China. For more information see www.eu-china-infso.org. For information on the regulatory activities within the project, contact Dr Thomas Hart at [email protected]. 中国—欧盟信息社会项目是中国政府和欧盟之间的合作项目。项目从 2005 年 7 月开始，到 2009 年 6 月结束。通过与国务院信息化工作办公室紧密合作，项目旨在通过信息化推动中国的 经济和社会发展。更多详情，请浏览项目网站 www.eu-china-infso.org。有关项目法规对话部分 的活动，请联系 Thomas Hart 博士，电子邮箱 [email protected]。 II Table of Contents BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH...............................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Milena Kojić MODEL of the REGIONAL STATE in EUROPE
    University of Belgrade University La Sapienza, Rome University of Sarajevo Master Program State Management and Humanitarian Affairs Milena Kojić MODEL OF THE REGIONAL STATE IN EUROPE - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH FOCUS ON THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Master Thesis Belgrade, August 2010 University of Belgrade University La Sapienza, Rome University of Sarajevo Master Program State Management and Humanitarian Affairs Milena Kojić MODEL OF THE REGIONAL STATE IN EUROPE - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH FOCUS ON THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Master Thesis Members of the Commission: Assoc. Prof. dr. Zoran Krstić, Mentor Prof. Emer. dr. Marija Bogdanović, President Prof. dr. Dragan Simić, Member Defense date: __________________ Mark: __________________ Belgrade, August 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………......…1 PART I 1. Key terms and basic theoretical categories .....................................................................4 2. Basic models of state organization .................................................................................7 a) Consociational state .............................................................................................7 b) Unitary state – simple state ................................................................................10 c) Federation – complex state ……………………………………........................11 d) Regional state – tertium genus ………………………………...........................14 PART II 1. Republic of Italy……………………............................................................................18
    [Show full text]
  • New Culture Book
    New Culture Book TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction........................................... 3 Common Stereotypes........................... Names.................................................... 5 People’s Names Language............................................... Communication..................................... Flags....................................................... 9 Geography............................................. 17 Climate Physical Geography Maps of Landforms Animals.................................................. Community............................................ 1 Education.............................................. Family.................................................... Clothing................................................. Food....................................................... 42 Meal Times and Typical Food Mealtime Etiquette and Table Settings Recipes Health..................................................... 56 Home Remedies and Care Calendar................................................ 58 Celebrations & Holidays...................... 60 January February March April May June July August September October November December Other Celebrations Music..................................................... 99 Arts & Crafts......................................... 100 Hispanic Art Leisure Activities................................. Soccer................................................... Hispanic Literature............................... Famous Hispanic People..................... Websites...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Forty Years from Fascism: Democratic Constitutionalism and the Spanish Model of National Transformation Eric C
    Golden Gate University School of Law GGU Law Digital Commons Publications Faculty Scholarship 2018 Forty Years from Fascism: Democratic Constitutionalism and the Spanish Model of National Transformation Eric C. Christiansen Golden Gate University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/pubs Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation 20 Or. Rev. Int'l L. 1 (2018) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at GGU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications by an authorized administrator of GGU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES ERIC C. CHRISTIANSEN* Forty Years from Fascism: Democratic Constitutionalism and the Spanish Model of National Transformation Introduction .......................................................................................... 3 I. Constitutional and Anticonstitutional Developments in Spanish History ......................................................................... 6 A. The Constitution of Cádiz .................................................. 7 B. The Constitution of 1931 ................................................... 9 C. Anticonstitutionalism: The Civil War and Francoist Spain ................................................................................ 10 D. Transitioning to the Transformation ................................ 15 II. A Modern Spanish
    [Show full text]
  • The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law
    This page intentionally left blank THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW National, Regional and International Jurisprudence Since the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, over 140 countries have incorporated human rights standards into their legal systems: the resulting jurisprudence from diverse cultural tradi- tions brings new dimensions to concepts first articulated in 1948. Nihal Jayawickrama draws on all available sources to encapsulate the judicial interpretation of human rights law in one ambitious, comprehensive volume. Jayawickrama covers the case law of the superior courts of eighty countries in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, the Caribbean and the Pacific, as well as jurisprudence of the UN Human Rights monitoring bodies, the European Court of Human Rights, and of the Inter-American system. He analyses the judicial application of human rights law to demonstrate empirically the universality of contemporary human rights norms. This definitive compendium will be essential for legal practitioners, and government and non-governmental officials, as well as academics and students of both constitutional law and the international law of human rights law. nihal jayawickrama was the Ariel F. Sallows Professor of Human Rights at the University of Saskatchewan. He taught both constitutional law and the international law of human rights at the University of Hong Kong, and published on a range of contemporary legal, constitutional and human rights issues. An advocate for a Bill of Rights in Hong Kong prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, he was involved in the processes that led to its fruition. Executive Director of Transparency International from 1997 to 2000, he is currently a consultant on gover- nance and judicial reform.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Spanish Constitution, Comments and Full Text, 7 Hastings Const
    Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly Volume 7 Article 2 Number 1 Fall 1979 1-1-1979 The ewN Spanish Constitution, Comments and Full Text George E. Glos Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation George E. Glos, The New Spanish Constitution, Comments and Full Text, 7 Hastings Const. L.Q. 47 (1979). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_constitutional_law_quaterly/vol7/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The New Spanish Constitution, Comments and Full Text by GEORGE E. GLOS* Introduction Spain has a new constitution after nearly half a century. The con- stitutional provisions existing prior to their repeal by the new constitu- tion consisted of a number of constitutional enactments rather than of a single document.' The new Spanish Constitution, a consolidation of old and new, was worked out by the Spanish parliament, the Cortes, on the basis of a government submitted draft, and represents the outcome of an agreement between the two leading political parties in Spain, the Unibn de Centro Democrztico (Democratic Center Union) and the Par- /ido Socialista Obrero Espahol (Socialist Labor Party). Together these parties hold an absolute majority in the Cortes. The constitution was approved by the Cortes on October 31, 1978, and by the voters in a plebiscite on December 6, 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalities Papers How Nationalism Evolves
    This article was downloaded by: [University of Oxford] On: 13 June 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 773573598] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Nationalities Papers Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713439073 How nationalism evolves: explaining the establishment of new varieties of nationalism within the national movements of Quebec and Catalonia (1976-2005) Jaime Llucha a Collegio Carlo Alberto, Turin, Italy Online publication date: 23 April 2010 To cite this Article Lluch, Jaime(2010) 'How nationalism evolves: explaining the establishment of new varieties of nationalism within the national movements of Quebec and Catalonia (1976-2005)', Nationalities Papers, 38: 3, 337 — 359 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/00905991003646490 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905991003646490 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • Spain: Constitutional Transition Through Gradual Accommodation of Territories
    Spain: Constitutional Transition through Gradual Accommodation of Territories Luis Moreno César Colino Angustias Hombrado © Forum of Federations, 2019 ISSN: 1922-558X (online ISSN 1922-5598) Occasional Paper Series Number 37 Spain: Constitutional Transition through Gradual Accommodation of Territories By Luis Moreno, César Colino and Angustias Hombrado For more information about the Forum of Federations and its publications, please visit our website: www.forumfed.org. Forum of Federations 75 Albert Street, Suite 411 Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) K1P 5E7 Tel: (613) 244-3360 Fax: (613) 244-3372 [email protected] Spain: Constitutional Transition through Gradual Accommodation of Territories 3 Overview Spain’s peaceful transition to democracy (1975-79) offers an example of how a political agreement could overcome internal confrontations. In contemporary times, Spain experienced a cruel Civil War (1936-39) and a long period of dictatorship under General Franco’s rule (1939-75). At the death of the dictator, the opposition mobilized around left-right cleavages as well as around several territorially- based nationalist movements that had been repressed by Francoism. The moment of constitutional transition, which would last from 1977 to 1979, arose from an alliance between moderate reform factions in the elites of the old dictatorship, supported by the new King, with opposition elites. Together, they agreed to call for elections and establish a full-fledged democratic regime amidst a great economic crisis, intense public mobilization and some instances
    [Show full text]
  • European Steering Committee for Youth (Cdej)
    Strasbourg, 7 September 1999 CDEJ (99) 8 EUROPEAN STEERING COMMITTEE FOR YOUTH (CDEJ) 24th meeting Budapest, 13-15 October 1999 A report by the International Group of Experts Youth Policy n Spain - A Report by the International Group of Experts CONTENTS page SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 4 Objectives 4 Theories and Methods 5 YOUTH CONCEPT IN THE SPANISH NATIONAL REPORT 7 PROBLEMS OF THE SPANISH YOUTH 9 A Typology 9 Family and Housing 10 Family and Housing Frames - The Spanish Context 10 Family and Housing - Actual Problems 12 Employment 14 Employment Background - the Spanish Context 15 Youth Employment - the Actual Situation 18 General Situation 18 Youth Policy in the Field of Unemployment 20 Education 23 Education at European Standards 23 Educational Policies 25 Foreign Languages 29 The Free Time 30 The Spanish Background 30 The Free Time of the Youth - Actual Situation 32 The Youth Associativity in Spain 32 Youth Cultures/ Subcultures in Spain 35 The Spanish Youth Relationships with the Others 39 The Relationships between Boys and Girls 39 The Relationships between the Youth and their Parents 40 The Youth and the Autonomous Regions. The Youth and the Europe. 42 The Autonomous Regions - The Historic Frame 42 Youth and the Autonomous Regions. Youth and Europe - Present State 43 The Political and Religious options of the Youth 45 The Political Options 45 The Religious Options 46 Youth, Health and Risks 47 The Risk Concept Promoted in the Spanish National Report 47 The Drugs Consumption 48 The Consumption of Alcohol and Cigarettes 50 Spread of AIDS 50 YOUTH POLICY IN SPAIN'S PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 53 SUBSTANTIVE RATIONALIZATION v.s.
    [Show full text]