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This Document Has Been Downloaded from Tampub – the Institutional Repository of University of Tampere View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University This document has been downloaded from Tampub – The Institutional Repository of University of Tampere Post-print Authors: Mehtonen Pentti Public Library Buildings in Finland : An Analysis of the Name of article: Architectural and Librarianship Discourses from 1945 to the Present Year of 2011 publication: Name of Library Trends journal: Volume: 60 Number of 1 issue: Pages: 152-173 ISSN: 0024-2594 Discipline: Social sciences / Social policy Language: en School/Other Library Unit: URN: http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:uta-3-619 All material supplied via TamPub is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorized user. Public Library Buildings in Finland: an Analysis of the Architectural and Librarianship Discourses from 1945 to the Present Pentti Mehtonen Abstract The history of public library buildings in Finland from 1945 to the present is analyzed by examining the Finnish architectural and librarianship discourses on library planning and design. Two Finnish journals were chosen as the main research material: Arkkitehti, the main national publication for Finnish architects, and Kirjastolehti, the major publication for Finnish librarians. The key historical features of the architectural and librarianship discourses are presented within the wider context. A closer analysis of five representative library buildings is also presented. The specific architectural discourse on library design is found to have been largely determined by the changes in the Finnish architectural discourse in general; the representational conventions of a genre determined the way the library buildings were presented. The practical demands of library work have largely guided the Finnish librarianship discourse on library planning and design, but in many cases the discussion was also more progressive and future-oriented. Introduction There has been growing interest in library architecture in recent years.1 The study of library buildings and spaces has often been multidisciplinary in nature, covering the aesthetic, social, and cultural aspects of libraries. Nevertheless, the library as a building type remains a somewhat marginal research subject in the history of architecture. To some extent, the same can be said of library history, where other aspects of the institution have tended to dominate.2 The aim of this article is to present an analysis of the history of public library buildings in Finland from 1945 to the present, by examining Finnish architectural and librarianship discourses on the subjects of library planning and design.3 Two journals were chosen as the main research material: Arkkitehti (The Finnish Architectural Review), the main national publication for Finnish architects, and Kirjastolehti (The Finnish Library Journal), the major publication for Finnish librarians. In this article the official English titles of the journals will be used henceforth: The Finnish Architectural Review and The Finnish Library Journal. These two journals were chosen as they represent the differing interests of two groups of professionals that have played an essential, if diverse, role in the process of planning public libraries in Finland since World War II. As Finland is sparsely populated (the population is currently about five and a half million), The Finnish Architectural Review and The Finnish Library Journal enjoy national status in their own respective subject areas; actually they have no serious competition in Finland. To a degree they share a common history in that both were founded at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Finnish Architectural Review is published by The Association of Finnish Architects, and The Finnish Library Journal by The Finnish Library Association. The journals are thus part and parcel of the history of the professional associations of Finnish architects and librarians and have played a fundamental role in establishing the identity of these two professions. Due to this national status, The Finnish Architectural Review and The Finnish Library Journal provide rich, essential source material for a historical study in the Finnish context. The analysis in this article is confined to the key historical features of the written discourses of Finnish architects and librarians.4 Extensive quotation of original Finnish discourses has been avoided, as this would be of little use to the foreign reader. In addition, 1 the visual communication in The Finnish Architectural Review and The Finnish Library Journal was examined, including photographs and various architectural drawings. All necessary translations into English are either official or by the present author. Five public library buildings were chosen for more detailed analysis: the Lauritsala Public Library (1951), the Rovaniemi City Library (1965), the Kouvola City Library (1971), the Tampere City Library (1986), and the new extension to the Turku City Library (2007). The discussion is divided into five sections: Introduction, The Early Decades, The Period of Standardization, The Further Developments, and Conclusion. The three central sections present a chronological history of public library buildings in Finland from 1945 to present, and all share the same inner structure: first a general description of the era in question, then a closer analysis of the main features of architectural and librarianship discourses, and finally, more detailed presentations of the selected public library buildings that are representative of that particular era. The Early Decades Although the destruction caused by World War II was not as vast as in many other European countries, the economic situation in post-war Finland was constrained. Shortages of commodities, and of raw materials and other means of production were widespread. The reform of the public library system had to compete with the building of national infrastructure, housing, and other public institutions, including schools. The building, or to be more specific, the renovation of public libraries started quite soon after the war, at the end of the 1940s, but only gathered real momentum in the early 1950s. Out of economic necessity, the library building projects in this early post-war period were often renovations of existing library premises and modest in scale. These libraries were usually located in buildings designed for other purposes, often merely occupying a few rooms in them. In many cases, the premises were simply rented. Clearly many of the building projects of this era were undertaken in full knowledge that they would provide only temporary solutions. Despite the modest material means available at the time, there is nevertheless a distinct feeling of optimism discernible in these projects. The idea of a “new start” can in many ways be seen to characterize the cultural atmosphere of the beginning of the post-war period in Finland. In the Finnish architectural discourse, library architecture was a relatively marginal subject in the early decades after World War II. This is true at least from the perspective of The Finnish Architectural Review; before 1970, only five public libraries were presented in the journal: the Lauritsala Public Library (1951); the Kuopio City Library (1969); and three libraries designed by Alvar Aalto: the Säynätsalo Public Library (1953), the Rovaniemi City Library (1965), and the Seinäjoki City Library (1968). The main reason for publishing so few presentations of public libraries during this era must be that these projects were usually quite modest, often renovations of existing library premises. In addition, they were mainly local projects, designed by local architects or even just builders. The overall architectural quality of these libraries was apparently not considered interesting enough at the national level. It must be remembered that this was time when other, more important undertakings, on a grander scale, were available to Finnish architects, and the presentation of these projects was the first priority of a national architectural publication.5 As few examples of modern library buildings were publicized in the architectural press or, indeed, built in Finland, it is hardly surprising that the conception of a modern, contemporary public library was not particularly clear among Finnish architects at that time. This partly explains the success of different kinds of gallery solutions in the interiors of the libraries of this era, solutions more reminiscent of classical architecture than modern design. No doubt, the popularity of imitations of the sunken reading areas of Aalto’s libraries until the 1970s can also be explained by the paucity of other examples of contemporary library architecture in Finland. Such phenomena prove that the main reference point for architects was the work of other architects, and that The Finnish Architectural Review played a crucial role in establishing the current conceptual idea of the public library. If the architectural discourse on library planning and design was quite sparse in the early post- war period, the opposite was true of the librarianship discourse.
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