DOCSLIB.ORG

Pathogenicity of Water and Oil Based Suspensions of Metarhizium Anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Beauveria Bassiana (Balsam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pathogenicity of Water and Oil Based Suspensions of Metarhizium Anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and Beauveria Bassiana (Balsam PATHOGENICITY OF WATER AND OIL BASED SUSPENSIONS OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE (METSCHNIKOFF) SOROKIN AND BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN TO CITRUS MEALYBUG, PLANOCOCCUS CITRI (RISSO) (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) M.P. Cannard1, R.N. Spooner-Hart1 and R.J. Milner2 1 Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South Distribution Centre NSW, Australia 1797 2CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT, Australia 2601 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Summary Laboratory bioassays compared the pathogenicity of six isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against second instar citrus mealybugs, Planococcus citri under conditions of 26 ± 10 C, and 85 ± 1% RH in 24 hour darkness. All isolates exhibited pathogenicity. M. anisopliae isolate FI-1248 was the most virulent isolate in both water 5 4 and oil suspensions with LC50 values of 6.4 x 10 conidia/mL and 3.4 x 10 conidia/mL respectively. M. anisopliae isolate FI-0985 was found to be the least virulent. Keywords: citrus mealybug, microbial control, Metarhizium, Beauveria, horticultural mineral oil INTRODUCTION (Murray 1978; Samways and Grech 1983; Moore Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) 1988; Martinez and Bravo 1989). However, Le Ru et (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a cosmopolitan pest al. (1985) suggests that the record of Neozygites with a very wide host range, including citrus, vines, fresenii (Nowakowski) infecting P. citri is doubtful ornamentals and glasshouse crops (Al Ali 1959; Cox as N. fresenii is probably aphid specific. Perhaps the and Ben-Dov 1986; Smith et al. 1997; Bedford et al. fungus infecting mealybugs is a new species of 1998; Waterhouse 1998). Most crop losses occur Neozygites. The fungi recorded from mealybugs in through premature blossom and fruit drop, or the field are all rare and none appears to be promising increased incidence of navel end rot and sooty mould for development as a mycoinsecticide. Since to fruit, leaves and twigs (Smith et al. 1997; Bedford products based on the fungi M. anisopliae and B. et al. 1998; Waterhouse 1998). Chemical sprays may bassiana have been developed as mycoinsecticides in be difficult due to the hydrophobic covering on both the USA and Australia, isolates of these fungi individuals and colonies of the mealybug (Moore originating from unrelated insect hosts were selected 1988). Current management methods, which for screening against P. citri. emphasise the use of predators and parasites such as coccinellid beetles, lacewings and wasps, have met Recent evidence suggests that entomopathogenic with some success. However, these natural enemies fungi are more efficacious under low humidity are susceptible to the insecticides applied to control conditions when formulated in oil suspensions mealybugs and other pests (Bedford et al. 1998). (Bateman et al. 1993) and can kill more rapidly The absence of natural enemies results in resurgence (Milner et al. 1997). Water-miscible oils are of P. citri populations, with few control options ubiquitous pest management tools used in the citrus available until natural enemies can be re-established. industry against mites, scales and leaf miner An ‘environmentally soft’ pesticide to control citrus (Davidson et al. 1991; Smith et al. 1997). They may mealybug that is non-toxic to its natural enemies also benefit biopesticides by improving the sticking would, therefore, have widespread appeal for its and spread of inoculum, protecting against management on citrus, vines and glasshouse crops. desiccation and ultra-violet light, thus leading to increased field persistence (Moore and Prior 1993). Microbial pesticides are ideal for use in Integrated Therefore, combining fungal pathogens for the Pest Management programs because of their host selective management of citrus mealybug with an oil specificity and environmental safety (Starnes et al. used to control other citrus pests is likely to produce 1983). Fungi are the only pathogens reported multiple benefits. As the first stage of developing a infecting mealybugs under natural conditions with biopesticide for citrus mealybugs, we report on the species of Cadosporium, Neozygites, Metarhizium pathogenicity of six fungal isolates in aqueous and and Aspergillus being recorded from the field oil-based sprays. 76 GEN. APPL. ENT. VOL. 31, 2002 MATERIALS AND METHODS fine camel-hair brush (size 00) and allowed to settle Same age, second-instar nymphs of P. citri were used for 1 h before treating. for bioassays. These were obtained by collecting mealybug crawlers from a culture maintained on An artists’ airbrush (Paasche Airbrush Company, butternut pumpkins. Newly infested pumpkins were Harwood Heights, Illinois, USA), powered by incubated for 10–11 days in individual cardboard compressed air at 110 kPa and fitted with a broad cages that were covered with fine netting to prevent band nozzle, was used to spray conidial suspensions mealybug escape or reinfestation. for each treatment. One mL aliquots of spore suspension were sprayed evenly onto each leaf. The The six fungal isolates were selected from the CSIRO distance from the airbrush to the leaf surface was Insect Pathogen Culture Collection and were cultured approximately 20 cm. All treatments were stored in 0 in 90 mm Petri dishes on Veen’s Medium (Veen and darkness at 26 ± 1 C and 85 ± 1% RH in total Ferron 1966) at 25 ± 10 C. The conidia were darkness, for the duration of the experiment. harvested dry using a sterile wire loop and aseptic techniques 17-20 days after plate inoculation Mealybugs were observed daily from days five to ten after treatment for mortality, which was assessed as Stock aqueous suspensions were prepared by lack of movement when gently prodded with a suspending fresh conidia in an aqueous solution of camel-hair brush. Dead mealybugs were removed 0.5 mg/L Tween 80® (Sigma Pty Ltd). Stock oil from the leaf during data recording, placed on moist suspensions were prepared by suspending fresh filter paper contained within a sealed Petri dish and 0 conidia in an emulsion of 1.0 mg/L horticultural incubated at >98% RH and 25 ± 1 C. They were mineral oil, D-C-Tron Plus®, (using 0.5 mg/L Tween examined later for signs of fungal sporulation. 80 as a diluent). The concentration of each stock Conidia from the fungal growth on one mealybug per conidial suspension was determined using a replicate, was isolated onto Veen’s medium and haemocytometer and an Olympus® compound cultured as previously described to confirm its microscope at 400x magnification. Serial dilutions of identity. Only the numbers of dead mealybugs 1 x 105 conidia/mL to 1 x 109 conidia/mL were made subsequently showing signs of sporulation after from the stock suspensions using 0.5 mg/L Tween 80 incubation were used in the statistical analysis. The solution for aqueous suspensions and 1.0 mg/L D-C- final (day 10) accumulative mortality data were Tron Plus® for oil suspensions. Both an untreated analysed using the Probit procedure of SPSS® for control and control treated with 0.5 mg/L Tween 80 Windows Version 9 (SPSS 1999). The test for only, were used. Prior to their use in bioassays, the statistical significance between appropriate LC percentage of viable spores in each conidial values was failure of their 95% confidence limits to suspension was determined using the method overlap. described by Walstead et al. (1970). Germination was defined as the stage when the germ tube length RESULTS equalled half the spore length (Drummond et al. All fungal isolates were found to be pathogenic to 1991). The conidial suspensions used ranged from second instar P. citri in both aqueous and oil 87 to 95% germination. suspensions, although there was considerable variation in their virulence. Oil emulsion Each replicate comprised a pest-free, unsprayed leaf suspensions of conidia were generally found to be from Californian peppercorn, Schinus molle (L.). All more effective at killing second instar P. citri than leaves were similar size and each leaf was trimmed to were equivalent aqueous suspensions. However, 17-18 terminal leaflets. Leaves were sterilised by based on the overlap of 95% confidence limits, these immersing them for 5 s in a 10.0 mg/L sodium differences were not significant. hypochlorite solution and rinsing twice in distilled water. They were then dried between layers of paper M. anisopliae isolate FI-1248 was the most virulent towel. Petioles were trimmed and immediately against second instar P. citri in both aqueous and oil 5 inserted through a small hole in the lid of a 300 mL suspensions, with LC50 values of 6.4 x 10 and 3.4 x plastic food storage container into vials of distilled 104 conidia/mL respectively (Table 1). M. anisopliae ® water. A piece of Blue-tac (Bostik Australia Pty isolate FI-0985 was the least virulent, with LC50 Ltd) was placed at the junction of the petiole and values of 1.4 x 107 and 7.4 x 106 conidia/mL in water container lid to ensure that the leaves remained and oil respectively. Based on individual vertical and to prevent escape of mealybugs. Fifteen comparisons of LC50s and the overlap of the 95% mealybugs were introduced onto each leaf using a confidence limits, M. anisopliae isolate FI-1248 CANNARD et al.: PATHOGEN TOXICITY AGAINST CITRUS MEALYBUG 77 Table 1. LC50 and 95% confidence limits of aqueous and oil suspensions of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana isolates, against P. citri. Isolate Fungal species Original host Water Oil Slope LC50 Slope LC50 (SE) (95%CL) (SE) (95%CL) FI-1248 M. anisopliae Mastotermes 0.56 6.4 x 105 0.42 3.4 x 104 darwinienis (0.09) (2.0 x 105 – 1.5 x 106) (0.09) - FI-1218 M. anisopliae Isolated from 0.30 7.8 x 105 0.34 7.6 x 104 BioBlastR (0.07) (5.9 x 104 – 3.3 x 106) (0.07) - product FI-1312 B.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University of California Santa Cruz Responding to An
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA CRUZ RESPONDING TO AN EMERGENT PLANT PEST-PATHOGEN COMPLEX ACROSS SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SCALES A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES with an emphasis in ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY by Shannon Colleen Lynch December 2020 The Dissertation of Shannon Colleen Lynch is approved: Professor Gregory S. Gilbert, chair Professor Stacy M. Philpott Professor Andrew Szasz Professor Ingrid M. Parker Quentin Williams Acting Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies Copyright © by Shannon Colleen Lynch 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables iv List of Figures vii Abstract x Dedication xiii Acknowledgements xiv Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 References 10 Chapter 2 – Host Evolutionary Relationships Explain 12 Tree Mortality Caused by a Generalist Pest– Pathogen Complex References 38 Chapter 3 – Microbiome Variation Across a 66 Phylogeographic Range of Tree Hosts Affected by an Emergent Pest–Pathogen Complex References 110 Chapter 4 – On Collaborative Governance: Building Consensus on 180 Priorities to Manage Invasive Species Through Collective Action References 243 iii LIST OF TABLES Chapter 2 Table I Insect vectors and corresponding fungal pathogens causing 47 Fusarium dieback on tree hosts in California, Israel, and South Africa. Table II Phylogenetic signal for each host type measured by D statistic. 48 Table SI Native range and infested distribution of tree and shrub FD- 49 ISHB host species. Chapter 3 Table I Study site attributes. 124 Table II Mean and median richness of microbiota in wood samples 128 collected from FD-ISHB host trees. Table III Fungal endophyte-Fusarium in vitro interaction outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity and Bioprospection of Fungal Community Present in Oligotrophic Soil of Continental Antarctica
    Extremophiles (2015) 19:585–596 DOI 10.1007/s00792-015-0741-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Diversity and bioprospection of fungal community present in oligotrophic soil of continental Antarctica Valéria M. Godinho · Vívian N. Gonçalves · Iara F. Santiago · Hebert M. Figueredo · Gislaine A. Vitoreli · Carlos E. G. R. Schaefer · Emerson C. Barbosa · Jaquelline G. Oliveira · Tânia M. A. Alves · Carlos L. Zani · Policarpo A. S. Junior · Silvane M. F. Murta · Alvaro J. Romanha · Erna Geessien Kroon · Charles L. Cantrell · David E. Wedge · Stephen O. Duke · Abbas Ali · Carlos A. Rosa · Luiz H. Rosa Received: 20 November 2014 / Accepted: 16 February 2015 / Published online: 26 March 2015 © Springer Japan 2015 Abstract We surveyed the diversity and capability of understanding eukaryotic survival in cold-arid oligotrophic producing bioactive compounds from a cultivable fungal soils. We hypothesize that detailed further investigations community isolated from oligotrophic soil of continen- may provide a greater understanding of the evolution of tal Antarctica. A total of 115 fungal isolates were obtained Antarctic fungi and their relationships with other organisms and identified in 11 taxa of Aspergillus, Debaryomyces, described in that region. Additionally, different wild pristine Cladosporium, Pseudogymnoascus, Penicillium and Hypo- bioactive fungal isolates found in continental Antarctic soil creales. The fungal community showed low diversity and may represent a unique source to discover prototype mol- richness, and high dominance indices. The extracts of ecules for use in drug and biopesticide discovery studies. Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium allii-sativi, Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicil- Keywords Antarctica · Drug discovery · Ecology · lium rubens possess antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, Fungi · Taxonomy antitumoral, herbicidal and antiprotozoal activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Certain Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Egypt
    Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 5(3): 211 -221 (2012) (Review Article) A. Entomology Email: [email protected] ISSN: 1687–8809 Received: 15/ 5 /2012 www.eajbs.eg.net Entomopathogenic fungi associated with certain scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in Egypt Ezz, N. A. Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt ABSTRACT Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are economically important pests in Egypt. Entomopathogenic fungi are considering principal pathogens among piercing sucking insects including scales. Very little attention was paid to the potential of fungal pathogens for scales in Egypt. In the following compilation, data on the record of fungal pathogen of the scale insects in Egypt, their host insects, host plants, locality distribution and identify are summarized. Assess of these entomopathogens in biocontrol experiments against scales and practical application under laboratory, field conditions and commercials utilization are also included. The aim of this review is to overview on the pathogenic fungal-scales relationships in Egypt. Keywords: Entomopathogenic, scale insects, Egypt INTRODUCTION Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are notorious pests, on perennial plants; as well as ornamentals and crops (Williams and Watson1988). Scale insects comprising 140 valid species names in 12 families in Egypt (Abd-Rabou, 2012). They are plant- sap feeding insects belong to Hemiptera closely related to the aphids, whiteflies and leaf hopper (Cook et al., 2002). Scales cause damage by sucking plant fluids from leaves, stems and sometimes roots. Some species feed on the underside of leaves, which can appear as stippling or chlorotic lesions. Heavily infested plants look unhealthy and produce little new growth and can cause extensive leaf yellowing, premature leaf drop (defoliation), branch dieback and plant death (Kosztarab, 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycobiology Research Article
    Mycobiology Research Article Diversity and Plant Growth Promoting Capacity of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Halophytic Plants from the West Coast of Korea 1,† 1,† 1 1 1 1 Irina Khalmuratova , Hyun Kim , Yoon-Jong Nam , Yoosun Oh , Min-Ji Jeong , Hye-Rim Choi , Young- 1 2 3 3 4, 1, Hyun You , Yeon-Sik Choo , In-Jung Lee , Jae-Ho Shin , Hyeokjun Yoon * and Jong-Guk Kim * 1 School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute for Microorganisms, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea 2 Department of Biology, College of National Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea 3 School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea 4 Biological and Genetic Resources Assessment Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea Abstract Five halophytic plant species, Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, and Suaeda glauca Bunge, which are native to the Muan salt marsh of South Korea, were examined for fungal endophytes by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region containing ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2. In total, 160 endophytic fungal strains were isolated and identified from the roots of the 5 plant species. Taxonomically, all 160 strains belonged to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota. The most dominant genus was Fusarium, followed by the genera Penicillium and Alternaria. Subsequently, using 5 statistical methods, the diversity indices of the endophytes were determined at genus level. Among these halophytic plants, P. australis was found to host the greatest diversity of endophytic fungi. Culture filtrates of endophytic fungi were treated to Waito-C rice seedlings for plant growth-promoting effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterising Plant Pathogen Communities and Their Environmental Drivers at a National Scale
    Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Characterising plant pathogen communities and their environmental drivers at a national scale A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Lincoln University by Andreas Makiola Lincoln University, New Zealand 2019 General abstract Plant pathogens play a critical role for global food security, conservation of natural ecosystems and future resilience and sustainability of ecosystem services in general. Thus, it is crucial to understand the large-scale processes that shape plant pathogen communities. The recent drop in DNA sequencing costs offers, for the first time, the opportunity to study multiple plant pathogens simultaneously in their naturally occurring environment effectively at large scale. In this thesis, my aims were (1) to employ next-generation sequencing (NGS) based metabarcoding for the detection and identification of plant pathogens at the ecosystem scale in New Zealand, (2) to characterise plant pathogen communities, and (3) to determine the environmental drivers of these communities. First, I investigated the suitability of NGS for the detection, identification and quantification of plant pathogens using rust fungi as a model system.
    [Show full text]
  • New Species of <I>Cladosporium</I>
    Persoonia 36, 2016: 281–298 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158516X691951 New species of Cladosporium associated with human and animal infections M. Sandoval-Denis1, J. Gené1, D.A. Sutton2, N.P. Wiederhold2, J.F. Cano-Lira1, J. Guarro1 Key words Abstract Cladosporium is mainly known as a ubiquitous environmental saprobic fungus or plant endophyte, and to date, just a few species have been documented as etiologic agents in vertebrate hosts, including humans. In the Capnodiales present study, 10 new species of the genus were isolated from human and animal clinical specimens from the USA. Cladosporiaceae They are proposed and characterized on the basis of their morphology and a molecular phylogenetic analysis using Dothideomycetes DNA sequences from three loci (the ITS region of the rDNA, and partial fragments of the translation elongation fac- phylogeny tor 1-alpha and actin genes). Six of those species belong to the C. cladosporioides species complex, i.e., C. albo­ taxonomy flavescens, C. angulosum, C. anthropophilum, C. crousii, C. flavovirens and C. xantochromaticum, three new species belong to the C. herbarum species complex, i.e., C. floccosum, C. subcinereum and C. tuberosum; and one to the C. sphaerospermum species complex, namely, C. succulentum. Differential morphological features of the new taxa are provided together with molecular barcodes to distinguish them from the currently accepted species of the genus. Article info Received: 22 December 2015; Accepted: 6 April 2016; Published: 24 May 2016. INTRODUCTION of these fungi and demonstrated that most of the well-known morphologically-defined species comprises several phyloge- The genus Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is netically cryptic species practically impossible to identify using a large genus of the Ascomycota.
    [Show full text]
  • New Species of Cladosporium Associated with Human and Animal Infections
    Persoonia 36, 2016: 281–298 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj RESEARCH ARTICLE http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158516X691951 New species of Cladosporium associated with human and animal infections M. Sandoval-Denis1, J. Gené1, D.A. Sutton2, N.P. Wiederhold2, J.F. Cano-Lira1, J. Guarro1 Key words Abstract Cladosporium is mainly known as a ubiquitous environmental saprobic fungus or plant endophyte, and to date, just a few species have been documented as etiologic agents in vertebrate hosts, including humans. In the Capnodiales present study, 10 new species of the genus were isolated from human and animal clinical specimens from the USA. Cladosporiaceae They are proposed and characterized on the basis of their morphology and a molecular phylogenetic analysis using Dothideomycetes DNA sequences from three loci (the ITS region of the rDNA, and partial fragments of the translation elongation fac- phylogeny tor 1-alpha and actin genes). Six of those species belong to the C. cladosporioides species complex, i.e., C. albo­ taxonomy flavescens, C. angulosum, C. anthropophilum, C. crousii, C. flavovirens and C. xantochromaticum, three new species belong to the C. herbarum species complex, i.e., C. floccosum, C. subcinereum and C. tuberosum; and one to the C. sphaerospermum species complex, namely, C. succulentum. Differential morphological features of the new taxa are provided together with molecular barcodes to distinguish them from the currently accepted species of the genus. Article info Received: 22 December 2015; Accepted: 6 April 2016; Published: 24 May 2016. INTRODUCTION of these fungi and demonstrated that most of the well-known morphologically-defined species comprises several phyloge- The genus Cladosporium (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is netically cryptic species practically impossible to identify using a large genus of the Ascomycota.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Cladosporium: a Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds
    molecules Review The Genus Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Compounds Maria Michela Salvatore 1 , Anna Andolfi 1,2,* and Rosario Nicoletti 3,4 1 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80126 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 2 BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy 3 Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, 80055 Portici, Italy * Correspondence: andolfi@unina.it; Tel.: +39-081-2539179 Abstract: Fungi are renowned as one of the most fruitful sources of chemodiversity and for their ubiquitous occurrence. Among the many taxonomic groupings considered for the implications deriving from their biosynthetic aptitudes, the genus Cladosporium stands out as one of the most common in indoor environments. A better understanding of the impact of these fungi on human health and activities is clearly based on the improvement of our knowledge of the structural aspects and biological properties of their secondary metabolites, which are reviewed in the present paper. Keywords: natural products; bioactive secondary metabolites; fungal species; fungal extrolites Citation: Salvatore, M.M.; Andolfi, A.; Nicoletti, R. The Genus 1. Introduction Cladosporium: A Rich Source of Diverse and Bioactive Natural Results of recent research in the mycological field have further disclosed the pervasive Compounds. Molecules 2021, 26, 3959. diffusion of fungi in the genus Cladosporium (Dothideomycetes, Cladosporiaceae). Basi- https://doi.org/10.3390/ cally saprophytic, these Ascomycetes are spread in every kind of terrestrial and marine molecules26133959 environment, where they establish various symbiotic relationships with plants and ani- mals [1]; moreover, they are among the most frequent fungi detected in indoor spaces [2,3].
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Cladosporium-Like Hyphomycetes, In- Cluding Davidiella Gen
    Mycological Progress 2(1): 3–18, February 2003 3 Phylogeny and taxonomy of Cladosporium-like hyphomycetes, in- cluding Davidiella gen. nov., the teleomorph of Cladosporium s. str. Uwe BRAUN1, Pedro W. CROUS2*, Frank DUGAN3, J. Z. (Ewald) GROENEWALD2 and G. Sybren DE HOOG2 A phylogenetic study employing sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1, ITS2) and 5.8S gene, as well as the 18S rRNA gene of various Cladosporium-like hyphomycetes revealed Cladosporium s. lat. to be heterogeneous. The genus Cladosporium s. str. was shown to represent a sister clade to Mycosphaerella s. str., for which the teleomorph genus Davidiella is proposed. The morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of the cladosporioid fungi are discussed on the basis of this phylogeny, which consists of several clades representing Cladosporium-like genera. Cladosporium is confined to Davi- diella (Mycosphaerellaceae) anamorphs with coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila. Pseudocladosporium is confined to anamorphs of Caproventuria (Venturiaceae). Cladosporium-like anamorphs of the Venturia (conidia catenate) are re- ferred to Fusicladium. Human-pathogenic Cladosporium species belong in Cladophialophora (Capronia, Herpotrichiellaceae) and Cladosporium fulvum is representative of the Mycosphaerella/Passalora clade (Mycosphaerellaceae). Cladosporium malorum proved to provide the correct epithet for Pseudocladosporium kellermanianum (syn. Phaeoramularia kellerma- niana, Cladophialophora kellermaniana) as well as Cladosporium porophorum. Based on differences in conidiogenesis and the structure of the conidiogenous loci, further supported by molecular data, C. malorum is allocated to Alternaria. Taxonomic novelties: Alternaria malorum (Ruehle) U. Braun, Crous & Dugan, Alternaria malorum var. polymorpha Dugan, Davi- diella Crous & U. Braun, Davidiella tassiana (De Not.) Crous & U. Braun, Davidiella allii-cepae (M.
    [Show full text]
  • Importation of Citrus Spp. (Rutaceae) Fruit from China Into the Continental
    Importation of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) United States fruit from China into the continental Department of Agriculture United States Animal and Plant Health Inspection A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Service Assessment January 14, 2020 Version 5.0 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Citrus from China Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this risk assessment document to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fruit of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) for consumption from China into the continental United States. The risk ratings in this risk assessment are contingent on the application of all components of the pathway as described in this document (e.g., washing, brushing, disinfesting, and waxing). Citrus fruit produced under different conditions were not evaluated in this risk assessment and may have a different pest risk. The proposed species or varieties of citrus for export are as follows: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange), C. grandis (= C. maxima) cv. guanximiyou (pomelo), C. kinokuni (Nanfeng honey mandarin), C. poonensis (ponkan), and C. unshiu (Satsuma mandarin). This assessment supersedes a qualititative assessment completed by APHIS in 2014 for the importation of citrus from China. This assessment is independent of the previous assessment, however it draws from information in the previous document. This assessment is updated to be inline with our current methodology, incorporates important new research, experience, and other evidence gained since 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocontrol of Planococcus Citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by Lecanicillium Longisporum and Lecanicillium Lecanii Under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions
    Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20 (2017) 605–612 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jape Biocontrol of Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) by Lecanicillium longisporum and Lecanicillium lecanii under laboratory and greenhouse conditions Sepideh Ghaffari a, Javad Karimi a,⁎, Shokoofeh Kamali a, Esmat Mahdikhani Moghadam b a Biocontrol and Insect Pathology Lab., Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran b Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran article info abstract Article history: Much effort has been focused on the development of microbial biopesticides composed of entomopathogenic Received 31 August 2016 fungi as alternatives to synthetic insecticides for pest management programs. The citrus mealybug, Planococcus Revised 21 March 2017 citri Risso (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an important pest in greenhouses and on citrus plants globally. The Accepted 24 March 2017 current study isolated and characterized two species of entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium longisporum Available online 29 March 2017 (Petch) Zare & W. Gams and Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmere). Their virulence at the second nymph and adult Keywords: stages of P. citri were documented using mycosis with scanning electron microscopy. L. lecanii was found to be Citrus mealybug more effective at different citrus mealybug growth stages. Nymphal P. citri were more susceptible than adults Insect pathology to fungal infection. Susceptibility at all stages was dose dependent. The results of laboratory trials used for Lecanicillium lecanii greenhouse tests. In a comparison of wheat, beet pulp paddy rice and rice bran as substrates for solid substrate Lecanicillium longisporum fermentation, wheat produced the most conidia for the L.
    [Show full text]